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Balaji D, Arulmurugan B, Bhuvaneswari V. An Overview of the Additive Manufacturing of Bast Fiber-Reinforced Composites and Envisaging Advancements Using the Patent Landscape. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4435. [PMID: 38006158 PMCID: PMC10674348 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural fiber composites attract attention owing to their environmentally friendly attributes. Many techniques, including fiber treatment, coatings, and fiber orientations, are used to improve the strength of natural fiber-reinforced composites. Still, the strength needs to be improved as expected. At present, some automation in manufacturing is also supported. Recently, additive manufacturing (AM) of natural fiber-reinforced composites has attracted many researchers around the globe. In this work, researchers' attention to various natural fibers that are 3D printed is articulated and consolidated, and the future scope of the additive manufacturing of natural fiber-reinforced composite is envisaged using the patent landscape. In addition, some of the advancements in additive manufacturing of natural fiber composites are also discussed with reference to the patents filed lately. This may be helpful for the researchers working on AM of natural fiber composites for taking their research into new orientations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devarajan Balaji
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore 641407, Tamilnadu, India;
| | - Balasubramanian Arulmurugan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore 641407, Tamilnadu, India;
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Nazir MH, Al-Marzouqi AH, Ahmed W, Zaneldin E. The potential of adopting natural fibers reinforcements for fused deposition modeling: Characterization and implications. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15023. [PMID: 37089374 PMCID: PMC10113796 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural fibers or their derivatives have gained significant attention as green fillers or reinforcement materials due to their abundant availability, environment-friendly nature and biodegradability for sustainable development. Despite the availability of modern alternatives such as concrete, glass-fiber/resin composites, steel, and plastics, there is still considerable demand for naturally occurring based materials for different applications due to their low cost, durability, strength, heat, sound, and fire-resistance characteristics. 3D printing has provided a novel approach to the development and advancement of natural fiber-based composite materials, as well as an important platform for the advancement of biomass materials toward intelligentization and industrialization. The features of 3D printing, particularly fast prototyping and small start-up, allow the easy fabrication of materials for a wide range of applications. This review highlights the current progress and potential commercial applications of 3D printed composites reinforced with natural fibers or biomass. This study discussed that 3D printing technology can be effectively utilized for different applications, including producing electroactive papers, fuel cell membranes, adhesives, wastewater treatment, biosensors, and its potential applications in the automobile, building, and construction industries. The research in the literature showed that even if the field of 3D printing has advanced significantly, problems still need to be solved, such as material incompatibility and material cost. Further studies could be conducted to improve and adapt the methods to work with various materials. More effort should be put into developing affordable printer technologies and materials that work with these printers to broaden the applications for 3D printed objects.
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Haque ME, Khan MW, Hasan MM, Chowdhury MNK. Synthesis, characterization and performance of nanocopper impregnated sawdust-reinforced nanocomposite. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04496-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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4
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Chan JX, Wong JF, Hassan A, Othman N, Abd Razak J, Nirmal U, Hashim S, Ching YC, Yunos MZ, Yahaya R, Gunathilake TMSU. Mechanical, thermal, tribological, and flammability properties of polybutylene terephthalate composites: Comparing the effects of synthetic wollastonite nanofibers, natural wollastonite, and graphene oxide. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xin Chan
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
| | - Joon Fatt Wong
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
| | - Azman Hassan
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
| | - Norhayani Othman
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
| | - Jeefferie Abd Razak
- Fakulti Kejuruteraan Pembuatan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya Durian Tunggal Melaka Malaysia
| | - Umar Nirmal
- Center of Advanced Mechanical and Green Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology Multimedia University Bukit Beruang Melaka Malaysia
| | - Shahrir Hashim
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Johor Malaysia
| | - Yern Chee Ching
- Faculty of Engineering Universiti Malaya Lembah Pantai Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Muhamad Zaini Yunos
- Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Parit Raja Johor Malaysia
| | - Ridwan Yahaya
- Science and Technology Research Institute for Defence (STRIDE) Ministry of Defence Kajang Selangor Malaysia
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Wong JF, Chan JX, Hassan A, Mohamad Z, Hashim S, Abd Razak J, Ching YC, Yunos Z, Yahaya R. Use of synthetic wollastonite nanofibers in enhancing mechanical, thermal, and flammability properties of polyoxymethylene nanocomposites. POLYMER COMPOSITES 2022; 43:7845-7858. [DOI: 10.1002/pc.26902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThis study investigates the mechanical, thermal, and flammability properties of synthetic wollastonite nanofibers (SWN) reinforced polyoxymethylene (POM) nanocomposites. SWN has been added into the POM nanocomposites in the range of 0.5–3 phr via melt blending. The mechanical properties were investigated through tensile and impact tests with scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X‐ray analysis. The thermal characterization was performed by thermogravimetry analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Flame retardancy of nanocomposites was studied through cone calorimetry analysis and limiting oxygen index test. The tensile strength of nanocomposites improved by 5.88% at 1 phr SWN content, whereas Young's modulus increased with increasing content. The thermal stability of nanocomposites was enhanced as indicated by the higher initial degradation temperature, which rose about 22°C at 1 phr SWN content. The POM/SWN nanocomposites exhibited better mechanical strength despite their lower crystallinity due to the substantial reinforcing effect of SWN. The flame retardancy of nanocomposites improved, as indicated by the reduction of peak heat release rate from the cone calorimetry test. This study shows that SWN has simultaneously enhanced the mechanical strength, thermal stability, and flame retardancy of POM nanocomposites and has the potential in automotive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Fatt Wong
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Malaysia
| | - Jia Xin Chan
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Malaysia
| | - Azman Hassan
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Malaysia
| | - Zurina Mohamad
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Malaysia
| | - Shahrir Hashim
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Malaysia
| | - Jeefferie Abd Razak
- Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Melaka Malaysia
| | - Yern Chee Ching
- Faculty of Engineering Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Zaini Yunos
- Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Parit Raja Malaysia
| | - Ridwan Yahaya
- Science and Technology Research Institute for Defence Malaysia Ministry of Defence Kajang Malaysia
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Loganathan TM, Sultan MTH, Ahsan Q, Jawaid M, Naveen J, Shah AUM, Talib ARA, Basri AA. Thermal degradation, visco-elastic and fire-retardant behavior of hybrid Cyrtostachys Renda/kenaf fiber-reinforced MWCNT-modified phenolic composites. JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY 2022; 147:14079-14096. [PMID: 36093037 PMCID: PMC9447359 DOI: 10.1007/s10973-022-11557-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Natural fibers have emerged as a potential alternate to synthetic fibers, because of their excellent performance, biodegradability, renewability and sustainability. This research has focused on investigating the thermal, visco-elastic and fire-retardant properties of different hybrid Cytostachys Renda (CR)/kenaf fiber (K) (50/0; 35/ 15, 25/25, 15/ 35, 0/50)-reinforced MWCNT (multi-walled carbon nanotubes)-modified phenolic composites. The mass% of MWCNT-modified phenolic resin was maintained 50 mass% including 0.5 mass% of MWCNT. In order to achieve homogeneous dispersion ball milling process was employed to incorporate the MWCNT into phenolic resin (powder). Thermal results from thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetric analysis revealed that the hybrid composites (35/15; 35 mass% CR and 15 mass% K) showed higher thermal stability among the composite samples. Visco-elastic results revealed that kenaf fiber-based MWCNT-modified composites (0/50; 0 mass% CR and 50 mass% K) exhibited higher storage and loss modulus due to high modulus kenaf fiber. Fire-retardant analysis (UL-94) showed that all the composite samples met H-B self-extinguishing rating and exhibited slow burning rate according to limiting oxygen index (LOI) test. However, (15/35; 15 mass% CR and 35 mass% K) hybrid composites showed the highest time to ignition, highest fire performance index, lowest total heat release rate, average mass loss rate, average fire growth rate index and maximum average rate of heat emission. Moreover, the smoke density of all hybrid composites was found to be less than 200 which meets the federal aviation regulations (FAR) 25.853d standard. Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was carried out to select an optimal composite sample considering the thermal, visco-elastic and fire-retardant behaviors. Through TOPSIS analysis, the hybrid (15/35; 15 mass% CR and 35 mass% K) composite sample has been selected as an optimal composite which can be used for high-temperature aircraft and automotive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamil Moli Loganathan
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Thariq Hameed Sultan
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
- Aerospace Malaysia Innovation Centre (944751-A), Prime Minister’s Department, MIGHT Partnership Hub, Jalan Impact, 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Qumrul Ahsan
- University of Asia Pacific, 74/A Green Road, 1205 Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Jawaid
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Jesuarockiam Naveen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014 India
| | - Ain Umaira Md Shah
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Abd. Rahim Abu Talib
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
| | - Adi Azriff Basri
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan Malaysia
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Chan JX, Wong JF, Hassan A, Othman N, Razak JA, Nirmal U, Hashim S, Ching YC, Yunos MZ, Yahaya R, Gunathilake TSU. Synthetic wollastonite nanofiber for polybutylene terephthalate nanocomposite: Mechanical, thermal, tribological and flammability properties. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Hybridization of MMT/Lignocellulosic Fiber Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites for Structural Applications: A Review. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11111355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the recent past, significant research effort has been dedicated to examining the usage of nanomaterials hybridized with lignocellulosic fibers as reinforcement in the fabrication of polymer nanocomposites. The introduction of nanoparticles like montmorillonite (MMT) nanoclay was found to increase the strength, modulus of elasticity and stiffness of composites and provide thermal stability. The resulting composite materials has figured prominently in research and development efforts devoted to nanocomposites and are often used as strengthening agents, especially for structural applications. The distinct properties of MMT, namely its hydrophilicity, as well as high strength, high aspect ratio and high modulus, aids in the dispersion of this inorganic crystalline layer in water-soluble polymers. The ability of MMT nanoclay to intercalate into the interlayer space of monomers and polymers is used, followed by the exfoliation of filler particles into monolayers of nanoscale particles. The present review article intends to provide a general overview of the features of the structure, chemical composition, and properties of MMT nanoclay and lignocellulosic fibers. Some of the techniques used for obtaining polymer nanocomposites based on lignocellulosic fibers and MMT nanoclay are described: (i) conventional, (ii) intercalation, (iii) melt intercalation, and (iv) in situ polymerization methods. This review also comprehensively discusses the mechanical, thermal, and flame retardancy properties of MMT-based polymer nanocomposites. The valuable properties of MMT nanoclay and lignocellulose fibers allow us to expand the possibilities of using polymer nanocomposites in various advanced industrial applications.
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Kabeb SM, Hassan A, Ahmad F, Mohamad Z, Sharer Z, Mokhtar M. Synergistic effects of hybrid nanofillers on graphene oxide reinforced epoxy coating on corrosion resistance and fire retardancy. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Siti Maznah Kabeb
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology Universiti Malaysia Pahang Pahang Malaysia
| | - Azman Hassan
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Malaysia
| | - Faiz Ahmad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Universiti Teknologi Petronas Perak Malaysia
| | - Zurina Mohamad
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Malaysia
| | - Zalilah Sharer
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Malaysia
| | - Munirah Mokhtar
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Johor Bahru Malaysia
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Experimental Investigation of the Mechanical Properties and Fire Behavior of Epoxy Composites Reinforced by Fabrics and Powder Fillers. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9050738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Different types of fabrics, such as aramid (A), carbon (C), basalt (B), glass (G), and flax (F), as well as powder fillers, were used to manufacture the epoxy-based hybrid composites by the hand-lay-up method. In this work, a few research methods, including hardness, flexural tests, puncture impact behavior, as well as cone calorimetry (CC) measurements, were applied to determine the impact of type fillers and order of fabrics on the performance and burning behavior of hybrid composites. The mechanical properties were evaluated to correlate with the microstructure and consider together with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data.
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Sałasińska K, Celiński M, Mizera K, Barczewski M, Kozikowski P, Leszczyński MK, Domańska A. Moisture Resistance, Thermal Stability and Fire Behavior of Unsaturated Polyester Resin Modified with L-histidinium Dihydrogen Phosphate-Phosphoric Acid. Molecules 2021; 26:932. [PMID: 33578896 PMCID: PMC7916693 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the fire behavior of unsaturated polyester resin (UP) modified with L-histidinium dihydrogen phosphate-phosphoric acid (LHP), being a novel intumescent fire retardant (IFR), was investigated. Thermal and thermomechanical properties of the UP with different amounts of LHP (from 10 to 30 wt. %) were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TG) as well as dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). Reaction to small flames was studied by horizontal burning (HB) test, while fire behavior and smoke emission were investigated with the cone calorimeter (CC) and smoke density chamber. Further, the analysis of volatile products was conducted (TGA/FT-IR). It was observed that the addition of LHP resulted in the formation of carbonaceous char inhibiting the thermal decomposition, burning rate and smoke emission. The most promising results were obtained for the UP containing 30 wt. % of LHP, for which the highest reduction in maximum values of heat release rate (200 kW/m2) and total smoke release (3535 m2/m2) compared to unmodified polymer (792 kW/m2 and 6895 m2/m2) were recorded. However, some important disadvantage with respect to water resistance was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Sałasińska
- Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, Department of Chemical, Biological and Aerosol Hazards, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (K.M.); (P.K.)
| | - Maciej Celiński
- Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, Department of Chemical, Biological and Aerosol Hazards, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (K.M.); (P.K.)
| | - Kamila Mizera
- Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, Department of Chemical, Biological and Aerosol Hazards, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (K.M.); (P.K.)
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Barczewski
- Institute of Materials Technology, Poznan University of Technology, 61-138 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Paweł Kozikowski
- Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, Department of Chemical, Biological and Aerosol Hazards, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland; (M.C.); (K.M.); (P.K.)
| | - Michał K. Leszczyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-507 Warsaw, Poland;
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Domańska
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute for Engineering of Polymer Materials and Dyes, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
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Chee SS, Jawaid M, Alothman OY, Fouad H. Effects of Nanoclay on Mechanical and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Bamboo/Kenaf Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:395. [PMID: 33513718 PMCID: PMC7865575 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Current work aims to study the mechanical and dynamical mechanical properties of non-woven bamboo (B)/woven kenaf (K)/epoxy (E) hybrid composites filled with nanoclay. The nanoclay-filled BK/E hybrid composites were prepared by dispersing 1 wt.% nanoclay (organically-modified montmorillonite (MMT; OMMT), montmorillonite (MMT), and halloysite nanotube (HNT)) with high shear speed homogenizer followed by hand lay-up fabrication technique. The effect of adding nanoclay on the tensile, flexural, and impact properties of the hybrid nanocomposites were studied. Fractography of tensile-fractured sample of hybrid composites was studied by field emission scanning electron microscope. The dynamic mechanical analyzer was used to study the viscoelastic properties of the hybrid nanocomposites. BK/E-OMMT exhibit enhanced mechanical properties compared to the other hybrid nanocomposites, with tensile, flexural, and impact strength values of 55.82 MPa, 105 MPa, and 65.68 J/m, respectively. Statistical analysis and grouping information were performed by one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) and Tukey method, and it corroborates that the mechanical properties of the nanoclay-filled hybrid nanocomposites are statistically significant. The storage modulus of the hybrid nanocomposites was improved by 98.4%, 41.5%, and 21.7% with the addition of OMMT, MMT, and HNT, respectively. Morphology of the tensile fracture BK/E-OMMT composites shows that lesser voids, microcracks and fibers pull out due to strong fiber-matrix adhesion compared to other hybrid composites. Hence, the OMMT-filled BK/E hybrid nanocomposites can be utilized for load-bearing structure applications, such as floor panels and seatbacks, whereby lightweight and high strength are the main requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Sand Chee
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Mohammad Jawaid
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Othman Y. Alothman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Fouad
- Applied Medical Science Department, Community College, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia;
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University, Cairo 1790, Egypt
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Bahrami M, Abenojar J, Martínez MÁ. Recent Progress in Hybrid Biocomposites: Mechanical Properties, Water Absorption, and Flame Retardancy. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E5145. [PMID: 33203190 PMCID: PMC7696046 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bio-based composites are reinforced polymeric materials in which one of the matrix and reinforcement components or both are from bio-based origins. The biocomposite industry has recently drawn great attention for diverse applications, from household articles to automobiles. This is owing to their low cost, biodegradability, being lightweight, availability, and environmental concerns over synthetic and nonrenewable materials derived from limited resources like fossil fuel. The focus has slowly shifted from traditional biocomposite systems, including thermoplastic polymers reinforced with natural fibers, to more advanced systems called hybrid biocomposites. Hybridization of bio-based fibers/matrices and synthetic ones offers a new strategy to overcome the shortcomings of purely natural fibers or matrices. By incorporating two or more reinforcement types into a single composite, it is possible to not only maintain the advantages of both types but also alleviate some disadvantages of one type of reinforcement by another one. This approach leads to improvement of the mechanical and physical properties of biocomposites for extensive applications. The present review article intends to provide a general overview of selecting the materials to manufacture hybrid biocomposite systems with improved strength properties, water, and burning resistance in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Bahrami
- Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering Department, University Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganes, Spain; (J.A.); (M.Á.M.)
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Noskov AV, Alekseeva OV, Shibaeva VD, Agafonov AV. Synthesis, structure and thermal properties of montmorillonite/ionic liquid ionogels. RSC Adv 2020; 10:34885-34894. [PMID: 35514371 PMCID: PMC9056872 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra06443b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium montmorillonite (Na-MMT) was synthesized as a result of two-stage processing of natural bentonite (Bent), and its particle-size distribution, structure and morphology were studied. It was found that the two-stage processing of the original clay resulted in a significant increase in the specific surface area (from 72 to 120 m2 g-1). The prepared Na-MMT powder was modified by two ionic liquids (ILs), namely, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMImNTf2) and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BMImNTf2). Several methods, such as SEM, XRD, TG, DSC, FTIR spectroscopy were used to study the structure and thermal behavior of the produced ionogels. The effects of the IL cation on thermal characteristics of the Na-MMT/IL ionogels were studied. Using the DSC, characteristic temperatures of glass transition, crystallization and melting were determined for Na-MMT/IL composites. Taking into account the literature data and using the method of thermogravimetric analysis, it was shown that ionogel formation was accompanied by a decrease in the thermal stability of the IL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Noskov
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Russia
| | - Olga V Alekseeva
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Russia
| | - Valeriya D Shibaeva
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Russia
| | - Alexander V Agafonov
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Russia
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