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Luo Q, Tapia J, Zhou L, Liu CH, Liaqat M, Duan H, Yang Z, Nieh MP, Emrick T, Bai P, He J. Fluorinated polymer zwitterions on gold nanoparticles: patterned catalyst surfaces guide interfacial transport and electrochemical CO 2 reduction. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 39101249 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01484g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
We report the use of fluorinated polymer zwitterions to build hybrid systems for efficient CO2 electroreduction. The unique combination of hydrophilic phosphorylcholine and hydrophobic fluorinated moieties in these polymers creates a fractal structure with mixed branched cylinders on the surface of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). In the presence of these polymers, the CO faradaic efficiency improves by 50-80% in the range of -0.7 V to -0.9 V. The fractal structures have a domain size of ∼3 nm, showing enhanced mass transfer kinetics of CO2 approaching the catalyst surfaces without limiting ion diffusion. The phase-separated hydrophilic and hydrophobic domains offer separated channeling to water and CO2, as confirmed by attenuated total reflectance surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (ATR-SEIRAS) and molecule dynamic (MD) simulations. H2O molecules permeate extensively into the polymer layer that adsorbs on zwitterions, forming continuous chains, while CO2 molecules strongly associate with the fluorinated tails of fluorinated polyzwitterions, with oxygen facing the positively charged amine groups. Overall, this coupling of zwitterion and fluorocarbon in a polymer material creates new opportunities for defining microenvironments of metallic nanocatalysts in hybrid structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Luo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Joseph Tapia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
| | - Le Zhou
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, Conte Center for Polymer Research University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
| | - Chung-Hao Liu
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Maham Liaqat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Hanyi Duan
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Zhefei Yang
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, Conte Center for Polymer Research University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
| | - Mu-Ping Nieh
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Todd Emrick
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, Conte Center for Polymer Research University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
| | - Peng Bai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
| | - Jie He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
- Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Kashin AS, Prima DO, Arkhipova DM, Ananikov VP. An Unusual Microdomain Factor Controls Interaction of Organic Halides with the Palladium Phase and Influences Catalytic Activity in the Mizoroki-Heck Reaction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302999. [PMID: 37381097 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
In this work, using a combination of scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), the transformations of palladium-containing species in imidazolium ionic liquids in reaction mixtures of the Mizoroki-Heck reaction and in related organic media are studied to understand a challenging question of the relative reactivity of organic halides as key substrates in modern catalytic technologies. The microscopy technique detects the formation of a stable nanosized palladium phase under the action of an aryl (Ar) halide capable of forming microcompartments in an ionic liquid. For the first time, the correlation between the reactivity of the aryl halide and the microdomain structure is observed: Ar-I (well-developed microdomains) > Ar-Br (microphase present) > Ar-Cl (minor amount of microphase). Previously, it is assumed that molecular level factors, namely, carbon-halogen bond strength and the ease of bond breakage, are the sole factors determining the reactivity of aryl halides in catalytic transformations. The present work reports a new factor connected with the nature of the organic substrates used and their ability to form a microdomain structure and concentrate metallic species, highlighting the importance of considering both the molecular and microscale properties of the reaction mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey S Kashin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Darya O Prima
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Daria M Arkhipova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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3
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Centi G, Perathoner S, Genovese C, Arrigo R. Advanced (photo)electrocatalytic approaches to substitute the use of fossil fuels in chemical production. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3005-3023. [PMID: 36794323 PMCID: PMC9997108 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05132j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrification of the chemical industry for carbon-neutral production requires innovative (photo)electrocatalysis. This study highlights the contribution and discusses recent research projects in this area, which are relevant case examples to explore new directions but characterised by a little background research effort. It is organised into two main sections, where selected examples of innovative directions for electrocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis are presented. The areas discussed include (i) new approaches to green energy or H2 vectors, (ii) the production of fertilisers directly from the air, (iii) the decoupling of the anodic and cathodic reactions in electrocatalytic or photoelectrocatalytic devices, (iv) the possibilities given by tandem/paired reactions in electrocatalytic devices, including the possibility to form the same product on both cathodic and anodic sides to "double" the efficiency, and (v) exploiting electrocatalytic cells to produce green H2 from biomass. The examples offer hits to expand current areas in electrocatalysis to accelerate the transformation to fossil-free chemical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Centi
- University of Messina, Dept ChiBioFarAm, V.le F. Stagno D'Alcontres 32, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Siglinda Perathoner
- University of Messina, Dept ChiBioFarAm, V.le F. Stagno D'Alcontres 32, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Chiara Genovese
- University of Messina, Dept ChiBioFarAm, V.le F. Stagno D'Alcontres 32, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Rosa Arrigo
- University of Salford, 336 Peel building, M5 4WT Manchester, UK
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Tiwari N, Hariharan S, Tiwari AK. Effect of temperature on CO oxidation over Pt(111) in two-dimensional confinement. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:144701. [PMID: 36243534 DOI: 10.1063/5.0116783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Confined catalysis between a two-dimensional (2D) cover and metal surfaces has provided a unique environment with enhanced activity compared to uncovered metal surfaces. Within this 2D confinement, weakened adsorption and lowered activation energies were observed using surface science experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Computationally, the role of electronic and mechanical factors responsible for the improved activity was deduced only from static DFT calculations. This demands a detailed investigation on the dynamics of reactions under 2D confinement, including temperature effects. In this work, we study CO oxidation on a 2D graphene covered Pt(111) surface at 90 and 593 K using DFT-based ab initio molecular dynamics simulations starting from the transition state configuration. We show that CO oxidation in the presence of a graphene cover is substantially enhanced (2.3 times) at 90 K. Our findings suggest that 2D confined spaces can be used to enhance the activity of chemical reactions, especially at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Tiwari
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Seenivasan Hariharan
- Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ashwani K Tiwari
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
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Boix V, Scardamaglia M, Gallo T, D’Acunto G, Strømsheim MD, Cavalca F, Zhu S, Shavorskiy A, Schnadt J, Knudsen J. Following the Kinetics of Undercover Catalysis with APXPS and the Role of Hydrogen as an Intercalation Promoter. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Boix
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Tamires Gallo
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Giulio D’Acunto
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Marie Døvre Strømsheim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Suyun Zhu
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22484 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Joachim Schnadt
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22484 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jan Knudsen
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, 22484 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden
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6
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Han X, Mou T, Liu S, Ji M, Gao Q, He Q, Xin H, Zhu H. Heterostructured Bi-Cu 2S nanocrystals for efficient CO 2 electroreduction to formate. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:508-514. [PMID: 35226011 DOI: 10.1039/d1nh00661d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (ECO2RR) driven by renewable electricity holds promise to store intermittent energy in chemical bonds, while producing value-added chemicals and fuels sustainably. Unfortunately, it remains a grand challenge to simultaneously achieve a high faradaic efficiency (FE), a low overpotential, and a high current density of the ECO2RR. Herein, we report the synthesis of heterostructured Bi-Cu2S nanocrystals via a one-pot solution-phase method. The epitaxial growth of Cu2S on Bi leads to abundant interfacial sites and the resultant heterostructured Bi-Cu2S nanocrystals enable highly efficient ECO2RR with a largely reduced overpotential (240 mV lower than that of Bi), a near-unity FE (>98%) for formate production, and a high partial current density (2.4- and 5.2-fold higher JHCOO- than Cu2S and Bi at -1.0 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode, RHE). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the electron transfer from Bi to Cu2S at the interface leads to the preferential stabilization of the formate-evolution intermediate (*OCHO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
| | - Tianyou Mou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
| | - Shikai Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Mengxia Ji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
- Institute of Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
| | - Qian He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Hongliang Xin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
| | - Huiyuan Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
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7
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Shen Y, Wang X, Lei J, Wang S, Hou Y, Hou X. Catalytic confinement effects in nanochannels: from biological synthesis to chemical engineering. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:1517-1526. [PMID: 36134369 PMCID: PMC9418946 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00021k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic reactions within nanochannels are of significant importance in disclosing the mechanisms of catalytic confinement effects and developing novel reaction systems for scientific and industrial demands. Interestingly, catalytic confinement effects exist in both biological and artificial nanochannels, which enhance the reaction performance of various chemical reactions. In this minireview, we investigate the recent advances on catalytic confinement effects in terms of the reactants, reaction processes, catalysts, and products in nanochannels. A systematic discussion of catalytic confinement effects associated with biological synthesis in bio-nanochannels and catalytic reactions in artificial nanochannels in chemical engineering is presented. Furthermore, we summarize the properties of reactions both in nature and chemical engineering and provide a brief overlook of this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Jinmei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Shuli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Yaqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Xu Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
- Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM) Xiamen 361102 Fujian China
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8
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Xie L, Yu X, Wang S, Wei S, Hu Q, Chai X, Ren X, Yang H, He C. A Multiscale Strategy to Construct Cobalt Nanoparticles Confined within Hierarchical Carbon Nanofibers for Efficient CO 2 Electroreduction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2104958. [PMID: 34825485 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of CO2 electroreduction has been largely limited by the activity of the catalysts as well as the three-phase interface. Herein, a multiscale strategy is proposed to synthesize hierarchical nanofibers covered by carbon nanotubes and embedded with cobalt nanoparticles (Co/CNT/HCNF). The confinement effect of carbon nanotubes can restrict the diameter of the cobalt particles down to several nanometers and prevent the easy corrosion of these nanoparticles. The three-dimensional carbon nanofibers, in size range of several hundred nanometers, improve the electrochemically active surface area, facilitate electron transfer, and accelerate CO2 transportation. These cross-linked carbon nanofibers eventually form a freestanding Co/CNT/HCNF membrane of dozens of square centimeters. Consequently, Co/CNT/HCNF produces CO with 97% faradaic efficiency at only -0.4 VRHE cathode potential in an H-type cell. From the regulation of catalyst nanostructure to the design of macrography devices, Co/CNT/HCNF membrane can be directly used as the gas-diffusion compartment in a flow cell device. Co/CNT/HCNF membrane generates CO with faradaic efficiencies higher than 90% and partial current densities greater than 300 mA cm-2 for at least 100-h stability. This strategy provides a successful example of efficient catalysts for CO2 electroreduction and also has the feasibility in other self-standing energy conversion devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiyong Xie
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xinyao Yu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Siyu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Shaomin Wei
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Qi Hu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chai
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Xiangzhong Ren
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Hengpan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Chuanxin He
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
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9
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Min B, Gao Q, Yan Z, Han X, Hosmer K, Campbell A, Zhu H. Powering the Remediation of the Nitrogen Cycle: Progress and Perspectives of Electrochemical Nitrate Reduction. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bokki Min
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States,
| | - Qiang Gao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States,
| | - Zihao Yan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States,
| | - Xue Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States,
| | - Kait Hosmer
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States,
| | - Alayna Campbell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States,
| | - Huiyuan Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States,
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10
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Dong J, Gao L, Fu Q. Hexagonal Boron Nitride Meeting Metal: A New Opportunity and Territory in Heterogeneous Catalysis. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:9608-9619. [PMID: 34585925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two dimensional (2D) hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) has been ignored for a long time in catalysis research because of its chemical inertness. Recently there has been a significant advance highlighting the role of metal/h-BN interfaces in catalytic applications. In this Perspective, we summarize state-of-the-art progress regarding h-BN-involved metal catalysts. Vacancy- and defect-rich h-BN sheets are able to anchor and modify supported metals, in which the interfacial metal-support interaction effect helps to enhance catalytic performance. Oxidative etching of h-BN sheets causes encapsulation of metal catalysts via boron oxide (BOx) species, which work synergistically with neighboring metal sites in catalysis. Covering a metal surface with ultrathin h-BN shells creates a 2D nanoreactor featuring confinement effect, providing a novel way to modulate metal-catalyzed reactions. Given all those fascinating combinations of metal catalyst and h-BN, the emerging opportunity when h-BN meets metal in heterogeneous catalysis is clearly underlined. The outlook, especially the challenges in the field, are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhu Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, iChEM, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, the Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lijun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, iChEM, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, the Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, iChEM, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, the Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian 116023, China
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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11
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Kashin AS, Ananikov VP. Nanoscale Advancement Continues-From Catalysts and Reagents to Restructuring of Reaction Media. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18926-18928. [PMID: 34319635 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive studies dedicated to the search for specific properties of matter at the micro- and nanoscales have greatly enriched the fields of chemistry and materials science. From the point of view of synthetic chemistry, discoveries in the field of nanoscale catalysis, in which the size effects of active centers are used to accelerate the reactions, are of particular importance. However, another approach for the promotion of chemical transformations based on the micro- or nanoconfinement of reacting molecules or even on the structuring of the reaction media as a whole is gaining interest as a highly valuable tool. Herein, we highlight the example of an increase in the efficiency of phenol alkylation and tert-butylation of benzyl alcohol in reaction media based on ionic liquids by the creation of acidic microdomains in the presence of small molecule additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey S Kashin
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect, 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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12
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Kashin AS, Ananikov VP. Nanoscale Advancement Continues—From Catalysts and Reagents to Restructuring of Reaction Media. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey S. Kashin
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect, 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Leninsky Prospect, 47 Moscow 119991 Russia
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13
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Jordan JW, Townsend WJV, Johnson LR, Walsh DA, Newton GN, Khlobystov AN. Electrochemistry of redox-active molecules confined within narrow carbon nanotubes. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:10895-10916. [PMID: 34396376 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00478f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Confinement of molecules within nanocontainers can be a powerful tool for controlling the states of guest-molecules, tuning properties of host-nanocontainers and triggering the emergence of synergistic properties within the host-guest systems. Among nanocontainers, single-walled carbon nanotubes - atomically thin cylinders of carbon, with typical diameters below 2 nm and lengths reaching macroscopic dimensions - are ideal hosts for a variety of materials, including inorganic crystals, and organic, inorganic and organometallic molecules. The extremely high aspect ratio of carbon nanotubes is complemented by their functional properties, such as exceptionally high electrical conductivity and thermal, chemical and electrochemical stability, making carbon nanotubes ideal connectors between guest-molecules and macroscopic electrodes. The idea of harnessing nanotubes both as nanocontainers and nanoelectrodes has led to the incorporation of redox-active species entrapped within nanotube cavities where the host-nanotubes may serve as conduits of electrons to/from the guest-molecules, whilst restricting the molecular positions, orientations, and local environment around the redox centres. This review gives a contemporary overview of the status of molecular redox chemistry within ultra-narrow carbon nanotubes (nanotubes with diameters approaching molecular dimensions) highlighting the opportunities, pitfalls, and gaps in understanding of electrochemistry in confinement, including the role of nanotube diameter, size and shape of guest-molecules, type of electrolyte, solvent and other experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack W Jordan
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK
| | - William J V Townsend
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK and The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Lee R Johnson
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK and The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Darren A Walsh
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK and The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Graham N Newton
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK and The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
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