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Luo X, Zhai Y, Wang P, Tian B, Liu S, Li J, Yang C, Strehmel V, Li S, Matyjaszewski K, Yilmaz G, Strehmel B, Chen Z. Light-Mediated Polymerization Catalyzed by Carbon Nanomaterials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316431. [PMID: 38012084 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials, specifically carbon dots and carbon nitrides, play a crucial role as heterogeneous photoinitiators in both radical and cationic polymerization processes. These recently introduced materials offer promising solutions to the limitations of current homogeneous systems, presenting a novel approach to photopolymerization. This review highlights the preparation and photocatalytic performance of these nanomaterials, emphasizing their application in various polymerization techniques, including photoinduced i) free radical, ii) RAFT, iii) ATRP, and iv) cationic photopolymerization. Additionally, it discusses their potential in addressing contemporary challenges and explores prospects in this field. Moreover, carbon nitrides, in particular, exhibit exceptional oxygen tolerance, underscoring their significance in radical polymerization processes and allowing their applications such as 3D printing, surface modification of coatings, and hydrogel engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
- Northeast Forestry University, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Yingxiang Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Bing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Shouxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Chenhui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Veronika Strehmel
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Shujun Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA-15213, USA
| | - Gorkem Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA-15213, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bernd Strehmel
- Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute for Coatings and Surface Chemistry, Adlerstr. 1, D-47798, Krefeld, Germany
| | - Zhijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Hexing Road 26, Harbin, 150040, China
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Ti Q, Fang L, Zhao W, Bai L, Zhao H, Ba X, Chen W. Near-Infrared Light and Acid/Base Dual-Regulated Polymerization Utilizing Imidazole-Anion-Fused Perylene Diimides as Photocatalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:26160-26168. [PMID: 37997817 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
This work presents the first example of acid/base-responsive and near-infrared (NIR)-absorbing photocatalysts based on imidazole-anion-fused perylene diimide chromophores. The photocatalysts were in situ generated by deprotonation of imidazole-fused perylene diimide under an alkaline environment. NIR (λ = 730 nm, 128 mW/cm2) photoinduced atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was implemented, exhibiting high efficiency and excellent livingness under ppm level of photocatalysts (15 ppm relative to monomer) and Cu(II) complex (10 ppm relative to monomer) concentrations. The method showed capabilities to polymerize behind opaque barriers (i.e., paper and pig skin) and under aerobic condition. Notably, this work demonstrated a dual temporal control of polymerization by adding weak base/acid and switching NIR light on/off. The polymerization can even be halted by bubbling CO2 and was then fully recovered by adding triethylamine. The NIR photoATRP of acrylamide monomers in aqueous solution was also performed, which can be regulated by the change of pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Ti
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Liping Fang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Weihe Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Libin Bai
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Hongchi Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xinwu Ba
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Weiping Chen
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
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Tian J, An M, Zhao X, Wang Y, Hasan M. Advances in Fluorescent Sensing Carbon Dots: An Account of Food Analysis. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:9031-9039. [PMID: 36936334 PMCID: PMC10018703 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Illuminating the use of nanomaterials, carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have transfigured the food safety arena because of their bright luminescence, optical properties, low toxicity, and enhanced biocompatibility. Therefore, fluorescent resonance energy transfer, photoinduced electron transfer, and an internal filtering effect mechanism allow precise detection of food additives, heavy metal ions, pathogenic bacteria, veterinary drug residues, and food nutrients. In this review, we describe the primal mechanism of CQD-based fluorescence sensors for food safety inspection. This is an abridged description of the nanodesign and future perspectives of more advanced CQD-based sensors for food safety analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixiang Tian
- Institute
of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Minmei An
- Taian
Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Taian 271000, China
| | - Xiaoang Zhao
- Institute
of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Institute
of Chinese Materia Medica, Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Murtaza Hasan
- Faculty
of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhongkai
University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
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Zhu Y, Egap E. Light-Mediated Polymerization Induced by Semiconducting Nanomaterials: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives. ACS POLYMERS AU 2021; 1:76-99. [PMID: 36855427 PMCID: PMC9954404 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.1c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Direct capture of solar energy for chemical transformation via photocatalysis proves to be a cost-effective and energy-saving approach to construct organic compounds. With the recent growth in photosynthesis, photopolymerization has been established as a robust strategy for the production of specialty polymers with complex structures, precise molecular weight, and narrow dispersity. A key challenge in photopolymerization is the scarcity of effective photomediators (photoinitiators, photocatalysts, etc.) that can provide polymerization with high yield and well-defined polymer products. Current efforts on developing photomediators have mainly focused on organic dyes and metal complexes. On the other hand, nanomaterials (NMs), particularly semiconducting nanomaterials (SNMs), are suitable candidates for photochemical reactions due to their unique optical and electrical properties, such as high absorption coefficients, large charge diffusion lengths, and broad absorption spectra. This review provides a comprehensive insight into SNMs' photomediated polymerizations and highlights the roles SNMs play in photopolymerizations, types of polymerizations, applications in producing advanced materials, and the future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhu
- †Department
of Materials Science and Nanoengineering and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Eilaf Egap
- †Department
of Materials Science and Nanoengineering and ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States,
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Zhu Y, Jin T, Lian T, Egap E. Enhancing the efficiency of semiconducting quantum dot photocatalyzed atom transfer radical polymerization by ligand shell engineering. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:204903. [PMID: 34241152 DOI: 10.1063/5.0051893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Manipulating the ligand shell of semiconducting quantum dots (QDs) has proven to be a promising strategy to enhance their photocatalytic performance for small molecule transformations, such as H2 evolution and CO2 reduction. However, ligand-controlled catalysis for macromolecules, which differ from small molecules in penetrability and charge transfer behavior due to their bulky sizes, still remains undiscovered. Here, we systematically investigate the role of surface ligands in the photocatalytic performance of cadmium selenide (CdSe) QDs in light-induced atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) by using thiol-based ligands with various polarities and chain lengths. A highly enhanced polymerization efficiency was observed when 3-mercapto propionic acid (MPA), a short-chain and polar ligand, was used to modify the CdSe QDs' surface, achieving high chain-end fidelity, good temporal control, and a dispersity of 1.18, while also tolerating a wide-range of functional monomers ranging from acrylates to methacrylates and fluorinated monomers. Transient absorption spectroscopy and time-resolved photoluminescence studies reveal interesting mechanistic details of electron and hole transfers from the excited QDs to the initiators and 3-MPA capping ligands, respectively, providing key mechanistic insight of these ligand controlled and QD photocatalyzed ATRP processes. The thiolate ligands were found to serve as an efficient hole acceptor for QDs, which facilitates the formation of a charge-separated state, followed by electron transfer from the conduction band edge to initiators and ultimately suppressing charge recombination within the QD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive Nebraska, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Tianquan Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive Nebraska, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Eilaf Egap
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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Grishin DF, Grishin ID. Modern trends in controlled synthesis of functional polymers: fundamental aspects and practical applications. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Major trends in controlled radical polymerization (CRP) or reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP), the most efficient method of synthesis of well-defined homo- and copolymers with specified parameters and properties, are critically analyzed. Recent advances associated with the three classical versions of CRP: nitroxide mediated polymerization, reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization, are considered. Particular attention is paid to the prospects for the application of photoinitiation and photocatalysis in CRP. This approach, which has been intensively explored recently, brings synthetic methods of polymer chemistry closer to the light-induced processes of macromolecular synthesis occurring in living organisms. Examples are given of practical application of CRP techniques to obtain industrially valuable, high-tech polymeric products.
The bibliography includes 429 references.
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Wang Q, Hu L, Cui Z, Fu P, Liu M, Qiao X, Pang X. Dual Roles of Amino-Functionalized Silicon Quantum Dots (SiQDs) for Visible-Light-Induced Surface-Initiated PET-RAFT Polymerization on Substrates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:42161-42168. [PMID: 32840349 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Silicon quantum dots (SiQDs) are explored for the first time as an efficient photocatalyst for visible-light-regulated reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The fluorescence quenching confirmed the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) between SiQDs and RAFT reagents. Besides all features of controlled radical polymerization, the SiQDs catalyzed PET-RAFT polymerization also exhibit good temporal control, high chain-end fidelity, and versatility with diverse monomers. Moreover, amino-functionalized SiQDs can be easily coated on the surface of substrates (silicon wafer) owing to the electrostatic interaction, and play a dual role of polymer-substrate connector and photocatalyst for the surface-initiated PET-RAFT polymerization. The SiQD-coated wafer was also proved to be an efficient recycle photocatalyst for PET-RAFT polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lingjuan Hu
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhe Cui
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Peng Fu
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Minying Liu
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaoguang Qiao
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xinchang Pang
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Living Polymerizations and Functional Nanomaterials, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Li M, Pester CW. Mixed Polymer Brushes for "Smart" Surfaces. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1553. [PMID: 32668820 PMCID: PMC7408536 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed polymer brushes (MPBs) are composed of two or more disparate polymers covalently tethered to a substrate. The resulting phase segregated morphologies have been extensively studied as responsive "smart" materials, as they can be reversible tuned and switched by external stimuli. Both computational and experimental work has attempted to establish an understanding of the resulting nanostructures that vary as a function of many factors. This contribution highlights state-of-the-art MPBs studies, covering synthetic approaches, phase behavior, responsiveness to external stimuli as well as novel applications of MPBs. Current limitations are recognized and possible directions for future studies are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiao Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Christian W. Pester
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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