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Arunkumar V, Balamurugan R. Brønsted acid-promoted synthesis of highly functionalized tetrahydrocarbazoles from diethyl ( E)-5-diazo-4-oxohex-2-enedioate. Org Biomol Chem 2024. [PMID: 39263811 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00992d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Brønsted acid-promoted synthesis of highly functionalized tetrahydrocarbazoles from indoles and easily accessible diethyl (E)-5-diazo-4-oxohex-2-enedioate has been achieved. Diethyl (E)-5-diazo-4-oxohex-2-enedioate acts as a 1,4-diacceptor and undergoes tandem Michael addition followed by nucleophilic substitution at the diazo carbon with indole in the presence of a strong Brønsted acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vemula Arunkumar
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India.
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2
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Potlitz F, Palm GJ, Bodtke A, Lammers M, Schade D, Link A. A Novel C3/ C4-Fused Indole Scaffold through Acid-Catalyzed Cascade Reaction. Molecules 2024; 29:3064. [PMID: 38999014 PMCID: PMC11243003 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
3,4-bridged indoles are underrepresented among the vast number of indoles described in the literature. Attempts to access 3,4-macrocyclized indoles led to the unexpected formation of a novel tetracyclic indole through intramolecular acid-catalyzed ring contraction. The herein-established one-step synthetic route provides an excellent medicinal chemistry platform for the construction of screening libraries covering a unique chemical space of indoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Potlitz
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gottfried J Palm
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anja Bodtke
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Lammers
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dennis Schade
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
- Partner Site Kiel, DZHK, German Center for Cardiovascular Research, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Link
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
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Zhang YB, Li BS, Xu GJ, Sun W, Sun M. Rh(III)-Catalyzed Double C-H Functionalization of Indoles with Cyclopropenones via Sequential C-H/C-C/C-H Bond Activation. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37200408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented Rh(III)-catalyzed double C-H functionalization of indoles with cyclopropenones via sequential C-H/C-C/C-H bond activation has been developed. This procedure represents the first example for assembling of cyclopenta[b]indoles utilizing cyclopropenones as 3C synthons. This powerful approach shows excellent chemo- and regioselectivity, wide functional group tolerance, and good reaction yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Bin-Shi Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Guo-Jie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Meng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
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Shan Y, Yang Z, Yu JT, Pan C. Metal-free polychloromethyl radical-initiated cyclization of unactivated N-allylindoles towards pyrrolo[1,2- a]indoles. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5259-5263. [PMID: 35735246 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00471b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A metal-free polychloromethyl radical-initiated cyclization of unactivated alkenes was developed using CH2Cl2 and CHCl3 as the di- and trichloromethyl radical sources. Variously substituted N-allyl-indoles were successfully transformed into the corresponding C2-(di- and trichloromethyl) pyrrolo[1,2-a]indoles in moderate to good yields. This reaction has a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance. Dibromomethylated products can also be obtained using CH2Br2 under standard conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Shan
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China.
| | - Zixian Yang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China.
| | - Jin-Tao Yu
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, P. R. China.
| | - Changduo Pan
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, P. R. China.
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5
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Banerjee A, Sarkar S, Shah JA, Frederiks NC, Bazan‐Bergamino EA, Johnson CJ, Ngai M. Excited‐State Copper Catalysis for the Synthesis of Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arghya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery the State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
| | - Satavisha Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery the State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
| | - Jagrut A. Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery the State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
| | - Nicoline C. Frederiks
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery the State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
| | - Emmanuel A. Bazan‐Bergamino
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery the State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
| | - Christopher J. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery the State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
| | - Ming‐Yu Ngai
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery the State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook NY 11794 USA
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6
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Banerjee A, Sarkar S, Shah JA, Frederiks NC, Bazan-Bergamino EA, Johnson CJ, Ngai MY. Excited-State Copper Catalysis for the Synthesis of Heterocycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202113841. [PMID: 34783154 PMCID: PMC8761179 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Heterocycles are one of the largest groups of organic moieties with significant medicinal, chemical, and industrial applications. Herein, we report the discovery and development of visible-light-induced, synergistic excited-state copper catalysis using a combination of Cu(IPr)I as a catalyst and rac-BINAP as a ligand, which produces more than 10 distinct classes of heterocycles. The reaction tolerates a broad array of functional groups and complex molecular scaffolds, including derivatives of peptides, natural products, and marketed drugs. Preliminary mechanistic investigation suggests in situ generations of [Cu(BINAP)2 ]+ and [Cu(IPr)2 ]+ catalysts that work cooperatively under visible-light irradiation to facilitate catalytic carbo-aroylation of unactivated alkenes, affording a wide range of useful heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Satavisha Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Jagrut A. Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Nicoline C. Frederiks
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Emmanuel A. Bazan-Bergamino
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Christopher J. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Ming-Yu Ngai
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
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7
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Jacob C, Maes BUW, Evano G. Transient Directing Groups in Metal-Organic Cooperative Catalysis. Chemistry 2021; 27:13899-13952. [PMID: 34286873 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The direct functionalization of C-H bonds is among the most fundamental chemical transformations in organic synthesis. However, when the innate reactivity of the substrate cannot be utilized for the functionalization of a given single C-H bond, this selective C-H bond functionalization mostly relies on the use of directing groups that allow bringing the catalyst in close proximity to the C-H bond to be activated and these directing groups need to be installed before and cleaved after the transformation, which involves two additional undesired synthetic operations. These additional steps dramatically reduce the overall impact and the attractiveness of C-H bond functionalization techniques since classical approaches based on substrate pre-functionalization are sometimes still more straightforward and appealing. During the past decade, a different approach involving both the in situ installation and removal of the directing group, which can then often be used in a catalytic manner, has emerged: the transient directing group strategy. In addition to its innovative character, this strategy has brought C-H bond functionalization to an unprecedented level of usefulness and has enabled the development of remarkably efficient processes for the direct and selective introduction of functional groups onto both aromatic and aliphatic substrates. The processes unlocked by the development of these transient directing groups will be comprehensively overviewed in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Jacob
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et Physico-Chimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.,Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bert U W Maes
- Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gwilherm Evano
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et Physico-Chimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50, CP160/06, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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8
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Shelke YG, Hande PE, Gharpure SJ. Recent advances in the synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2- a]indoles and their derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:7544-7574. [PMID: 34524330 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01103k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The pyrrolo[1,2-a]indole unit is a privileged heterocycle found in numerous natural products and has been shown to exhibit diverse pharmacological properties. Thus, recent years have witnessed immense interest from the synthesis community on the synthesis of this scaffold. In light of the ever-increasing demand for pyrrolo[1,2-a]indoles in drug discovery, this review provides an overview of recent synthesis methods for the preparation of pyrrolo[1,2-a]indoles and their derivatives. The mechanistic pathway and stereo-electronic factors affecting the yield and selectivity of the product are briefly explained. Furthermore, we have attempted to demonstrate the utility of the developed methods in the synthesis of bioactive molecules and natural products, wherever offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh G Shelke
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Pankaj E Hande
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
| | - Santosh J Gharpure
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
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Chaudhari TY, Tandon V. Recent approaches to the synthesis of tetrahydrocarbazoles. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:1926-1939. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02274h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The tetrahydrocarbazole (THC) motif is ubiquitous in natural products and biologically active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vibha Tandon
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine
- Jawaharlal Nehru University
- New Delhi 110067
- India
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10
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Gataullin RR. Advances in the Synthesis of Benzo‐Fused Spiro Nitrogen Heterocycles: New Approaches and Modification of Old Strategies. Helv Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.202000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rail R. Gataullin
- Ufa Federal Research Centre Ufa Institute of Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences Prospect Oktyabrya, 71 Ufa 450054 Russian Federation
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