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Jo JS, Lee J, Choi C, Jang JW. Tip-based Lithography with a Sacrificial Layer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309484. [PMID: 38287738 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
The fabrication of a highly controlled gold (Au) nanohole (NH) array via tip-based lithography is improved by incorporating a sacrificial layer-a tip-crash buffer layer. This inclusion mitigates scratches during the nano-indentation process by employing a 300 nm thick poly(methyl methacrylate) layer as a sacrificial layer on top of the Au film. Such a precaution ensures minimal scratches on the Au film, facilitating the creation of sub-50 nm Au NHs with a 15 nm gap between the Au NHs. The precision of this method exceeds that of fabricating Au NHs without a sacrificial layer. Demonstrating its versatility, this Au NH array is utilized in two distinct applications: as a dry etching mask to form a molybdenum disulfide hole array and as a catalyst in metal-assisted chemical etching, resulting in conical-shaped silicon nanostructures. Additionally, a significant electric field is generated when Au nanoparticles (NPs) are placed within the Au NHs. This effect arises from coupling electromagnetic waves, concentrated by the Au NHs and amplified by the Au NPs. A notable result of this configuration is the enhancement factor of surface-enhanced Raman scattering, which is an order of magnitude greater than that observed with just Au NHs and Au NPs alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Sik Jo
- Division of Physics and Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Lee
- Division of Physics and Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiwon Choi
- Division of Physics and Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Jang
- Division of Physics and Semiconductor Science, Dongguk University, Seoul, 04620, Republic of Korea
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Hajfathalian M, Mossburg KJ, Radaic A, Woo KE, Jonnalagadda P, Kapila Y, Bollyky PL, Cormode DP. A review of recent advances in the use of complex metal nanostructures for biomedical applications from diagnosis to treatment. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 16:e1959. [PMID: 38711134 PMCID: PMC11114100 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Complex metal nanostructures represent an exceptional category of materials characterized by distinct morphologies and physicochemical properties. Nanostructures with shape anisotropies, such as nanorods, nanostars, nanocages, and nanoprisms, are particularly appealing due to their tunable surface plasmon resonances, controllable surface chemistries, and effective targeting capabilities. These complex nanostructures can absorb light in the near-infrared, enabling noteworthy applications in nanomedicine, molecular imaging, and biology. The engineering of targeting abilities through surface modifications involving ligands, antibodies, peptides, and other agents potentiates their effects. Recent years have witnessed the development of innovative structures with diverse compositions, expanding their applications in biomedicine. These applications encompass targeted imaging, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, near-infrared II imaging, catalytic therapy, photothermal therapy, and cancer treatment. This review seeks to provide the nanomedicine community with a thorough and informative overview of the evolving landscape of complex metal nanoparticle research, with a specific emphasis on their roles in imaging, cancer therapy, infectious diseases, and biofilm treatment. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hajfathalian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Katherine J. Mossburg
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 1 Silverstein, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Allan Radaic
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles
| | - Katherine E. Woo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Pallavi Jonnalagadda
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Yvonne Kapila
- School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles
| | - Paul L. Bollyky
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University
| | - David P. Cormode
- Department of Radiology, Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania
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Moon S, Martin LMA, Kim S, Zhang Q, Zhang R, Xu W, Luo T. Direct observation and identification of nanoplastics in ocean water. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadh1675. [PMID: 38277449 PMCID: PMC10816700 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh1675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Millions of tons of plastics enter the oceans yearly, and they can be fragmented by ultraviolet and mechanical means into nanoplastics. Here, we report the direct observation of nanoplastics in global ocean water leveraging a unique shrinking surface bubble deposition (SSBD) technique. SSBD involves optically heating plasmonic nanoparticles to form a surface bubble and leveraging the Marangoni flow to concentrate suspended nanoplastics onto the surface, allowing direct visualization using electron microscopy. With the plasmonic nanoparticles co-deposited in SSBD, the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy effect is enabled for direct chemical identification of trace amounts of nanoplastics. In the water samples from two oceans, we observed nanoplastics made of nylon, polystyrene, and polyethylene terephthalate-all common in daily consumables. The plastic particles have diverse morphologies, such as nanofibers, nanoflakes, and ball-stick nanostructures. These nanoplastics may profoundly affect marine organisms, and our results can provide critical information for appropriately designing their toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyun Moon
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Leisha M. A. Martin
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
- MNT SmartSolutions, 204 Bryn Mawr, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
| | - Seongmin Kim
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Qiushi Zhang
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Renzheng Zhang
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
| | - Tengfei Luo
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Center for Sustainable Energy of Notre Dame (ND Energy), University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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4
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Zheng P, He H, Gao Y, Tang P, Wang H, Peng J, Wang L, Su C, Ding S. Speeding up the Topography Imaging of Atomic Force Microscopy by Convolutional Neural Network. Anal Chem 2022; 94:5041-5047. [PMID: 35294191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) provides unprecedented insight into surface topography research with ultrahigh spatial resolution at the subnanometer level. However, a slow scanning rate has to be employed to ensure the image quality, which will largely increase the accumulated sample drift, thereby, resulting in the low fidelity of the AFM image. In this paper, we propose a fast imaging method which performs a complete fast Raster scanning and a slow μ-path subsampling together with a deep learning algorithm to rapidly produce an AFM image with high quality and small drift. A supervised convolutional neural network (CNN) model is trained with the slow μ-path subsampled data and its counterpart acquired with fast Raster scan. The fast speed acquired AFM image is then inputted to the well-trained CNN model to output the high quality one. We validate the reliability of this method using a silicon grids sample and further apply it to the fast imaging of a vanadium dioxide thin film. The results demonstrate that this method can largely improve the imaging speed up to 10.3 times with state-of-the-art imaging quality, and reduce the sample drift by 8.9 times in the multiframe AFM imaging of the same area. Furthermore, we prove that this method is also applicable to other scanning imaging techniques such as scanning electrochemical microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zheng
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hao He
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yun Gao
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Peiwen Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Juan Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chanmin Su
- Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Songyuan Ding
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Abasahl B, Santschi C, Raziman TV, Martin OJF. Fabrication of plasmonic structures with well-controlled nanometric features: a comparison between lift-off and ion beam etching. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:475202. [PMID: 34348240 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac1a93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
After providing a detailed overview of nanofabrication techniques for plasmonics, we discuss in detail two different approaches for the fabrication of metallic nanostructures based on e-beam lithography. The first approach relies on a negative e-beam resist, followed by ion beam milling, while the second uses a positive e-beam resist and lift-off. Overall, ion beam etching provides smaller and more regular features including tiny gaps between sub-parts, that can be controlled down to about 10 nm. In the lift-off process, the metal atoms are deposited within the resist mask and can diffuse on the substrate, giving rise to the formation of nanoclusters that render the nanostructure outline slightly fuzzy. Scattering cross sections computed for both approaches highlight some spectral differences, which are especially visible for structures that support complex resonances, such as Fano resonances. Both techniques can produce useful nanostructures and the results reported therein should guide the researcher to choose the best suited approach for a given application, depending on the available technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Abasahl
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Insititute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Santschi
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Insititute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - T V Raziman
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Insititute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - O J F Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Insititute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Kim H, Moon S, Kim J, Nam SH, Kim DH, Lee JS, Kim KH, Kang ESH, Ahn KJ, Kim T, Shin C, Suh YD. Purcell-enhanced photoluminescence of few-layer MoS 2 transferred on gold nanostructure arrays with plasmonic resonance at the conduction band edge. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:5316-5323. [PMID: 33656502 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08158b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic coupling of metallic nanostructures with two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) atomic layers is an important topic because it provides a pathway to manipulate the optoelectronic properties and to overcome the limited optical cross-section of the materials. Plasmonic enhanced light-matter interaction of a MoS2 layer is known to be mainly governed by optical field enhancement and the Purcell effect, while the discrimination of the contribution from each mechanism to the plasmonic enhancement is challenging. Here, we investigate photoluminescence (PL) enhancement from few-layer MoS2 transferred on Au nanostructure arrays with controlled localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectral positions that were detuned from the excitation wavelengths. Two distinctive regimes in LSPR mode-dependent PL enhancement were revealed showing a maximum enhancement (∼40-fold) with zero detuning and a modest enhancement (∼10-fold) with the red-shift detuned LSPR from the excitation wavelength, which were attributed to LSPR-induced optical field enhancement and the Purcell effect, respectively. By applying the experimental parameters into the Purcell effect formalism, an effective mode volume of ∼0.016λ03 was estimated. Our work provides an insight into how to utilize few-layer MoS2 as a base material for optoelectronics by harnessing Purcell-enhanced optical responsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoo Kim
- Laboratory for Advanced Molecular Probing (LAMP), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, South Korea.
| | - Seunghyun Moon
- Interdisciplinary Materials Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea.
| | - Jongwoo Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, South Korea
| | - Sang Hwan Nam
- Laboratory for Advanced Molecular Probing (LAMP), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, South Korea.
| | - Dong Hwan Kim
- Interdisciplinary Materials Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea.
| | - Jeong Seop Lee
- Department of Physics, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Kim
- Department of Physics, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, South Korea
| | - Evan S H Kang
- Department of Physics, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, South Korea
| | - Kwang Jun Ahn
- Department of Energy Systems Research/Department of Physics, Ajou University, Suwon-si, 16499, South Korea
| | - Taewan Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Smart Grid Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea.
| | - ChaeHo Shin
- Interdisciplinary Materials Measurement Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea.
| | - Yung Doug Suh
- Laboratory for Advanced Molecular Probing (LAMP), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, South Korea. and School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
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