1
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Prieto T, Ponte C, Guntermann R, Medina DD, Salonen LM. Synthetic Strategies to Extended Aromatic Covalent Organic Frameworks. Chemistry 2024:e202401344. [PMID: 38771916 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
π-Conjugated materials are highly attractive owing to their unique optical and electronic properties. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) offer a great opportunity for precise arrangement of building units in a π-conjugated crystalline matrix and tuning of the properties through choice of functionalities or post-synthetic modification. With this review, we aim at summarizing both the most representative as well as emerging strategies for the synthesis of π-conjugated COFs. We give examples of direct synthesis using large, π-extended building blocks. COFs featuring fully conjugated linkages such as vinylene, pyrazine, and azole are discussed. Then, post-synthetic modification methods that result in the extension of the COF π-system are reviewed. Throughout, mechanistic insights are presented when available. In the context of their utilization as film devices, we conduct a concise survey of the prominent COF layer deposition techniques reported and their aptness for the deposition of fused aromatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Prieto
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Department of Organic Chemistry, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Clara Ponte
- Nanochemistry Research Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Roman Guntermann
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU), Butenandtstraße 11 (E), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Dana D Medina
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig Maximilians University (LMU), Butenandtstraße 11 (E), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura M Salonen
- CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Department of Organic Chemistry, 36310, Vigo, Spain
- Nanochemistry Research Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
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2
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Schönherr MI, Scheurle PI, Frey L, Martínez-Abadía M, Döblinger M, Mähringer A, Fehn D, Gerhards L, Santourian I, Schirmacher A, Quast T, Wittstock G, Bein T, Meyer K, Mateo-Alonso A, Medina DD. An electrically conducting 3D coronene-based metal-organic framework. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2024; 12:10044-10049. [PMID: 38694264 PMCID: PMC11060507 DOI: 10.1039/d3ta07120k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
A novel cubic mesoporous metal-organic framework (MOF), consisting of hexahydroxy-cata-hexabenzocoronene (c-HBC) and FeIII ions is presented. The highly crystalline and porous MOF features broad optical absorption over the whole visible and near infrared spectral regions. An electrical conductivity of 10-4 S cm-1 was measured on a pressed pellet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina I Schönherr
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Butenandtstr. 11 (E) 81377 Munich Germany
- Center for NanoScience (CeNS) Schellingstr. 4 80799 Munich Germany
| | - Patricia I Scheurle
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Butenandtstr. 11 (E) 81377 Munich Germany
- Center for NanoScience (CeNS) Schellingstr. 4 80799 Munich Germany
| | - Laura Frey
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Butenandtstr. 11 (E) 81377 Munich Germany
- Center for NanoScience (CeNS) Schellingstr. 4 80799 Munich Germany
| | - Marta Martínez-Abadía
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Avenida de Tolosa 72 E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
| | - Markus Döblinger
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Butenandtstr. 11 (E) 81377 Munich Germany
- Center for NanoScience (CeNS) Schellingstr. 4 80799 Munich Germany
| | - Andre Mähringer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Butenandtstr. 11 (E) 81377 Munich Germany
- Center for NanoScience (CeNS) Schellingstr. 4 80799 Munich Germany
| | - Dominik Fehn
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Lena Gerhards
- School of Mathematics and Science, Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Irina Santourian
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig und Berlin (PTB) Bundesallee 100 38116 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Alfred Schirmacher
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig und Berlin (PTB) Bundesallee 100 38116 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Tatjana Quast
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt Braunschweig und Berlin (PTB) Bundesallee 100 38116 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Gunther Wittstock
- School of Mathematics and Science, Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg 26111 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Thomas Bein
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Butenandtstr. 11 (E) 81377 Munich Germany
- Center for NanoScience (CeNS) Schellingstr. 4 80799 Munich Germany
| | - Karsten Meyer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Inorganic Chemistry Egerlandstraße 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Aurelio Mateo-Alonso
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Avenida de Tolosa 72 E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science 48009 Bilbao Spain
| | - Dana D Medina
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Butenandtstr. 11 (E) 81377 Munich Germany
- Center for NanoScience (CeNS) Schellingstr. 4 80799 Munich Germany
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3
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Zhang J, Zhou G, Un HI, Zheng F, Jastrzembski K, Wang M, Guo Q, Mücke D, Qi H, Lu Y, Wang Z, Liang Y, Löffler M, Kaiser U, Frauenheim T, Mateo-Alonso A, Huang Z, Sirringhaus H, Feng X, Dong R. Wavy Two-Dimensional Conjugated Metal-Organic Framework with Metallic Charge Transport. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23630-23638. [PMID: 37852932 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional conjugated metal-organic frameworks (2D c-MOFs) have emerged as a new class of crystalline layered conducting materials that hold significant promise for applications in electronics and spintronics. However, current 2D c-MOFs are mainly made from organic planar ligands, whereas layered 2D c-MOFs constructed by curved or twisted ligands featuring novel orbital structures and electronic states remain less developed. Herein, we report a Cu-catecholate wavy 2D c-MOF (Cu3(HFcHBC)2) based on a fluorinated core-twisted contorted hexahydroxy-hexa-cata-hexabenzocoronene (HFcHBC) ligand. We show that the resulting film is composed of rod-like single crystals with lengths up to ∼4 μm. The crystal structure is resolved by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and continuous rotation electron diffraction (cRED), indicating a wavy honeycomb lattice with AA-eclipsed stacking. Cu3(HFcHBC)2 is predicted to be metallic based on theoretical calculation, while the crystalline film sample with numerous grain boundaries apparently exhibits semiconducting behavior at the macroscopic scale, characterized by obvious thermally activated conductivity. Temperature-dependent electrical conductivity measurements on the isolated single-crystal devices indeed demonstrate the metallic nature of Cu3(HFcHBC)2, with a very weak thermally activated transport behavior and a room-temperature conductivity of 5.2 S cm-1. Furthermore, the 2D c-MOFs can be utilized as potential electrode materials for energy storage, which display decent capacity (163.3 F g-1) and excellent cyclability in an aqueous 5 M LiCl electrolyte. Our work demonstrates that wavy 2D c-MOF using contorted ligands are capable of intrinsic metallic transport, marking the emergence of new conductive MOFs for electronic and energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Zhang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Guojun Zhou
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Hio-Ieng Un
- Optoelectronics Group, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Fulu Zheng
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Kamil Jastrzembski
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Mingchao Wang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Quanquan Guo
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - David Mücke
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy of Materials Science Central, Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Haoyuan Qi
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy of Materials Science Central, Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Yang Lu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Yan Liang
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Markus Löffler
- Dresden Center for Nanoanalysis (DCN), Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (Cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy of Materials Science Central, Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Thomas Frauenheim
- Constructor University, Campus Ring 1, Bremen 28759, Germany
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China
- Shenzhen JL Computational Science and Applied Research Institute, Shenzhen 518109, China
| | - Aurelio Mateo-Alonso
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, Donostia-San, Sebastian 20018, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48011, Spain
| | - Zhehao Huang
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Optoelectronics Group, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Renhao Dong
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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4
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De Bolòs E, Martínez-Abadía M, Hernández-Culebras F, Haymaker A, Swain K, Strutyński K, Weare BL, Castells-Gil J, Padial NM, Martí-Gastaldo C, Khlobystov AN, Saeki A, Melle-Franco M, Nannenga BL, Mateo-Alonso A. A Crystalline 1D Dynamic Covalent Polymer. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15443-15450. [PMID: 35993775 PMCID: PMC9446889 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of crystalline one-dimensional polymers provides a fundamental understanding about the structure-property relationship in polymeric materials and allows the preparation of materials with enhanced thermal, mechanical, and conducting properties. However, the synthesis of crystalline one-dimensional polymers remains a challenge because polymers tend to adopt amorphous or semicrystalline phases. Herein, we report the synthesis of a crystalline one-dimensional polymer in solution by dynamic covalent chemistry. The structure of the polymer has been unambiguously confirmed by microcrystal electron diffraction that together with charge transport studies and theoretical calculations show how the π-stacked chains of the polymer generate optimal channels for charge transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet De Bolòs
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez-Abadía
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Félix Hernández-Culebras
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Alison Haymaker
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Kyle Swain
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Karol Strutyński
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Benjamin L Weare
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Castells-Gil
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Paterna 46980, Spain
| | - Natalia M Padial
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Paterna 46980, Spain
| | | | - Andrei N Khlobystov
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.,The Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Akinori Saeki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Manuel Melle-Franco
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Brent L Nannenga
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Aurelio Mateo-Alonso
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Spain
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5
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Xing G, Zheng W, Gao L, Zhang T, Wu X, Fu S, Song X, Zhao Z, Osella S, Martínez-Abadía M, Wang HI, Cai J, Mateo-Alonso A, Chen L. Nonplanar Rhombus and Kagome 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks from Distorted Aromatics for Electrical Conduction. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5042-5050. [PMID: 35189061 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are an emerging class of promising 2D materials with high crystallinity and tunable structures. However, the low electrical conductivity impedes their applications in electronics and optoelectronics. Integrating large π-conjugated building blocks into 2D lattices to enhance efficient π-stacking and chemical doping is an effective way to improve the conductivity of 2D COFs. Herein, two nonplanar 2D COFs with kagome (DHP-COF) and rhombus (c-HBC-COF) lattices have been designed and synthesized from distorted aromatics with different π-conjugated structures (flexible and rigid structure, respectively). DHP-COF shows a highly distorted 2D lattice that hampers stacking, consequently limiting its charge carrier transport properties. Conversely, c-HBC-COF, with distorted although concave-convex self-complementary nodes, shows a less distorted 2D lattice that does not interfere with interlayer π-stacking. Employing time- and frequency-resolved terahertz spectroscopy, we unveil a high charge-carrier mobility up to 44 cm2 V-1 s-1, among the highest reported for 2D COFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolong Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.,Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenhao Zheng
- Max Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Lei Gao
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.,Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Shuai Fu
- Max Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ziqiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.,Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Silvio Osella
- Chemical and Biological Systems Simulation Lab, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2C, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Martínez-Abadía
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Hai I Wang
- Max Planck Institut für Polymerforschung, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jinming Cai
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China
| | - Aurelio Mateo-Alonso
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.,Department of Chemistry, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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6
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Pan Z, Guo H, Sun L, Liu B, Chen Y, Zhang T, Wang M, Peng L, Yang W. A novel electrochemical platform based on COF/La2O3/MWCNTS for simultaneous detection of dopamine and uric acid. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.128083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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7
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Liang X, Tian Y, Yuan Y, Kim Y. Ionic Covalent Organic Frameworks for Energy Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2105647. [PMID: 34626010 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a class of porous crystalline materials whose facile preparation, functionality, and modularity have led to their becoming powerful platforms for the development of molecular devices in many fields of (bio)engineering, such as energy storage, environmental remediation, drug delivery, and catalysis. In particular, ionic COFs (iCOFs) are highly useful for constructing energy devices, as their ionic functional groups can transport ions efficiently, and the nonlabile and highly ordered all-covalent pore structures of their backbones provide ideal pathways for long-term ionic transport under harsh electrochemical conditions. Here, current research progress on the use of iCOFs for energy devices, specifically lithium-based batteries and fuel cells, is reviewed in terms of iCOF backbone-design strategies, synthetic approaches, properties, engineering techniques, and applications. iCOFs are categorized as anionic COFs or cationic COFs, and how each of these types of iCOFs transport lithium ions, protons, or hydroxides is illustrated. Finally, the current challenges to and future opportunities for the utilization of iCOFs in energy devices are described. This review will therefore serve as a useful reference on state-of-the-art iCOF design and application strategies focusing on energy devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Liang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yufei Yuan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yoonseob Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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8
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Weare BL, Lodge RW, Zyk N, Weilhard A, Housley CL, Strutyński K, Melle-Franco M, Mateo-Alonso A, Khlobystov AN. Imaging and analysis of covalent organic framework crystallites on a carbon surface: a nanocrystalline scaly COF/nanotube hybrid. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:6834-6845. [PMID: 33885484 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08973g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is well-advanced but understanding their nanoscale structure and interaction with other materials remains a significant challenge. Here, we have developed a methodology for the detailed imaging and analysis of COF crystallites using carbon nanotube substrates for COF characterisation. Detailed investigation using powder X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with a local probe method, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), revealed details of COF growth and nucleation at the nanoscale. A boronate ester COF undergoes preferential growth in the a-b crystallographic plane under solvothermal conditions. Carbon nanotubes were found to not impact the mode of COF growth, but the crystallites on nanotubes were smaller than COF crystallites not on supports. COF crystalline regions with sizes of tens of nanometres exhibited preferred orientation on nanotube surfaces, where the c-axis is oriented between 50 and 90° relative to the carbon surface. The COF/nanotube hybrid structure was found to be more complex than the previously suggested concentric core-shell model and can be better described as a nanocrystalline scaly COF/nanotube hybrid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Weare
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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