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Agyemang E, Gonneville AN, Tiruvadi-Krishnan S, Lamichhane R. Exploring GPCR conformational dynamics using single-molecule fluorescence. Methods 2024; 226:35-48. [PMID: 38604413 PMCID: PMC11098685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2024.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane proteins that transmit specific external stimuli into cells by changing their conformation. This conformational change allows them to couple and activate G-proteins to initiate signal transduction. A critical challenge in studying and inferring these structural dynamics arises from the complexity of the cellular environment, including the presence of various endogenous factors. Due to the recent advances in cell-expression systems, membrane-protein purification techniques, and labeling approaches, it is now possible to study the structural dynamics of GPCRs at a single-molecule level both in vitro and in live cells. In this review, we discuss state-of-the-art techniques and strategies for expressing, purifying, and labeling GPCRs in the context of single-molecule research. We also highlight four recent studies that demonstrate the applications of single-molecule microscopy in revealing the dynamics of GPCRs. These techniques are also useful as complementary methods to verify the results obtained from other structural biology tools like cryo-electron microscopy and x-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Agyemang
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Alyssa N Gonneville
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Sriram Tiruvadi-Krishnan
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Rajan Lamichhane
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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2
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Wu Q, Taki M, Tanaka Y, Kesherwani M, Phung QM, Enoki S, Okada Y, Tama F, Yamaguchi S. Stereochemistry-Dependent Labeling of Organelles with a Near-Infrared-Emissive Phosphorus-Bridged Rhodamine Dye in Live-Cell Imaging. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400711. [PMID: 38315771 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The development of near-infrared (NIR) fluorophores that have both excellent chemical stability and photostability, as well as efficient cell permeability, is highly demanded. In this study, we present phospha-rhodamine (POR) dyes which display significantly improved performance for protein labeling. This is achieved by incorporating a 2-carboxy-3-benzothiophenyl group at the 9-position of the xanthene scaffold. The resulting cis and trans isomers were successfully isolated and structurally characterized using X-ray diffraction. The HaloTag ligand conjugates of the two isomers exhibited different staining abilities in live cells. While the cis isomer showed non-specific accumulation on the organelle membranes, the trans isomer selectively labeled the HaloTag-fused proteins, enabling the long-term imaging of cell division and the 5-color imaging of cell organelles. Molecular dynamics simulations of the HaloTag ligand conjugates within the lipid membrane suggested that the cis isomer is more prone to forming oligomers in the membrane. In contrast, the oligomerization of the trans isomer is effectively suppressed by its interaction with the lipid molecules. By taking advantage of the superior labeling performance of the trans isomer and its NIR-emissive properties, multi-color time-lapse super-resolution 3D imaging, namely super-resolution 5D-imaging, of the interconnected network between the endoplasmic reticulum and microtubules was achieved in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Current address: State Key Laboratory of Medical Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, 38 Tongyan Road, Jinnan District, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Masayasu Taki
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Manish Kesherwani
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Quan Manh Phung
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Sawako Enoki
- Department of Physics, and Universal Biology Institute (UBI), Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yasushi Okada
- Department of Physics, and Universal Biology Institute (UBI), Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory for Cell Polarity Regulation, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka, 565-0874, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Florence Tama
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Center for Computational Science, RIKEN, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Yamaguchi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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3
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Yin R, Brøndsted F, Li L, McAfee JL, Fang Y, Sykes JS, He Y, Grant S, He J, Stains CI. Azaphosphinate Dyes: A Low Molecular Weight Near-Infrared Scaffold for Development of Photoacoustic or Fluorescence Imaging Probes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303331. [PMID: 38206848 PMCID: PMC10957303 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) dyes are desirable for biological imaging applications including photoacoustic (PA) and fluorescence imaging. Nonetheless, current NIR dyes are often plagued by relatively large molecular weights, poor water solubility, and limited photostability. Herein, we provide the first examples of azaphosphinate dyes which display desirable properties such as low molecular weight, absorption/emission above 750 nm, and remarkable water solubility. In PA imaging, an azaphosphinate dye exhibited a 4.1-fold enhancement in intensity compared to commonly used standards, the ability to multiplex with existing dyes in whole blood, imaging depths of 2.75 cm in a tissue model, and contrast in mice. An improved derivative for fluorescence imaging displayed a >10-fold reduction in photobleaching in water compared to the FDA-approved indocyanine green dye and could be visualized in mice. This new dye class provides a robust scaffold for the development of photoacoustic or NIR fluorescence imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruwen Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Frederik Brøndsted
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Lin Li
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Julia L McAfee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Joshua S Sykes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Yuchen He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Steven Grant
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Jiang He
- Department of Radioalogy and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- University of Virginia Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Cliff I Stains
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
- University of Virginia Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Virginia Drug, Discovery Consortium, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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4
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Brøndsted F, Fang Y, Li L, Zhou X, Grant S, Stains CI. Single Atom Stabilization of Phosphinate Ester-Containing Rhodamines Yields Cell Permeable Probes for Turn-On Photoacoustic Imaging. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303038. [PMID: 37852935 PMCID: PMC10926271 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is an emerging imaging technique that uses pulsed laser excitation with near-infrared (NIR) light to elicit local temperature increases through non-radiative relaxation events, ultimately leading to the production of ultrasound waves. The classical xanthene dye scaffold has found numerous applications in fluorescence imaging, however, xanthenes are rarely utilized for PAI since they do not typically display NIR absorbance. Herein, we report the ability of Nebraska Red (NR) xanthene dyes to produce photoacoustic (PA) signal and provide a rational design approach to reduce the hydrolysis rate of ester containing dyes, affording cell permeable probes. To demonstrate the utility of this approach, we construct the first cell permeable rhodamine-based, turn-on PAI imaging probe for hypochlorous acid (HOCl) with maximal absorbance within the range of commercial PA instrumentation. This probe, termed SNR700 -HOCl, is capable of detecting exogenous HOCl in mice. This work provides a new set of rhodamine-based PAI agents as well as a rational design approach to stabilize esterified versions of NR dyes with desirable properties for PAI. In the long term, the reagents described herein could be utilized to enable non-invasive imaging of HOCl in disease-relevant model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Brøndsted
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 22904, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 22904, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lin Li
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 23298, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Xinqi Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 68588, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Current Address: Department of Chemistry, University of California, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Steven Grant
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, 23298, Richmond, VA, USA
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, 23298, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Cliff I Stains
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 22904, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of Virginia, 22908, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Virginia Drug Discovery Consortium, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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5
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Toti KS, Campbell RG, Lee H, Salmaso V, Suresh RR, Gao ZG, Jacobson KA. Fluorescent A 2A and A 3 adenosine receptor antagonists as flow cytometry probes. Purinergic Signal 2023; 19:565-578. [PMID: 35687212 PMCID: PMC10539269 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09873-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine receptor (AR) ligands are being developed for metabolic, cardiovascular, neurological, and inflammatory diseases and cancer. The ease of drug discovery is contingent on the availability of pharmacological tools. Fluorescent antagonist ligands for the human A2A and A3ARs were synthesized using two validated pharmacophores, 1,3-dipropyl-8-phenylxanthine and triazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-5-yl)amine, which were coupled to eight reporter fluorophores: AlexaFluor, JaneliaFluor (JF), cyanine, and near infrared (NIR) dyes. The conjugates were first screened using radioligand binding in HEK293 cells expressing one of the three AR subtypes. The highest affinities at A2AAR were Ki 144-316 nM for 10, 12, and 19, and at A3AR affinity of Ki 21.6 nM for 19. Specific binding of JF646 conjugate MRS7774 12 to the HEK293 cell surface A2AAR was imaged using confocal microscopy. Compound 19 MRS7535, a triazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-5-yl)amine containing a Sulfo-Cy7 NIR dye, was suitable for A3AR characterization in whole cells by flow cytometry (Kd 11.8 nM), and its bitopic interaction mode with an A3AR homology model was predicted. Given its affinity and selectivity (11-fold vs. A2AAR, ~ 50-fold vs. A1AR and A2BAR) and a good specific-to-nonspecific binding ratio, 19 could be useful for live cell or potentially a diagnostic in vivo NIR imaging tool and/or therapy targeting the A3AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran S Toti
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, NIH, NIDDK, LBC, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA
- Current Address: Chemistry Department, Emory University, 1093 Rollins Research Center, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Ryan G Campbell
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, NIH, NIDDK, LBC, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA
| | - Hobin Lee
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, NIH, NIDDK, LBC, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA
| | - Veronica Salmaso
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, NIH, NIDDK, LBC, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA
| | - R Rama Suresh
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, NIH, NIDDK, LBC, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, NIH, NIDDK, LBC, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, NIH, NIDDK, LBC, Bldg. 8A, Rm. B1A-19, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0810, USA.
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6
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DiMeglio D, Zhou X, Wirth T, Brøndsted F, Lesiak L, Fang Y, Shadmehr M, Stains CI. Experimentally Calibrated Computational Prediction Enables Accurate Fine-Tuning of Near-Infrared Rhodamines for Multiplexing. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202861. [PMID: 36282517 PMCID: PMC9898109 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A significant barrier inhibiting multiplexed imaging in the near-infrared (NIR) is the extensive trial and error associated with fine-tuning NIR dyes. In particular, the need to synthesize and experimentally evaluate dye derivatives in order to empirically identify those that can be used in multiplexing applications, requires a large investment of time. While coarse-tuning efforts benefit from computational prediction that can be used to identify target dye structures for synthetic campaigns, errors in computational prediction remain too large to accurately parse modifications aimed at fine-tuning changes in dye absorbance and emission. To address this issue, we screened different levels of theory and identified a time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) approach that can rapidly, as opposed to synthesis and experimental evaluation, estimate absorbance and emission. By calibrating these computational estimations of absorbance and emission to experimentally determined parameters for a panel of existing NIR dyes, we obtain calibration curves that can be used to accurately predict the effect of fine-tuning modifications in new dyes. We demonstrate the predictive power of this calibrated dataset using seven previously unreported dyes, obtaining mean percent errors in absorbance and emission of 2.2 and 2.8 %, respectively. This approach provides a significant timesavings, relative to synthesis and evaluation of dye derivatives, and can be used to focus synthetic campaigns on the most promising dye structures. The new dyes described herein can be utilized for multiplexed imaging, and the experimentally calibrated dataset will provide the dye chemistry community with a means to rapidly identify fine-tuned NIR dyes in silico to guide subsequent synthetic campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- David DiMeglio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Xinqi Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE68588, USA
- Current Address: Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Tatiana Wirth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Frederik Brøndsted
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Lauren Lesiak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE68588, USA
- Current Address: Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Mehrdad Shadmehr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Cliff I. Stains
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
- University of Virginia Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
- Virginia Drug Discovery Consortium, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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7
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Xanthene dyes for cancer imaging and treatment: A material odyssey. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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8
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Wu S, Yan Y, Hou H, Huang Z, Li D, Zhang X, Xiao Y. Polarity-Sensitive and Membrane-Specific Probe Quantitatively Monitoring Ferroptosis through Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging. Anal Chem 2022; 94:11238-11247. [PMID: 35926123 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As a new form of regulated cell death, ferroptosis is closely related to various diseases. To interpret this biological behavior and monitor related pathological processes, it is necessary to develop appropriate detection strategies and tools. Considering that ferroptosis is featured with remarkable lipid peroxidation of various cell membranes, it is logical to detect membranes' structural and environmental changes for the direct assessment of ferroptosis. For this sake, we designed novel polarity-sensitive fluorescent probes Mem-C1C18 and Mem-C18C18, which have superior plasma membrane anchorage, high brightness, and sensitive responses to environmental polarity by changing their fluorescence lifetimes. Mem-C1C18 with much less tendency to aggregate than Mem-C18C18 outperformed the latter in high resolution fluorescence labeling of artificial vesicle membranes and plasma membranes of live cells. Thus, Mem-C1C18 was selected to monitor plasma membranes damaged along ferroptosis process for the first time, in combination with the technique of fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM). After treating HeLa cells with Erastin, a typical ferroptosis inducer, the mean fluorescence lifetime of Mem-C1C18 displayed a considerable increase from 3.00 to 4.93 ns, with a 64% increase (corresponding to the polarity parameter Δf increased from 0.213 to 0.232). Therefore, our idea to utilize a probe to quantitate the changes in polarity of plasma membranes proves to be an effective method in the evaluation of the ferroptosis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Haoran Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhenlong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Dingxuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xinfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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9
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CHEN W, YOUNIS MH, ZHAO Z, CAI W. Recent biomedical advances enabled by HaloTag technology. BIOCELL 2022; 46:1789-1801. [PMID: 35601815 PMCID: PMC9119580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The knowledge of interactions among functional proteins helps researchers understand disease mechanisms and design potential strategies for treatment. As a general approach, the fluorescent and affinity tags were employed for exploring this field by labeling the Protein of Interest (POI). However, the autofluorescence and weak binding strength significantly reduce the accuracy and specificity of these tags. Conversely, HaloTag, a novel self-labeling enzyme (SLE) tag, could quickly form a covalent bond with its ligand, enabling fast and specific labeling of POI. These desirable features greatly increase the accuracy and specificity, making the HaloTag a valuable system for various applications ranging from imaging to immobilization of POI. Notably, the HaloTag technique has already been successfully employed in a series of studies with excellent efficiency. In this review, we summarize the development of HaloTag and recent advanced investigations associated with HaloTag, including in vitro imaging (e.g., POI imaging, cellular condition monitoring, microorganism imaging, system development), in vivo imaging, biomolecule immobilization (e.g., POI collection, protein/nuclear acid interaction and protein structure analysis), targeted degradation (e.g., L-AdPROM), and more. We also present a systematic discussion regarding the future direction and challenges of the HaloTag technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyu CHEN
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, 322000, China,International Institutes of Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, 322000, China
| | - Muhsin H. YOUNIS
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Zhongkuo ZHAO
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, 322000, China,Address correspondence to: Zhongkuo Zhao, ; Weibo Cai,
| | - Weibo CAI
- Departments of Radiology and Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA,Address correspondence to: Zhongkuo Zhao, ; Weibo Cai,
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10
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Wolf P, Gavins G, Beck‐Sickinger AG, Seitz O. Strategies for Site-Specific Labeling of Receptor Proteins on the Surfaces of Living Cells by Using Genetically Encoded Peptide Tags. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1717-1732. [PMID: 33428317 PMCID: PMC8248378 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy imaging enables receptor proteins to be investigated within their biological context. A key challenge is to site-specifically incorporate reporter moieties into proteins without interfering with biological functions or cellular networks. Small peptide tags offer the opportunity to combine inducible labeling with small tag sizes that avoid receptor perturbation. Herein, we review the current state of live-cell labeling of peptide-tagged cell-surface proteins. Considering their importance as targets in medicinal chemistry, we focus on membrane receptors such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). We discuss peptide tags that i) are subject to enzyme-mediated modification reactions, ii) guide the complementation of reporter proteins, iii) form coiled-coil complexes, and iv) interact with metal complexes. Given our own contributions in the field, we place emphasis on peptide-templated labeling chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wolf
- Faculty of Life SciencesInstitute of BiochemistryLeipzig UniversityBrüderstrasse 3404103LeipzigGermany
| | - Georgina Gavins
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesDepartment of ChemistryHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Str. 212489BerlinGermany
| | - Annette G. Beck‐Sickinger
- Faculty of Life SciencesInstitute of BiochemistryLeipzig UniversityBrüderstrasse 3404103LeipzigGermany
| | - Oliver Seitz
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural SciencesDepartment of ChemistryHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Str. 212489BerlinGermany
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11
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Mukaimine A, Hirayama T, Nagasawa H. Asymmetric bismuth-rhodamines as an activatable fluorogenic photosensitizer. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3611-3619. [PMID: 33506853 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02456b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bismuth-rhodamine compounds stand out for their unique excitable photosensitizing properties and concomitant fluorescence; however, further knowledge of the structure-property relationship is required to expand the scope of their practical application. With this aim, this study describes the first examples of asymmetric bismuth-incorporated rhodamines, BiRNH and BiRAc, including their synthesis, photophysical properties, and photosensitizing abilities. Upon red light excitation, BiRNH exhibits detectable emission and photosensitizing properties, while the N-acetylated derivative BiRAc shows a hypsochromic shift in the absorption wavelength and attenuation of emission and photosensitizing ability. These significantly different photophysical properties enabled us to design an activatable fluorogenic photosensitizer, BiRGlu, which bears a γ-glutamyl group instead of the acetyl group in BiRAc. The γ-glutamyl group can be cleaved by γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) to produce BiRNH, which acts as a red-light-excitable fluorophore and photosensitizer. A cell study revealed that the phototoxicity and fluorescence of BiRGlu could be simultaneously and selectively activated in the cells with high GGT activity. Thus, we established that BiRNH could be envisaged as a versatile scaffold for activatable fluorogenic photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Mukaimine
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigaku-nishi, Gifu-shi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan.
| | - Tasuku Hirayama
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigaku-nishi, Gifu-shi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan.
| | - Hideko Nagasawa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4, Daigaku-nishi, Gifu-shi, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan.
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Reja SI, Minoshima M, Hori Y, Kikuchi K. Near-infrared fluorescent probes: a next-generation tool for protein-labeling applications. Chem Sci 2020; 12:3437-3447. [PMID: 34163617 PMCID: PMC8179524 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04792a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes over the past few decades has changed the way that biomolecules are imaged, and thus represents one of the most rapidly progressing areas of research. Presently, NIR fluorescent probes are routinely used to visualize and understand intracellular activities. The ability to penetrate tissues deeply, reduced photodamage to living organisms, and a high signal-to-noise ratio characterize NIR fluorescent probes as efficient next-generation tools for elucidating various biological events. The coupling of self-labeling protein tags with synthetic fluorescent probes is one of the most promising research areas in chemical biology. Indeed, at present, protein-labeling techniques are not only used to monitor the dynamics and localization of proteins but also play a more diverse role in imaging applications. For instance, one of the dominant technologies employed in the visualization of protein activity and regulation is based on protein tags and their associated NIR fluorescent probes. In this mini-review, we will discuss the development of several NIR fluorescent probes used for various protein-tag systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahi Imam Reja
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Masafumi Minoshima
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hori
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Kazuya Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Quantum Information and Quantum Biology Division, Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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