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Dong H, Wen Y, Lin J, Zhuang X, Xian R, Li P, Li S. Cytotoxicity Induced by Black Phosphorus Nanosheets in Vascular Endothelial Cells via Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis Activation. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14050284. [PMID: 37233394 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14050284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Black phosphorus (BP), an emerging two-dimensional material with unique optical, thermoelectric, and mechanical properties, has been proposed as bioactive material for tissue engineering. However, its toxic effects on physiological systems remain obscure. The present study investigated the cytotoxicity of BP to vascular endothelial cells. BP nanosheets (BPNSs) with a diameter of 230 nm were fabricated via a classical liquid-phase exfoliation method. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used to determine the cytotoxicity induced by BPNSs (0.31-80 μg/mL). When the concentrations were over 2.5 μg/mL, BPNSs adversely affected the cytoskeleton and cell migration. Furthermore, BPNSs caused mitochondrial dysfunction and generated excessive intercellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) at tested concentrations after 24 h. BPNSs could influence the expression of apoptosis-related genes, including the P53 and BCL-2 family, resulting in the apoptosis of HUVECs. Therefore, the viability and function of HUVECs were adversely influenced by the concentration of BPNSs over 2.5 μg/mL. These findings provide significant information for the potential applications of BP in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Dong
- Center of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Yin Wen
- Center of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Jiating Lin
- Center of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Xianxian Zhuang
- Center of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Ruoting Xian
- Center of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Ping Li
- Center of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Shaobing Li
- Center of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510280, China
- First Clinical Medical College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
- The First People's Hospital of Kashgar Region, Kashgar 844000, China
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Kumari M, Kashyap HK. Wrapping-Trapping versus Extraction Mechanism of Bactericidal Activity of MoS 2 Nanosheets against Staphylococcus aureus Bacterial Membrane. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:5440-5453. [PMID: 37013340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The promising broad-spectrum antibacterial activity of two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide (2D MoS2) has been widely recognized in the past decade. However, a comprehensive understanding of how the antibacterial pathways opted by the MoS2 nanosheets varies with change in lipid compositions of different bacterial strains is imperative to harness their full antibacterial potential and remains unexplored thus far. Herein, we present an atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) study to investigate the distinct modes of antibacterial action of MoS2 nanosheets against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) under varying conditions. We observed that the freely dispersed nanosheets readily adhered to the bacterial membrane outer surface and opted for an unconventional surface directed "wrapping-trapping" mechanism at physiological temperature (i.e., 310 K). The adsorbed nanosheets mildly influenced the membrane structure by originating a compact packing of the lipid molecules present in its direct contact. Interestingly, these surface adsorbed nanosheets exhibited extensive phospholipid extraction to their surface, thereby inducing transmembrane water passage analogous to the cellular leakage, even at a slight increment of 20 K in the temperature. The strong van der Waals interactions between lipid fatty acyl tails and MoS2 basal planes were primarily responsible for this destructive phospholipid extraction. In addition, the MoS2 nanosheets bound to an imaginary substrate, controlling their vertical alignment, demonstrated a "nano-knives" action by spontaneously piercing inside the membrane core through their sharp corner, subsequently causing localized lipid ordering in their vicinity. The larger nanosheet produced a more profound deteriorating impact in all of the observed mechanisms. Keeping the existing knowledge about the bactericidal activity of 2D MoS2 in view, our study concludes that their antibacterial activity is strongly governed by the lipid composition of the bacterial membrane and can be intensified either by controlling the nanosheet vertical alignment or by moderately warming up the systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Hemant K Kashyap
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
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Liao Z, Ma X, Kai JJ, Fan J. Molecular mechanisms of integrin αvβ8 activation regulated by graphene, boron nitride and black phosphorus nanosheets. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 222:113139. [PMID: 36640538 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Integrin αvβ8 is a heterodimeric transmembrane protein on macrophages. Nanosheets can activate the integrin and elicit immune responses, exhibiting adverse immunotoxicity. Understanding the mechanism of integrin activation regulated by nanosheets is crucial for safe and effective use of nanosheets in biomedical applications. Herein, we performed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to clarify the interactions between integrin αvβ8 in the cell membrane and three types of nanosheets, graphene (GRA), hexagonal boron nitride (BN), and black phosphorus (BP). We observed that BP could adsorb the intracellular end of αv monomer and thus break the inner membrane clasp, an important hydrophobic cluster for maintaining the inactive state of integrin. The association between αv and β8 subunit is weakened, promoting the integrin activation. By contrast, GRA and BN exert little influence on the association state of the integrin. Interestingly, the puckered structure of BP affects the integrin activation, where BP with the armchair direction perpendicular to the membrane plane cannot unpack the integrin. Moreover, the perturbation effect of nanosheets on the membrane was also evaluated. BP shows a milder effect on membrane structures and lipid properties than GRA and BN. This work unravels the molecular basis on the activation of integrin mediated by three nanosheets, and suggests the toxicity and therapeutic effect of well-established nanomaterials in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Liao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xinyao Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ji-Jung Kai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Centre for Advanced Nuclear Safety and Sustainable Development, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Centre for Advanced Nuclear Safety and Sustainable Development, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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4
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Kumari M, Kashyap HK. MoS 2 nanosheet induced destructive alterations in the Escherichia coli bacterial membrane. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:7159-7170. [PMID: 36097850 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00871h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Two dimensional molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets have recently gained wide recognition for their efficient broad-spectrum antibacterial activity complemented with great biocompatibility and minimal bacterial resistance inducing capabilities. However, despite the numerous investigations, the molecular level interactions at the nano-bio interface responsible for their bactericidal activity remain obscure. Herein, through an atomistic molecular dynamics study, we attempt to seek an in-depth understanding of the atomic level details of the underlying mechanism of their antibacterial action against the Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacterial membrane. Our study reveals a two-step MoS2 nanosheet interaction pathway with the bacterial membrane. The nanosheets spontaneously adhere to the membrane surface and prompt vigorous phospholipid extraction majorly via strong van der Waals interactions with lipid hydrophobic tails. The lipid extraction process originates a significant water intrusion in the bilayer hydrophobic region, signifying the onset of cytoplasmic leakage under realistic conditions. Further, a synergistic effect of lipid-lipid self-interactions and lipid-MoS2 dispersion interactions drags the nanosheet to completely immerse in the bilayer hydrophobic core. The embedded nanosheets induce a layerwise structural rearrangement of the membrane lipids in their vicinity, thus altering the structural and dynamic features of the membrane in a localized manner by (i) increasing the lipid fatty acyl tail ordering and (ii) alleviating the lipid lateral dynamics. The detrimental efficacy of the nanosheets can be magnified by enlarging the nanosheet size or by increasing the nanosheet concentration. Our study concludes that the MoS2 nanosheets can exhibit their antibacterial action through destructive phospholipid extraction as well as by altering the morphology of the membrane by embedding in the membrane core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Hemant K Kashyap
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
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Li Z, Zhu X, Li J, Zhong J, Zhang J, Fan J. Molecular insights into the resistance of phospholipid heads to the membrane penetration of graphene nanosheets. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:5384-5391. [PMID: 35319035 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07684a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between nanomaterials and phospholipid membranes underlies many emerging biological applications. To what extent hydrophilic phospholipid heads shield the bilayer from the integration of hydrophobic nanomaterials remains unclear, and this open question contains important insights for understanding biological membrane physics. Here, we present molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to clarify the resistance of phospholipid heads to the membrane penetration of graphene nanosheets. With 130 simulation trials, we observed that ∼22% graphene nanosheets penetrate the POPC bilayer. Sharp corners of the nanosheets should have a lower energy barrier than nanosheet edges, but interestingly, the membrane penetration mainly starts from the edge-approaching orientation. We thoroughly analyzed the pentration pathway and propulsion, indicating that the membrane penetration of graphene nanosheets is dominated by the joint effects of nanosheet edges and corners. Furthermore, the molecular origin of the resistance is clarified by evaluating the bilayers of different phospholipids, which successfully correlates the penetration resistance of phospholipid heads with the correlated motions of neighboring phospholipids for the first time. These results are expected to inspire future studies on the dynamic behavior of phospholipids, bio-nano interfaces, and design of biological nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China.
| | - Xiaohong Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jiawei Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China.
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corrosion and Bio-Fouling, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jie Zhong
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6316, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China.
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China.
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Liu Y, Li Z, Fan F, Zhu X, Jia L, Chen M, Du P, Yang L, Yang S. Boosting Antitumor Sonodynamic Therapy Efficacy of Black Phosphorus via Covalent Functionalization. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2102422. [PMID: 34390202 PMCID: PMC8529424 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) triggered by ultrasound represents an emerging tumor therapy approach with minimally invasive treatment featuring nontoxicity and deep tissue-penetration, and its efficacy sensitively depends on the sonosensitizer which determines the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Herein, for the first time covalently functionalized few-layer black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNSs) are applied as novel sonosensitizers in SDT, achieving not only boosted SDT efficacy but also inhibited cytotoxicity relative to the pristine BPNSs. Three different covalently functionalized-BPNSs are synthesized, including the first fullerene-functionalized BPNSs with C60 covalently bonded onto the surface of BPNSs (abbreviated as C60 -s-BP), surface-functionalized BPNSs by benzoic acid (abbreviated as BA-s-BP), and edge-functionalized BPNSs by C60 (abbreviated as C60 -e-BP), and the role of covalent functionalization pattern of BPNSs on its SDT efficacy is systematically investigated. Except C60 -e-BP, both surface-functionalized BPNSs (C60 -s-BP, BA-s-BP) exhibit higher SDT efficacies than the pristine BPNSs, while the highest SDT efficacy is achieved for BA-s-BP due to its strongest capability of generating the hydroxyl (·OH) radicals, which act as the dominant ROS to kill the tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at MicroscaleCAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy ConversionDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringAnhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at MicroscaleCAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026China
| | - Feng Fan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at MicroscaleCAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026China
| | - Xianjun Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at MicroscaleCAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy ConversionDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringAnhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026China
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering and College of MicroelectronicsNanjing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsNanjing210023China
| | - Lingbo Jia
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at MicroscaleCAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy ConversionDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringAnhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026China
| | - Muqing Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at MicroscaleCAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy ConversionDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringAnhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026China
| | - Pingwu Du
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at MicroscaleCAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy ConversionDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringAnhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026China
| | - Lihua Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at MicroscaleCAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Materials ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at MicroscaleCAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy ConversionDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringAnhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and TechnologyUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026China
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