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Palechor-Tróchez JJ, Castillo HSV, Serna-Cock L, Duque JFS. Thermal and structural changes of a starch flexible film and cellulosic semi-rigid tray during the biodegradation process under controlled composting conditions. Int J Biol Macromol 2024:134595. [PMID: 39122066 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Biopolymers used to mitigate the environmental impact needed establish biodegradation percentage. The thermal and structural changes of two plastic materials, a flexible film based on cassava starch - Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and a semi-rigid cassava flour-stay cellulose fique fiber, were evaluated biodegradation under ISO 4855-1 standard. The tests were carried out for four weeks at constant temperature and flow of 58 °C ± 2 °C and 250 mL/h, using a mature compost as inoculum. The percentages of CO2, thermal, morphological, and structural changes, variation of degradation temperatures, glass transition temperatures (Tg), Melting temperatures (Tm) and enthalpies of fusion (Hm), were properly evaluated as indicators of the materials biodegradation of two materials. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), showed the microorganisms colonization on the materials surface, evidencing the appearance of cracks and microbial population. The flexible film showed a biodegradation percentage of 98.24 %, the semi-rigid tray 89.06 %, and the microcrystalline cellulose, 81.37 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhon Jairo Palechor-Tróchez
- Departamento de Agroindustria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad del Cauca, 190002 Popayán, Colombia.
| | | | - Liliana Serna-Cock
- School of Engineering and Administration, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Palmira, Valle del Cauca, Colombia
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2
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Reit M, Zarges JC, Heim HP. Correlation between the activation energy of PLA respectively PLA/starch composites and mechanical properties with regard to differ accelerated aging conditions. Biopolymers 2024; 115:e23571. [PMID: 38385628 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Within this research semi-crystalline polylactide and composites with 50 wt.% native potato starch were compounded and injection molded. The material was mechanically characterized by tensile, three-point bending, and Charpy impact tests. These tests were carried out in the freshly molded state and after 332 and 792 h of storage at accelerated temperature or humidity. The respective activation energy was calculated by applying the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method. The focus of the study was to investigate the correlation between the activation energy and the related mechanical and thermal properties. The results showed that the addition of native potato starch as a filler prevents the decrease in activation energy over the course of the experiments. Thus, the PLA/starch composite is more resistant to the two aging conditions than the pure PLA. When considering the mechanical properties, the pure PLA showed a large deviation of results compared to the initial value in a range of +63.88% to -33.96% with regard to the respective aging conditions, whereas the PLA/starch composite properties nearly always remained at the initial values. Through the investigation of the mechanical and thermal properties, it was shown that the steady activation energies are consistent with the mechanical properties, as these have shown only a small deviation of the mechanical properties during the duration of experiments for the PLA/starch composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Reit
- Institute of Material Engineering, Polymer Engineering, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Jan-Christoph Zarges
- Institute of Material Engineering, Polymer Engineering, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Heim
- Institute of Material Engineering, Polymer Engineering, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
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3
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Godoy Zúniga MM, Ding R, Oh E, Nguyen TB, Tran TT, Nam JD, Suhr J. Avocado seed starch utilized in eco-friendly, UV-blocking, and high-barrier polylactic acid (PLA) biocomposites for active food packaging applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130837. [PMID: 38503372 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Efficient and effective use of biopolymers, such as starch, has increasingly prompted interest due to the current environmental challenges. However, starch-based composites still show poor ductility along with water and oxygen permeability, which may not meet the requirements for food packaging standards. In this study, modified starch (m-St), isolated from the avocado seed and synthesized with tert-butyl acetoacetate (t-BAA), was embedded into polylactic acid (PLA) to design new eco-friendly composites. The developed biocomposites were found to exhibit high performance with outstanding mechanical properties in conjunction with remarkable light, water vapor, and oxygen blocking features for food packaging applications. PLA/m-St(1:6) 20 wt% composites showed a dramatic increase in elongation at break (EB%) from 3.35 to 27.80 % (about 730 % enhancement) and exhibited remarkable UV-blocking performance from 16.21 to 83.86 % for UVB, relative to pure PLA. Equally importantly, these biocomposites revealed significant improvement in oxygen and water vapor barrier performance by reducing their values from 1331 to 32.9 cc m-2 day-1 (indicating a remarkable reduction of 97.53 %) and 61.9 to 28 g m-2 day-1, respectively. This study can show the great potential of extracting starch from biowaste resources and transforming it into sustainable bio-based composites as a promising solution for food packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela María Godoy Zúniga
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seoburo, Jangan-gu, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ruonan Ding
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seoburo, Jangan-gu, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea; Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Laoshan District, Qingdao, Shandong, China, 266104
| | - Eunyoung Oh
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seoburo, Jangan-gu, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Tan Binh Nguyen
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seoburo, Jangan-gu, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Trung Tien Tran
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seoburo, Jangan-gu, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Do Nam
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seoburo, Jangan-gu, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea; Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seoburo, Jangan-gu, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwan Suhr
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seoburo, Jangan-gu, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea; School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seoburo, Jangan-gu, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Zhang Q, Chen J, Guo X, Lei H, Zou R, Huo E, Kong X, Liu W, Wang M, Ma Z, Li B. Mussel-inspired polydopamine-modified biochar microsphere for reinforcing polylactic acid composite films: Emphasizing the achievement of excellent thermal and mechanical properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129567. [PMID: 38246462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Having poor interfacial compatibility between biochar microsphere (BM) and polylactic acid (PLA) should be responsible for the unbalance of composite film strength and toughness. Elucidating the effect of polydopamine (PDA) on BM and BM/PLA composite films is the ultimate goal of this study based on the mussel bionic principle. It was found that the strong adhesion of PDA on the BM surface was achieved, which improved the surface roughness and thermal stability. Also, PDA modification can facilitate crystallization, increase thermal properties, improve interfacial compatibility, and enhance the tensile properties of BM/PLA composite films. Silane-based PDA modified BM/PLA composite film exhibited the best tensile strength, tensile modulus, and elongation at break with 77.95 MPa, 1.87 GPa, and 7.30%. These noteworthy findings, achieving a simultaneous improvement in PLA strength and toughness, hold promising implications for its sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfa Zhang
- School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China; College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jianlong Chen
- School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Xinyuan Guo
- School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Hanwu Lei
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Rongge Zou
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Erguang Huo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Heat Fluid Flow Technology and Energy Application, School of Physical Science and Technology, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Xiao Kong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Mingfeng Wang
- School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zhong Ma
- School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Bin Li
- School of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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5
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Shahdan D, Rosli NA, Chen RS, Ahmad S, Gan S. Strategies for strengthening toughened poly(lactic acid) blend via natural reinforcement with enhanced biodegradability: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 251:126214. [PMID: 37572810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
The growing popularity of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) can be attributed to its favorable attributes, such as excellent compostability and robust mechanical properties. Two notable limitations of PLA are its high brittleness and slow biodegradation rate. Both of blending and copolymerization strategies work well to improve PLA's toughness while sacrificing the good tensile strength and modulus properties of PLA. One of the most effective and economical approaches to address this challenge is to incorporate natural reinforcing agents into the toughened PLA system, thereby simultaneously promoting the biodegradation rate of PLA. Nevertheless, the enhancement of tensile strength and modulus is accompanied by a notable decrease in elongation. Therefore, this review provides comprehensive information on the literature works related to the tensile strength, modulus, elongation at break and impact strength of the toughened PLA and its natural fiber reinforced composites. The impact of natural reinforcing agent on the tensile fracture mechanism as well as the synergistic effect on strengthening and toughening performance will be discussed. This review also focuses on the factors boosting the biodegradability of toughened PLA blend by using natural reinforcing fiber. Review presents potential future insights into the development of biodegradable and balanced strengthened-toughened PLA based advanced materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Shahdan
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Noor Afizah Rosli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia..
| | - Ruey Shan Chen
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Sahrim Ahmad
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sinyee Gan
- Malaysian Palm Oil Board, 6 Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
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6
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Trotta F, Da Silva S, Massironi A, Mirpoor SF, Lignou S, Ghawi SK, Charalampopoulos D. Silver Bionanocomposites as Active Food Packaging: Recent Advances & Future Trends Tackling the Food Waste Crisis. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4243. [PMID: 37959923 PMCID: PMC10650736 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Food waste is a pressing global challenge leading to over $1 trillion lost annually and contributing up to 10% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Extensive study has been directed toward the use of active biodegradable packaging materials to improve food quality, minimize plastic use, and encourage sustainable packaging technology development. However, this has been achieved with limited success, which can mainly be attributed to poor material properties and high production costs. In the recent literature, the integration of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has shown to improve the properties of biopolymer, prompting the development of bionanocomposites. Furthermore, the antibacterial properties of AgNPs against foodborne pathogens leads towards food shelf-life improvement and provides a route towards reducing food waste. However, few reviews have analyzed AgNPs holistically throughout a portfolio of biopolymers from an industrial perspective. Hence, this review critically analyses the antibacterial, barrier, mechanical, thermal, and water resistance properties of AgNP-based bionanocomposites. These advanced materials are also discussed in terms of food packaging applications and assessed in terms of their performance in enhancing food shelf-life. Finally, the current barriers towards the commercialization of AgNP bionanocomposites are critically discussed to provide an industrial action plan towards the development of sustainable packaging materials to reduce food waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Trotta
- Metalchemy Limited., 71-75 Shelton Street, London WC2H 9JQ, UK; (S.D.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Sidonio Da Silva
- Metalchemy Limited., 71-75 Shelton Street, London WC2H 9JQ, UK; (S.D.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Alessio Massironi
- Metalchemy Limited., 71-75 Shelton Street, London WC2H 9JQ, UK; (S.D.S.); (A.M.)
| | - Seyedeh Fatemeh Mirpoor
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, P.O. Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK (S.L.); (S.K.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Stella Lignou
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, P.O. Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK (S.L.); (S.K.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Sameer Khalil Ghawi
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, P.O. Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK (S.L.); (S.K.G.); (D.C.)
| | - Dimitris Charalampopoulos
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, P.O. Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK (S.L.); (S.K.G.); (D.C.)
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7
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Zhang Z, Cao B, Jiang N. The Mechanical Properties and Degradation Behavior of 3D-Printed Cellulose Nanofiber/Polylactic Acid Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6197. [PMID: 37763474 PMCID: PMC10532780 DOI: 10.3390/ma16186197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) has been widely used in many fields because of its good biodegradability, biocompatibility, and renewability. This work studied the degradation behavior and mechanical properties of cellulose nanofiber (CNF)/PLA composites. In vitro degradation experiments of 3D-printed samples were conducted at elevated temperatures, and the degradation characteristics were evaluated by mechanical tests, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetric (DSC), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results indicated that the addition of CNF (0.5 wt%) accelerated the degradation rate of PLA. The decreases in number average molecular weight (Mn) and weight average molecular weight (Mw) of composites were 7.96% and 4.91% higher than that of neat PLA, respectively. Furthermore, the tensile modulus of composites was 18.4% higher than that of neat PLA, while the strength was 7.4% lower due to poor interfacial bonding between CNF and PLA. A mapping relationship between accelerated and normal degradation showed that the degradation experienced during 60 days at 37 °C was equivalent to that undergone during 14 days at 50 °C; this was achieved by examining the alteration in Mn. Moreover, the degradation process caused a notable deformation in the samples due to residual stress generated during the 3D printing process. This study provided valuable insights for investigating the in vitro degradation behavior of 3D-printed products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongsen Zhang
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bingyan Cao
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- School of Transportation and Vehicle Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
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8
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Khoo PS, Ilyas RA, Uda MNA, Hassan SA, Nordin AH, Norfarhana AS, Ab Hamid NH, Rani MSA, Abral H, Norrrahim MNF, Knight VF, Lee CL, Rafiqah SA. Starch-Based Polymer Materials as Advanced Adsorbents for Sustainable Water Treatment: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3114. [PMID: 37514503 PMCID: PMC10385024 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past three decades, chemical and biological water contamination has become a major concern, particularly in the industrialized world. Heavy metals, aromatic compounds, and dyes are among the harmful substances that contribute to water pollution, which jeopardies the human health. For this reason, it is of the utmost importance to locate methods for the cleanup of wastewater that are not genuinely effective. Owing to its non-toxicity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility, starch is a naturally occurring polysaccharide that scientists are looking into as a possible environmentally friendly material for sustainable water remediation. Starch could exhibit significant adsorption capabilities towards pollutants with the substitution of amide, amino, carboxyl, and other functional groups for hydroxyl groups. Starch derivatives may effectively remove contaminants such as oil, organic solvents, pesticides, heavy metals, dyes, and pharmaceutical pollutants by employing adsorption techniques at a rate greater than 90%. The maximal adsorption capacities of starch-based adsorbents for oil and organic solvents, pesticides, heavy metal ions, dyes, and pharmaceuticals are 13,000, 66, 2000, 25,000, and 782 mg/g, respectively. Although starch-based adsorbents have demonstrated a promising future for environmental wastewater treatment, additional research is required to optimize the technique before the starch-based adsorbent can be used in large-scale in situ wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui San Khoo
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - R A Ilyas
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Institute of Tropical Forest and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
- Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - M N A Uda
- Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Shukur Abu Hassan
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - A H Nordin
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - A S Norfarhana
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - N H Ab Hamid
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - M S A Rani
- Institute of Tropical Forest and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hairul Abral
- Laboratory of Nanoscience and Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Andalas University, Padang 25163, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Center for Nanocellulose, BRIN-Andalas University, Padang 25163, Indonesia
| | - M N F Norrrahim
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - V F Knight
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Chuan Li Lee
- Institute of Tropical Forest and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S Ayu Rafiqah
- Institute of Tropical Forest and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
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Zhou X, Yu D, Mao W, Wang L, Guo H, Li D, Li H, Deng B, Liu Q. Smart photochromic materials based on polylactic acid. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124465. [PMID: 37060981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
The smart photochromic materials based on polylactic acid (PLA) were prepared by melt-blending and hot-pressing, in which photochromic microcapsules (PM) were used as a functional additive, and poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) was introduced into the photochromic PLA blends for the first time to improve their properties. The crystallization and melting behavior, morphology, and photochromic performance of PLA/PVAc/PM blends were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and spectrophotometer, respectively. The results showed that PVAc significantly improved the photochromic properties of PLA/PM blends. Under 30s UV irradiation, the blends reached a value of ΔE that could be recognized in 3 s by human eyes. This discriminative ΔE value could be maintained for at least 3 min after removal from UV irradiation. Meanwhile, the blend had outstanding photochromic durability and recyclability. Compared to ΔE for 0.5 h of continuous light irradiation, ΔE for 8 h of continuous light irradiation decreased by only about 1, to 14.1. In 25 cycles of 3 s UV irradiation, the values of ΔE for the first and 25th irradiation were 11.4 and 11.6, respectively. The blend showed different photochromic responses to different light intensities. The ΔE values of 8.6, 14.6, 14.6, and 18.4 for irradiation at 600, 800, 1000, and 1200 W/m2 of solar intensity, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongzheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Mao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanlan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Guo
- Jiangsu Doway New Materials Science & Technology Co. Ltd., Suqian 223800, People's Republic of China
| | - Dawei Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoxuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingyao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Bauer L, Rogina A, Ivanković M, Ivanković H. Medical-Grade Poly(Lactic Acid)/Hydroxyapatite Composite Films: Thermal and In Vitro Degradation Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061512. [PMID: 36987292 PMCID: PMC10059894 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Production of biocompatible composite scaffolds shifts towards additive manufacturing where thermoplastic biodegradable polymers such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) are used as matrices. Differences between industrial- and medical-grade polymers are often overlooked although they may affect properties and degradation behaviour as significantly as the filler addition. In the present research, composite films based on medical-grade PLA and biogenic hydroxyapatite (HAp) with 0, 10, and 20 wt.% of HAp were prepared by solvent casting technique. The degradation of composites incubated in phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS) at 37 °C after 10 weeks showed that the higher HAp content slowed down the hydrolytic PLA degradation and improved its thermal stability. Morphological nonuniformity after degradation was indicated by the different glass transition temperatures (Tg) throughout the film. The Tg of the inner part of the sample decreased significantly faster compared with the outer part. The decrease was observed prior to the weight loss of composite samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Bauer
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anamarija Rogina
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marica Ivanković
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Ivanković
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Trg Marka Marulića 19, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia
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11
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Effects of Sterilization and Hydrolytic Degradation on the Structure, Morphology and Compressive Strength of Polylactide-Hydroxyapatite Composites. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810454. [PMID: 36142380 PMCID: PMC9499569 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Composites based on polylactide (PLA) and hydroxyapatite (HA) were prepared using a thermally induced phase separation method. In the experimental design, the PLA with low weight-average molar mass (Mw) and high Mw were tested with the inclusion of HA synthesized as whiskers or hexagonal rods. In addition, the structure of HA whiskers was doped with Zn, whereas hexagonal rods were mixed with Sr salt. The composites were sterilized and then incubated in phosphate-buffered saline for 12 weeks at 37 °C, followed by characterization of pore size distribution, molecular properties, density and mechanical strength. Results showed a substantial reduction of PLA Mw for both polymers due to the preparation of composites, their sterilization and incubation. The distribution of pore size effectively increased after the degradation process, whereas the sterilization, furthermore, had an impact on pore size distribution depending on HA added. The inclusion of HA reduced to some extent the degradation of PLA quantitatively in the weight loss in vitro compared to the control without HA. All produced materials showed no cytotoxicity when validated against L929 mouse skin fibroblasts and hFOB 1.19 human osteoblasts. The lack of cytotoxicity was accompanied by the immunocompatibility with human monocytic cells that were able to detect pyrogenic contaminants.
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Rajamurugan G, Krishnasamy P, Muralidharan B, Srivastava S, Paliwal P, Jha S. Contribution of hybrid particles (BaSO 4/fly ash) on the drilling and wear performance of flax/aleovera fiber composite. PARTICULATE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/02726351.2021.1985024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Rajamurugan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Prabu Krishnasamy
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - B. Muralidharan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Shivesh Srivastava
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Pradyumn Paliwal
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Saransh Jha
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
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Development of multifunctional highly-efficient bio-based fire-retardant poly(lactic acid) composites for simultaneously improving thermal, crystallization and fire safety properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 215:646-656. [PMID: 35777508 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Currently, it is still a huge challenge to prepare high performance eco-friendly poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with high thermal stability, good processability, excellent crystallization behavior, good transparency and highly-efficient fire safety. In this paper, a novel bio-based nucleation agent N-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-P,P-diphenylphosphinic amide (FPPA) was prepared and used for the fabrication of fire safety PLA/FPPA composites. The chemical structure of FPPA was measured by FTIR, NMR and MS. Further, the crystallization behavior, thermal stability, fire safety and mechanical properties of PLA/FPPA composites were performed by TGA, DSC, polarization microscope, LOI, UL94, cone calorimeter, DMA and, SEM, Raman, GC-MS, and TGA-FTIR. The results showed that the multifunctional FPPA not only had a high thermal stability and was a good nucleation agent for PLA. Moreover, only loading of 3 wt% FPPA increased the LOI of PLA from 19.0 to 33.8 % with UL-94 V-0 classification. Furthermore, the heat release rate and total heat release values of PLA/3%FPPA composite reduced by 6.3 % and 15.3 % in cone-calorimeter test. Such high fire safety was mainly attributed to specific fire safety radicals due to thermal degradation of FPPA to interrupt composites burning in gas phase. Besides, transparency and mechanical properties were almost not changed because of low loading of FPPA in PLA. This multifunctional bio-based fire-retardant for PLA with good comprehensive performance promises broad application in engineering electronics, automobiles, 3D printing and construction materials.
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Amza CG, Zapciu A, Baciu F, Vasile MI, Popescu D. Aging of 3D Printed Polymers under Sterilizing UV-C Radiation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4467. [PMID: 34961017 PMCID: PMC8709156 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, shortwave ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths between 200 nm and 280 nm (UV-C) is seeing increased usage in the sterilization of medical equipment, appliances, and spaces due to its antimicrobial effect. During the first weeks of the pandemic, healthcare facilities experienced a shortage of personal protective equipment. This led to hospital technicians, private companies, and even members of the public to resort to 3D printing in order to produce fast, on-demand resources. This paper analyzes the effect of accelerated aging through prolonged exposure to UV-C on mechanical properties of parts 3D printed by material extrusion (MEX) from common polymers, such as polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene terephthalate-glycol (PETG). Samples 3D printed from these materials went through a 24-h UV-C exposure aging cycle and were then tested versus a control group for changes in mechanical properties. Both tensile and compressive strength were determined, as well as changes in material creep properties. Prolonged UV-C exposure reduced the mechanical properties of PLA by 6-8% and of PETG by over 30%. These findings are of practical importance for those interested in producing functional MEX parts intended to be sterilized using UV-C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed in order to assess any changes in material structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalin Gheorghe Amza
- Department of Quality Engineering and Industrial Technologies, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Aurelian Zapciu
- Department of Robotics and Production Systems, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (A.Z.); (D.P.)
| | - Florin Baciu
- Department of Strength Materials, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Mihai Ion Vasile
- Department of Quality Engineering and Industrial Technologies, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Diana Popescu
- Department of Robotics and Production Systems, Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Robotics, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania; (A.Z.); (D.P.)
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Khalid M, Ratnam CT, Wei SJ, Ketabchi MR, Raju G, Walvekar R, Mubarak NM. Effect of electron beam radiation on POLY(LACTIC acid) biocomposites reinforced with waste tea powder. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Lee W, Lee J, Chung JW, Kwak SY. Enhancement of tensile toughness of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) through blending of a polydecalactone-grafted cellulose copolymer: The effect of mesophase transition on mechanical properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1103-1113. [PMID: 34710481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Increasing the toughness of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), i.e., simultaneously increasing both the tensile strength and ductility, remains a major challenge. In this study, fully bio-based PLA blends with polydecalactone (PDL)-grafted cellulose copolymer (CgPD) were prepared and comprehensively analyzed to enhance the toughness of the PLA matrix. The blends were found by FT-IR and solid-state 1H NMR to be physically intact and miscible at the sub-twenty-nanometer scale. The WXRD and DSC analyses indicated that the addition of the alkyl-branched CgPD imparts a more structurally disordered PLA mesophase state to the prepared PLA_CgPD bio-blends. UTM analysis was used to characterize the macroscopic mechanical properties of the PLA_CgPD bio-blends. Both the tensile strength and elongation properties were simultaneously improved with the addition of 1 wt% CgPD loading amount to PLA (PLA_CgPD1). This study experimentally demonstrates that the enhanced mechanical properties of PLA_CgPD1 are closely related to the existence of more ordered PLA mesophases induced by the introduction of an optimal amount of CgPD into the PLA matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Woo Chung
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Soongsil University, 369 Sangdo-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeop Kwak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Jariyasakoolroj P, Supthanyakul R, Laobuthee A, Lertworasirikul A, Yoksan R, Phongtamrug S, Chirachanchai S. Structure and properties of in situ reactive blend of polylactide and thermoplastic starch. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 182:1238-1247. [PMID: 33971234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, in situ reactive extrusion of polylactide and thermoplastic starch modified with chloropropyl trimethoxysilane coupling agent (PLA/mTPS) is proposed. The success of covalent bond formation between PLA matrix and mTPS phase is clarified by two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D-NMR) spectroscopy with 1H1H TOCSY mode. This chemically bound PLA with starch gives the remarkable compatibility in the PLA/mTPS film, with not only a decreased glass transition temperature (47 °C) but also an increased crystallinity of PLA (Χc of 50%). It consequently increases oxygen barrier significantly and also enhances the film flexibility as observed from the drastic increase of elongation at break (from 3% to 50%). Moreover, the PLA/mTPS 60/40 (w/w) film exhibits the accelerated degradation as compared with pure PLA film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyawanee Jariyasakoolroj
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Raksit Supthanyakul
- PTT MCC Biochem Co., Ltd., Energy Complex, B Building, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Apirat Laobuthee
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Amornrat Lertworasirikul
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Rangrong Yoksan
- Department of Packaging and Materials Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Suttinun Phongtamrug
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Suwabun Chirachanchai
- The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Bioresources Advanced Materials (B2A), The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Study of the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Starch/Poly(Lactic Acid) Blends Modified with Acid Agents. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9040578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we present a functionalization strategy of starch-poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blends with organic acids. Lactic and acetic acid were used as acid agents, and oleic acid was also included in the previous acids, with the aim of finding a synergy that thermodynamically benefits the products and provides hydrophobicity. The ratio of starch and sorbitol was 70:30, and the added acid agent replaced 6% of the plasticizer; meanwhile, the thermoplastic starch (TPS)–PLA blend proportion was 70:30 considering the modified TPS. The mixtures were obtained in a torque rheometer at 50 rpm for 10 min at 150 °C. The organic acids facilitated interactions between TPS and PLA. Although TPS and PLA are not miscible, PLA uniformly dispersed into the starch matrix. Furthermore, a reduction in the surface polarity was achieved, which enabled the wettability to reach values close to those of neat PLA (TPS–L-PLA increased by 55% compared to TPS–PLA). The rheological results showed a modulus similar to that of TPS. In general, there were transitions from elastic to viscous, in which the viscous phase predominated. The first and second-order thermal transitions did not show significant changes. The structural affinity of lactic acid with biopolymers (TPS–L-PLA) allowed a greater interaction and was corroborated with the mechanical properties, resulting in a greater resistance with respect to pure TPS and blended TPS–PLA (28.9%). These results are particularly relevant for the packaging industry.
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Wong PY, Phang SW, Baharum A. Effects of synthesised polyaniline (PAni) contents on the anti-static properties of PAni-based polylactic acid (PLA) films. RSC Adv 2020; 10:39693-39699. [PMID: 35515408 PMCID: PMC9057396 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07076a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An anti-static polymer film was prepared using biodegradable poly(lactic acid) as a matrix and polyaniline (PAni) as an anti-static agent. It is aimed to be applied in packaging applications to dissipate the accumulated charges. The anti-static properties of PLA films were investigated with various PAni contents ranging from 0% to 20% through ex situ polymerisation by the solution casting method. PAni was synthesised in the solution form through chemical oxidation at 0 °C. The synthesis of PAni was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopy. The mechanical and anti-static properties of the samples were characterised using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) and a resistivity meter, respectively. The experimental results indicated that incorporation of PAni into PLA films affected the morphology, anti-static and mechanical properties of the samples. PLA/PAni showed a compact surface with a porous structure, reflecting the interfacial interaction between PLA and PAni in the presence of a plasticiser. It was discovered and compared with other compositions, PLA with 15% PAni exhibited excellent anti-static performance with 2.45 × 1010 ohm/sq surface resistivity and the highest tensile strength, elongation at break and modulus of 29.3 ± 2.4 MPa, 60.1 ± 1.6% and 1364.0 ± 85.2 MPa respectively. Hence, PAni is a good candidate to be used in PLA/PAni systems by giving a suitable surface resistivity that can potentially be applied in anti-static packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yi Wong
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 Bangi Selangor Malaysia
| | - Sook-Wai Phang
- Department of Physical Science, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College Jalan Genting Klang 53300 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Azizah Baharum
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 Bangi Selangor Malaysia .,Polymer Research Center, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 Bangi Selangor Malaysia
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