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Bai G, Li D, Wang Y, Yi J, Xu K, Wang W, Li J, Tan G, Yu X. Challenging Aromaticity: Revealing a Thioesterase Domain in a Fungal Nonreducing Polyketide Synthase Governing the Production of 3-Methylene Isochromanone. Org Lett 2024; 26:6303-6308. [PMID: 38815056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Thioesterase (TE) domain exerts a great influence over the structure of the final product and TE-released nonreduced polyketides (nrPKs) retain aromaticity. 3-Methylene isochromanones are lactones with a unique olefin at C3 that disrupts the aromaticity, whose biosynthetic details are speculative. Our study unveils the complete biosynthesis of ascochin, in which the construction of the 3-methylene isochromanone backbone is achieved by a nonreducing polyketide synthase (nrPKS) alone and two subsequent oxidations are involved. Intriguingly, the TEAscD serves as a gatekeeper to direct the product release toward formation of nonaromatic 3-methylene isochromanone, rather than the typical aromatic product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guitao Bai
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiale Yi
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangping Xu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxuan Wang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Guishan Tan
- Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Yu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, People's Republic of China
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Zhou J, Chen X, Li SM. Construction of an expression platform for fungal secondary metabolite biosynthesis in Penicillium crustosum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:427. [PMID: 39046587 PMCID: PMC11269504 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13259-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are prolific producers of bioactive natural products and play a vital role in drug discovery. Yet, their potential cannot be fully exploited since many biosynthetic genes are silent or cryptic under laboratory culture conditions. Several strategies have been applied to activate these genes, with heterologous expression as one of the most promising approaches. However, successful expression and identification of new products are often hindered by host-dependent factors, such as low gene targeting efficiencies, a high metabolite background, or a lack of selection markers. To overcome these challenges, we have constructed a Penicillium crustosum expression host in a pyrG deficient strain by combining the split-marker strategy and CRISPR-Cas9 technology. Deletion of ligD and pcribo improved gene targeting efficiencies and enabled the use of an additional selection marker in P. crustosum. Furthermore, we reduced the secondary metabolite background by inactivation of two highly expressed gene clusters and abolished the formation of the reactive ortho-quinone methide. Finally, we replaced the P. crustosum pigment gene pcr4401 with the commonly used Aspergillus nidulans wA expression site for convenient use of constructs originally designed for A. nidulans in our P. crustosum host strain. As proof of concept, we successfully expressed a single polyketide synthase gene and an entire gene cluster at the P. crustosum wA locus. Resulting transformants were easily detected by their albino phenotype. With this study, we provide a highly efficient platform for heterologous expression of fungal genes. KEY POINTS: Construction of a highly efficient Penicillium crustosum heterologous expression host Reduction of secondary metabolite background by genetic dereplication strategy Integration of wA site to provide an alternative host besides Aspergillus nidulans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Zhou
- Institut Für Pharmazeutische Biologie Und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Institut Für Pharmazeutische Biologie Und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Institut Für Pharmazeutische Biologie Und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany.
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Hu Y, Zhao X, Song Y, Jiang J, Long T, Cong M, Miao Y, Liu Y, Yang Z, Zhu Y, Wang J. Anti-inflammatory and Neuroprotective α-Pyrones from a Marine-Derived Strain of the Fungus Arthrinium arundinis and Their Heterologous Expression. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024. [PMID: 38687877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.4c00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Fungal linear polyketides, such as α-pyrones with a 6-alkenyl chain, have been a rich source of biologically active compounds. Two new (1 and 2) and four known (3-6) 6-alkenylpyrone polyketides were isolated from a marine-derived strain of the fungus Arthrinium arundinis. Their structures were determined based on extensive spectroscopic analysis. The biosynthetic gene cluster (alt) for alternapyrones was identified from A. arundinis ZSDS-F3 and validated by heterologous expression in Aspergillus nidulans A1145 ΔSTΔEM, which revealed that the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase Alt2' could convert the methyl group 26-CH3 to a carboxyl group to produce 4 from 3. Another cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, Alt3', catalyzed successive hydroxylation, epoxidation, and oxidation steps to produce 1, 2, 5, and 6 from 4. Alternapyrone G (1) not only suppressed M1 polarization in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglia but also stimulated dendrite regeneration and neuronal survival after Aβ treatment, suggesting alternapyrone G may be utilized as a privileged scaffold for Alzheimer's disease drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yue Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiahui Jiang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ting Long
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Mengjing Cong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuhua Miao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- Sanya Institute of Marine Ecology and Engineering, Yazhou Scientific Bay, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Zhiyou Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yiguang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- Sanya Institute of Marine Ecology and Engineering, Yazhou Scientific Bay, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- Sanya Institute of Marine Ecology and Engineering, Yazhou Scientific Bay, Sanya 572000, China
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Zhang XQ, Lu ZH, Tang GM, Duan LP, Wang ZH, Guo ZY, Proksch P. Prunolactones A-G, proangiogenic isocoumarin derivatives with an unusual 6/6/6/6/6 spiropentacyclic skeleton from the endophytic fungus Phomopsis prunorum. Bioorg Chem 2023; 141:106898. [PMID: 37801783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Seven novel isocoumarins, prunolactones A-G (1-7), featuring an unusual 6/6/6/6/6 spiropentacyclic skeleton, together with two biosynthetic precursors phomopsilactone (8) and methyl 3-epi-shikimate (9), were isolated from the endophytic fungus Phomopsis prunorum guided by UPLC-QTOF-MS and 1H NMR spectroscopic analytical techniques. Their structures including absolute configurations of 1-7 were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic data, X-ray diffraction analysis, and ECD calculations. Biogenetically, compounds 1-7 are proposed to be derived from polyketide and shikimate pathways via key intermolecular Diels - Alder reactions. Compounds 2, 3, and 7 showed significant in vivo proangiogenic activity in transgenic zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qing Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Product Research and Development (China Three Gorges University), College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Functional Yeast, China National Light Industry, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhen-Hong Lu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Product Research and Development (China Three Gorges University), College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, People's Republic of China
| | - Guan-Mei Tang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Product Research and Development (China Three Gorges University), College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ping Duan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Hang Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Product Research and Development (China Three Gorges University), College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Yong Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Product Research and Development (China Three Gorges University), College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Functional Yeast, China National Light Industry, College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
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Yu J, Liu X, Ma C, Li C, Zhang Y, Che Q, Zhang G, Zhu T, Li D. Activation of a Silent Polyketide Synthase SlPKS4 Encoding the C 7-Methylated Isocoumarin in a Marine-Derived Fungus Simplicillium lamellicola HDN13-430. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:490. [PMID: 37755103 PMCID: PMC10532586 DOI: 10.3390/md21090490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Coumarins, isocoumarins and their derivatives are polyketides abundant in fungal metabolites. Although they were first discovered over 50 years ago, the biosynthetic process is still not entirely understood. Herein, we report the activation of a silent nonreducing polyketide synthase that encodes a C7-methylated isocoumarin, similanpyrone B (1), in a marine-derived fungus Simplicillium lamellicola HDN13-430 by heterologous expression. Feeding studies revealed the host enzymes can change 1 into its hydroxylated derivatives pestapyrone A (2). Compounds 1 and 2 showed moderate radical scavenging activities with ED50 values of 67.4 µM and 104.2 µM. Our discovery fills the gap in the enzymatic elucidation of naturally occurring C7-methylated isocoumarin derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (J.Y.); (X.L.); (C.M.); (C.L.); (Q.C.); (G.Z.)
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (J.Y.); (X.L.); (C.M.); (C.L.); (Q.C.); (G.Z.)
| | - Chuanteng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (J.Y.); (X.L.); (C.M.); (C.L.); (Q.C.); (G.Z.)
| | - Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (J.Y.); (X.L.); (C.M.); (C.L.); (Q.C.); (G.Z.)
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China;
| | - Qian Che
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (J.Y.); (X.L.); (C.M.); (C.L.); (Q.C.); (G.Z.)
| | - Guojian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (J.Y.); (X.L.); (C.M.); (C.L.); (Q.C.); (G.Z.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Tianjiao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (J.Y.); (X.L.); (C.M.); (C.L.); (Q.C.); (G.Z.)
| | - Dehai Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (J.Y.); (X.L.); (C.M.); (C.L.); (Q.C.); (G.Z.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
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Tammam MA, Gamal El-Din MI, Abood A, El-Demerdash A. Recent advances in the discovery, biosynthesis, and therapeutic potential of isocoumarins derived from fungi: a comprehensive update. RSC Adv 2023; 13:8049-8089. [PMID: 36909763 PMCID: PMC9999372 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra08245d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms still remain the main hotspots in the global drug discovery avenue. In particular, fungi are highly prolific producers of vast structurally diverse specialized secondary metabolites, which have displayed a myriad of biomedical potentials. Intriguingly, isocoumarins is one distinctive class of fungal natural products polyketides, which demonstrated numerous remarkable biological and pharmacological activities. This review article provides a comprehensive state-of-the-art over the period 2000-2022 about the discovery, isolation, classifications, and therapeutic potentials of isocoumarins exclusively reported from fungi. Indeed, a comprehensive list of 351 structurally diverse isocoumarins were documented and classified according to their fungal sources [16 order/28 family/55 genera] where they have been originally discovered along with their reported pharmacological activities wherever applicable. Also, recent insights around their proposed and experimentally proven biosynthetic pathways are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Tammam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University Fayoum 63514 Egypt
| | - Mariam I Gamal El-Din
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University Cairo 11566 Egypt
| | - Amira Abood
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, National Research Center Dokki Cairo Egypt
- School of Bioscience, University of Kent Canterbury UK
| | - Amr El-Demerdash
- Organic Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Mansoura University Mansoura 35516 Egypt
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolism, John Innes Centre Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7UH UK
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McCord JP, Kohanov ZA, Lowell AN. Thermorubin Biosynthesis Initiated by a Salicylate Synthase Suggests an Unusual Conversion of Phenols to Pyrones. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:3169-3177. [PMID: 36255735 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Thermorubin is a tetracyclic naphthoisocoumarin natural product that demands investigation due to its novel mechanism of bacterial protein synthesis inhibition and its unusual structural features. In this work, we describe the identification of the biosynthetic cluster responsible for thermorubin from the sequenced Laceyella sacchari producer species and its confirmation via heterologous production in Escherichia coli. Based on an in-depth annotation of the cluster, we propose a biosynthetic pathway that accounts for the formation of the unique, nonterminal pyrone. Additionally, the expression and use of salicylate synthase TheO enabled testing of the stability properties of this extremophile-derived enzyme. TheO displayed rapid kinetics and a remarkably robust secondary structure, converting chorismate to salicylate with a KM of 109 ± 12 μM, kcat of 9.17 ± 0.36 min-1, and catalytic efficiency (kcat/KM) of 84 ± 9 nM-1 min-1, and retained significant activity up to 50 °C. These studies serve as the basis for continued biosynthetic investigations and bioinspired synthetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer P McCord
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University), Davidson Hall Rm. 480, 1040 Drillfield Dr., Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Zachary A Kohanov
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University), Davidson Hall Rm. 480, 1040 Drillfield Dr., Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Andrew N Lowell
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech (Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University), Davidson Hall Rm. 480, 1040 Drillfield Dr., Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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Xiang P, Kemmerich B, Yang L, Li SM. Biosynthesis of Annullatin D in Penicillium roqueforti Implies Oxidative Lactonization between Two Hydroxyl Groups Catalyzed by a BBE-like Enzyme. Org Lett 2022; 24:6072-6077. [PMID: 35939524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Annullatins from Cordyceps annullata are alkylated aromatic polyketides including annullatin D with a fused dihydrobenzofuran lactone ring system. Here, we report the identification of a silent biosynthetic gene cluster for annullatins from Penicillium roqueforti by heterologous expression in Aspergillus nidulans, gene deletion, and feeding experiments as well as by biochemical characterization. The polyketide core structure is consecutively modified by hydroxylation and prenylation. A berberine bridge enzyme-like protein catalyzes the final step, an oxidative lactonization between two hydroxyl groups, to form (2S, 9S)-annullatin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Xiang
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Bastian Kemmerich
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Li Yang
- Haikou Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Tropical Natural Products, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, CATAS, 571101 Haikou, China
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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Stierle SA, Li SM. Biosynthesis of Xylariolide D in Penicillium crustosum Implies a Chain Branching Reaction Catalyzed by a Highly Reducing Polyketide Synthase. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050493. [PMID: 35628749 PMCID: PMC9147667 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are important sources for the discovery of natural products. During the last decades, technological progress and the increasing number of sequenced genomes facilitated the exploration of new secondary metabolites. Among those, polyketides represent a structurally diverse group with manifold biological activities. In this study, we successfully used genome mining and genetic manipulation for functional proof of a polyketide biosynthetic gene cluster from the filamentous fungus Penicillium crustosum. Gene activation in the native host and heterologous expression in Aspergillus nidulans led to the identification of the xil cluster, being responsible for the formation of the 6-methyl-2-pyrone derivative xylariolide D. Feeding with 13C-labeled precursors supported the hypothesis of chain branching during the backbone formation catalyzed by a highly reducing fungal polyketide synthase. A cytochrome P450-catalyzed hydroxylation converts the PKS product to the final metabolite. This proved that just two enzymes are required for the biosynthesis of xylariolide D.
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Heterologous Expression of Secondary Metabolite Genes in Trichoderma reesei for Waste Valorization. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8040355. [PMID: 35448586 PMCID: PMC9032437 DOI: 10.3390/jof8040355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma reesei (Hypocrea jecorina) was developed as a microbial cell factory for the heterologous expression of fungal secondary metabolites. This was achieved by inactivation of sorbicillinoid biosynthesis and construction of vectors for the rapid cloning and expression of heterologous fungal biosynthetic genes. Two types of megasynth(et)ases were used to test the strain and vectors, namely a non-reducing polyketide synthase (nr-PKS, aspks1) from Acremonium strictum and a hybrid highly-reducing PKS non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (hr-PKS-NRPS, tenS + tenC) from Beauveria bassiana. The resulting engineered T. reesei strains were able to produce the expected natural products 3-methylorcinaldehyde and pretenellin A on waste materials including potato, orange, banana and kiwi peels and barley straw. Developing T. reesei as a heterologous host for secondary metabolite production represents a new method for waste valorization by the direct conversion of waste biomass into secondary metabolites.
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Polyketide Derivatives from the Endophytic Fungus Phaeosphaeria sp. LF5 Isolated from Huperzia serrata and Their Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activities. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030232. [PMID: 35330234 PMCID: PMC8955197 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The secondary metabolites of Phaeosphaeria sp. LF5, an endophytic fungus with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity isolated from Huperzia serrata, were investigated. Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated by means of extensive spectroscopic data, including one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) analyses, and calculations of electronic circular dichroism (ECD). A chemical study on the solid-cultured fungus LF5 resulted in 11 polyketide derivatives, which included three previously undescribed derivatives: aspilactonol I (4), 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-6-methylisonicotinic acid (7), and 6,8-dihydroxy-3-(1′R, 2′R-dihydroxypropyl)-isocoumarin (9), and two new natural-source-derived aspilactonols (G, H) (2, 3). Moreover, the absolute configuration of de-O-methyldiaporthin (11) was identified for the first time. Compounds 4 and 11 exhibited inhibitory activity against AChE with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 6.26 and 21.18 µM, respectively. Aspilactonol I (4) is the first reported furanone AChE inhibitor (AChEI). The results indicated that Phaeosphaeria is a good source of polyketide derivatives. This study identified intriguing lead compounds for further research and development of new AChEIs.
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12
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Xiang P, Li SM. Formation of 3-Orsellinoxypropanoic Acid in Penicillum crustosum is Catalyzed by a Bifunctional Nonreducing Polyketide Synthase. Org Lett 2022; 24:462-466. [PMID: 34962820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The heterologous expression of a nonreducing polyketide synthase gene oesA from Penicillium crustosum led to the identification of orsellinoylpropanoic acid (1). Domain deletion and recombination proved that OesA catalyzes not only the formation of orsellinic acid but also its transfer to 3-hydroxypropanoic acid. Both ACP domains contribute independently and complementarily to the product formation. Feeding experiments provided evidence that only the orsellinyl residue is derived from acetate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Xiang
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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13
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Li W, Fan J, Liao G, Yin WB, Li SM. Precursor Supply Increases the Accumulation of 4-Hydroxy-6-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-α-pyrone after NRPS-PKS Gene Expression. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:2380-2384. [PMID: 34286580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Expression of a nonribosomal peptide synthetase-nonreducing polyketide synthase hybrid gene pcr10109 from Penicillium crustosum PRB-2 in Aspergillus nidulans led to the accumulation of 4-hydroxy-6-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-α-pyrone (1). Adding para-hydroxybenzoic acid into the medium in which the overexpressing mutant is growing increased the product yield up to 5-fold. This strategy could be helpful for heterologous gene expression experiments requiring special substrates for product formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jie Fan
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ge Liao
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Wen-Bing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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14
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Cai Y, Rao L, Zou Y. Genome Mining Discovery of a C 4-Alkylated Dihydroisocoumarin Pathway in Fungi. Org Lett 2021; 23:2337-2341. [PMID: 33688736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A fungal C4-alkylated dihydroisocoumarin pathway was discovered and elucidated. This pathway includes the following (1) a nonreducing polyketide synthase and a P450 collaboratively synthesize hydroxylated C3-methylated isocoumarin 3; (2) a methyltransferase methylates 3 to 8; and (3) importantly, an esterase specifically catalyzes a ring reconstruction process of 8 to C4-alkylated dihydroisocoumarin 10. Our discovery fills the gap in the enzymatic transformation process of natural C4-alkylated isocoumarin derivates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Cai
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Li Rao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yi Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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15
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Zhu Y, Wang J, Mou P, Yan Y, Chen M, Tang Y. Genome mining of cryptic tetronate natural products from a PKS-NRPS encoding gene cluster in Trichoderma harzianum t-22. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:1985-1990. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02545c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The gene cluster of trihazones was identified from Trichoderma harzianum t-22 and heterologously activated in Aspergillus nidualns. The α-KG dependent dioxygenase ThnC was confirmed to catalyze exocyclic double bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiguang Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of California Los Angeles
- USA
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of California Los Angeles
- USA
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica
| | - Pengyun Mou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica
- South China Sea Institute of Oceanology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510301
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of California Los Angeles
- USA
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica
| | - Mengbin Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of California Los Angeles
- USA
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of California Los Angeles
- USA
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16
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Caesar LK, Kelleher NL, Keller NP. In the fungus where it happens: History and future propelling Aspergillus nidulans as the archetype of natural products research. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 144:103477. [PMID: 33035657 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In 1990 the first fungal secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene was cloned in Aspergillus nidulans. Thirty years later, >30 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) have been linked to specific natural products in this one fungal species. While impressive, over half of the BGCs in A. nidulans remain uncharacterized and their compounds structurally and functionally unknown. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of past advances that have enabled A. nidulans to rise to its current status as a natural product powerhouse focusing on the discovery and annotation of secondary metabolite clusters. From genome sequencing, heterologous expression, and metabolomics to CRISPR and epigenetic manipulations, we present a guided tour through the evolution of technologies developed and utilized in the last 30 years. These insights provide perspective to future efforts to fully unlock the biosynthetic potential of A. nidulans and, by extension, the potential of other filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay K Caesar
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Neil L Kelleher
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States; Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States; Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, WI, United States; Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.
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Abstract
A personal selection of 32 recent papers is presented covering various aspects of current developments in bioorganic chemistry and novel natural products such as baphicacanthcusine A from Baphicacanthus cusia.
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