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Mandal AA, Upadhyay A, Mandal A, Nayak M, K MS, Mukherjee S, Banerjee S. Visible-Light-Responsive Novel Ru(II)-Metallo-Antibiotics with Potential Antibiofilm and Antibacterial Activity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:28118-28133. [PMID: 38783713 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Growing challenges with antibiotic resistance pose immense challenges in combating microbial infections and biofilm prevention on medical devices. Lately, antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is now emerging as an alternative therapy to overcome this problem. Herein, we synthesized and characterized four Ru(II)-complexes, viz., [Ru(ph-tpy)(bpy)Cl]PF6 (Ru1), [Ru(ph-tpy)(dpq)Cl]PF6 (Ru2), [Ru(ph-tpy)(dppz)Cl]PF6 (Ru3), and [Ru(ph-tpy)(dppn)Cl]PF6 (Ru4) (where 4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine = ph-tpy; 2,2'-bipyridine = bpy; dipyrido[3,2-f:2',3'-h]quinoxaline = dpq; dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine = dppz; and Benzo[I]dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine = dppn), among which Ru2-Ru4 are novel. Octahedral geometry of the complexes with a RuN5Cl core was evident from the crystal structure of Ru2. Ru1-Ru4 showed an MLCT absorption band in the 450-600 nm region, useful for aPDT performances. Further, optimum triplet excited state energy and excellent photostability of Ru1-Ru4 made them good photosensitizers for aPDT. Ru1-Ru4 demonstrated enhanced antimicrobial activity on visible-light exposure (400-700 nm, 10 J cm-2), confirmed using different antibacterial assays. Mechanistic studies revealed that inhibition of bacterial growth was due to the generation of oxidative stress (via NADH oxidation and ROS generation) upon treatment with Ru2-Ru4, resulting in destruction of the bacterial wall. Ru2 performed best killing performance against both Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis) bacteria when exposed to light. Ru2-Ru4, when coated on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) disk, showed long-term reusability and durable antibiofilm properties. Molecular docking confirmed the efficient interaction of Ru2-Ru4 with FabH (regulates fatty acid biosynthesis of E. coli) and PgaB (gives structural stability and helps biofilm formation of E. coli), resulting in probable downregulation. In vivo studies with healthy Wistar rats confirmed the biocompatibility of Ru2. This study shows that these lead complexes (Ru2-Ru4) can be used as potent alternative antimicrobial agents in low concentrations toward bacterial eradication with photodynamic therapy (PDT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Ali Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Anjali Upadhyay
- School of Biomedical Engineering, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Apurba Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Malay Nayak
- School of Biomedical Engineering, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Mohammad Sabeel K
- Department of Chemistry, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Sudip Mukherjee
- School of Biomedical Engineering, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Samya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
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Weng C, Tan YLK, Koh WG, Ang WH. Harnessing Transition Metal Scaffolds for Targeted Antibacterial Therapy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310040. [PMID: 37621226 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance, caused by persistent adaptation and growing resistance of pathogenic bacteria to overprescribed antibiotics, poses one of the most serious and urgent threats to global public health. The limited pipeline of experimental antibiotics in development further exacerbates this looming crisis and new drugs with alternative modes of action are needed to tackle evolving pathogenic adaptation. Transition metal complexes can replenish this diminishing stockpile of drug candidates by providing compounds with unique properties that are not easily accessible using pure organic scaffolds. We spotlight four emerging strategies to harness these unique properties to develop new targeted antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Weng
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | | | - Wayne Gareth Koh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
| | - Wee Han Ang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 4 Science Drive 2, Singapore, 117544, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School of Integrative Sciences and Engineering, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
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Rees TW, Ho P, Hess J. Recent Advances in Metal Complexes for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200796. [PMID: 36917084 PMCID: PMC10947373 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global problem with more than 1 million deaths due to AMR infection in 2019 alone. New and innovative therapeutics are required to overcome this challenge. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a rapidly growing area of research poised to provide much needed help in the fight against AMR. aPDT works by administering a photosensitizer (PS) that is activated only when irradiated with light, allowing high spatiotemporal control and selectivity. The PS typically generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can damage a variety of key biological targets, potentially circumventing existing resistance mechanisms. Metal complexes are well known to display excellent optoelectronic properties, and recent focus has begun to shift towards their application in tackling microbial infections. Herein, we review the last five years of progress in the emerging field of small-molecule metal complex PSs for aPDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Rees
- The Francis Crick Institute1 Midland RoadLondonNW1 1ATUK
| | - Po‐Yu Ho
- The Francis Crick Institute1 Midland RoadLondonNW1 1ATUK
- Department of ChemistryKing's College LondonBritannia House, 7 Trinity StreetLondonSE1 1DBUK
| | - Jeannine Hess
- The Francis Crick Institute1 Midland RoadLondonNW1 1ATUK
- Department of ChemistryKing's College LondonBritannia House, 7 Trinity StreetLondonSE1 1DBUK
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Frei A, Verderosa AD, Elliott AG, Zuegg J, Blaskovich MAT. Metals to combat antimicrobial resistance. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:202-224. [PMID: 37117903 PMCID: PMC9907218 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00463-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria, similar to most organisms, have a love-hate relationship with metals: a specific metal may be essential for survival yet toxic in certain forms and concentrations. Metal ions have a long history of antimicrobial activity and have received increasing attention in recent years owing to the rise of antimicrobial resistance. The search for antibacterial agents now encompasses metal ions, nanoparticles and metal complexes with antimicrobial activity ('metalloantibiotics'). Although yet to be advanced to the clinic, metalloantibiotics are a vast and underexplored group of compounds that could lead to a much-needed new class of antibiotics. This Review summarizes recent developments in this growing field, focusing on advances in the development of metalloantibiotics, in particular, those for which the mechanism of action has been investigated. We also provide an overview of alternative uses of metal complexes to combat bacterial infections, including antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and radionuclide diagnosis of bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Frei
- Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery, Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Anthony D Verderosa
- Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery, Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alysha G Elliott
- Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery, Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Johannes Zuegg
- Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery, Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Community for Open Antimicrobial Drug Discovery, Centre for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
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Jain A, Winkel BS, Brewer KJ. Photodynamic antimicrobial studies on a Ruthenium-based metal complex. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.120996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Benniston AC, Zeng L. Recent Advances in Photorelease Complexes for Therapeutic Applications”. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:4202-4212. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00254j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photorelease complexes represent a class of agents for which UV-visible light triggers the expulsion of a specfic molecule that is intrinsically part of the inner coordination sphere or held in...
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Wang L, Huang B, Duan X, Jiang G, Xiong Y, Zhong S, Wang J, Liao X. The development of three ruthenium-based antimicrobial metallodrugs: Design, synthesis, and activity evaluation against Staphylococcus aureus. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/17475198211055098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of new classes of antimicrobial is urgently needed due to the widespread occurrence of multi-resistant pathogens. In this study, three novel ruthenium complexes: [Ru(dmob)2(BTPIP)](PF6)2 (Ru(II)-1), [Ru(dbp)2(BTPIP)](PF6)2 (Ru(II)-2), and [Ru(dpa)2(BTPIP)](PF6)2 (Ru(II)-3) (dpa = 2,2’-dipyridylamine, dmob = 4,4’-dimethoxy-2,2’-bipyridyl, dbp = 4,4’-di- tert-butyl-2,2’-dipyridyl, BTPIP = 4-(benzo[ b]thiophen-2-yl)phenyl-1 H-imidazo[4,5- f][1,10]phenanthroline) are synthesized and investigated as antimicrobial metallodrugs. We demonstrate that all three complexes have significant antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus by testing their minimal inhibitory concentrations = 0.0015–0.0125 mg/mL. The antibacterial activity of the best active complex Ru(II)-3 is 13 times that of ofloxacin (minimal inhibitory concentration = 19.5 μg/mL). Importantly, Ru(II)-3 not only increases the susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to existing common antibiotics but also shows noticeably delayed and decreased resistance in Staphylococcus aureus since the minimal inhibitory concentration values of Ru(II)-3 only increased eightfold times after 20 passages. Furthermore, the biofilms formation and rabbit erythrocyte hemolysis assays verified that Ru(II)-3 also efficiently inhibit the biofilm formation and toxin secretion of Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Bin Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, P.R. China
| | - Xuemin Duan
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Guijuan Jiang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Yanshi Xiong
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Shengfei Zhong
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Jintao Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Xiangwen Liao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, P.R. China
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Jin Z, Qi S, Guo X, Jian Y, Hou Y, Li C, Wang X, Zhou Q. Pyrene modification enables enhanced two-photon excited ligand dissociation of a Ru(II) complex containing monodentate ligands. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Jain A, Garrett NT, Malone ZP. Ruthenium-based Photoactive Metalloantibiotics †. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:6-16. [PMID: 33882620 DOI: 10.1111/php.13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is one of the world's most urgent public health problems. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a promising therapy to combat the growing threat of antibiotic resistance. The aPDT combines a photosensitizer and light to generate reactive oxygen species to induce bacterial inactivation. Ruthenium polypyridyl complexes are significant because they possess unique photophysical properties that allow them to produce reactive oxygen species upon photoirradiation, which leads to cytotoxicity. These antimicrobial agents cause bacterial cell death by DNA and cytoplasmic membrane damage. This article presents a comprehensive review of photoactive antimicrobial properties of kinetically inert and labile ruthenium complexes, nanoparticles coupled photoactive ruthenium complexes, and photoactive ruthenium nanoparticles. Additionally, limitations of current ruthenium-based photoactive antimicrobial agents and future directions for the development of antibiotic-resistant photoactive antimicrobial agents are discussed. It is important to raise awareness for the ruthenium-based aPDT agents in order to develop a new class of photoactive metalloantibiotics capable of combating antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijita Jain
- Madia Department of Chemistry, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA
| | - Noah T Garrett
- Madia Department of Chemistry, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA
| | - Zachary P Malone
- Madia Department of Chemistry, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA
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Ghosh S, Amariei G, Mosquera MEG, Rosal R. Polymeric ruthenium precursor as a photoactivated antimicrobial agent. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123788. [PMID: 33254797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium coordination compounds have demonstrated a promising anticancer and antibacterial activity, but their poor water solubility and low stability under physiological conditions may limit their therapeutic applications. Physical encapsulation or covalent conjugation with polymers may overcome these drawbacks, but generally involve multistep reactions and purification processes. In this work, the antibacterial activity of the polymeric precursor dicarbonyldichlororuthenium (II) [Ru(CO)2Cl2]n has been studied against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. This Ru-carbonyl precursor shows minimum inhibitory concentration at nanogram per millilitre, which renders it a novel antimicrobial polymer without any organic ligands. Besides, [Ru(CO)2Cl2]n antimicrobial activity is markedly boosted under photoirradiation, which can be ascribed to the enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species under UV irradiation. [Ru(CO)2Cl2]n has been able to inhibit bacterial growth via the disruption of bacterial membranes and triggering upregulation of stress responses as shown in microscopic measurements. The activity of polymeric ruthenium as an antibacterial material is significant even at 6.6 ng/mL while remaining biocompatible to the mammalian cells at much higher concentrations. This study proves that this simple precursor, [Ru(CO)2Cl2]n, can be used as an antimicrobial compound with high activity and a low toxicity profile in the context of need for new antimicrobial agents to fight bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srabanti Ghosh
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Instituto de Investigación en Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Georgiana Amariei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta E G Mosquera
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Instituto de Investigación en Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR), Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Roberto Rosal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Alcalá, Campus Universitario, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Comparative studies on the binding interaction of two chiral Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes with triple- and double-helical forms of RNA. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 214:111301. [PMID: 33166867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Two chiral Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes, Δ-[Ru(bpy)2(6-F-dppz)]2+ (Δ-1; bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, 6-F-dppz = 6-fluorodipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine) and Λ-[Ru(bpy)2(6-F-dppz)]2+ (Λ-1), have been synthesized and characterized as binders for the RNA poly(U)•poly(A)*poly(U) triplex and poly(A)•poly(U) duplex in this work. Analysis of the UV-Vis absorption spectra and fluorescence emission spectra indicates that the binding of intercalating Δ-1 with the triplex and duplex RNA is greater than that of Λ-1, while the binding affinities of the two enantiomers to triplex structure is stronger than that of duplex structure. Fluorescence titrations show that the two enantiomers can act as molecular "light switches" for triple- and double-helical RNA. Thermal denaturation studies revealed that that the two enantiomers are more stable to Watson-Crick base-paired double strand of the triplex than the Hoogsteen base-paired third strand, but their stability and selectivity are different. For Δ-enantiomer, the increase of the thermal stability of the Watson-Crick base-paired duplex (13 °C) is slightly stronger than of the Hoogsteen base-paired strand (10 °C), displaying no obvious selectivity. However, compared to the Hoogsteen base-paired strand (5 °C), the stability of the Λ-enantiomer to the Watson-Crick base-paired duplex (13 °C) is more significant, which has obvious selectivity. The overall increase in viscosity of the RNA-(Λ-1) system and its curve shape are similar to that of the RNA-(Δ-1) system, suggesting that the binding modes of two enantiomers with RNA are intercalation. The obtained results in this work may be useful for understanding the binding differences in chiral Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes toward RNA triplex and duplex.
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