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Molaei MJ. Magnetic hyperthermia in cancer therapy, mechanisms, and recent advances: A review. J Biomater Appl 2024; 39:3-23. [PMID: 38606627 DOI: 10.1177/08853282241244707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Hyperthermia therapy refers to the elevating of a region in the body for therapeutic purposes. Different techniques have been applied for hyperthermia therapy including laser, microwave, radiofrequency, ultrasonic, and magnetic nanoparticles and the latter have received great attention in recent years. Magnetic hyperthermia in cancer therapy aims to increase the temperature of the body tissue by locally delivering heat from the magnetic nanoparticles to cancer cells with the aid of an external alternating magnetic field to kill the cancerous cells or prevent their further growth. This review introduces magnetic hyperthermia with magnetic nanoparticles. It includes the mechanism of the operation and magnetism behind the magnetic hyperthermia phenomenon. Different synthesis methods and surface modification to enhance the biocompatibility, water solubility, and stability of the nanoparticles in physiological environments have been discussed. Recent research on versatile types of magnetic nanoparticles with their ability to increase the local temperature has been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Jafar Molaei
- Faculty of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
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2
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Mohammadi M, Ahmed Qadir S, Mahmood Faraj A, Hamid Shareef O, Mahmoodi H, Mahmoudi F, Moradi S. Navigating the future: Microfluidics charting new routes in drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2024:124142. [PMID: 38648941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidics has emerged as a transformative force in the field of drug delivery, offering innovative avenues to produce a diverse range of nano drug delivery systems. Thanks to its precise manipulation of small fluid volumes and its exceptional command over the physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles, this technology is notably able to enhance the pharmacokinetics of drugs. It has initiated a revolutionary phase in the domain of drug delivery, presenting a multitude of compelling advantages when it comes to developing nanocarriers tailored for the delivery of poorly soluble medications. These advantages represent a substantial departure from conventional drug delivery methodologies, marking a paradigm shift in pharmaceutical research and development. Furthermore, microfluidic platformsmay be strategically devised to facilitate targeted drug delivery with the objective of enhancing the localized bioavailability of pharmaceutical substances. In this paper, we have comprehensively investigated a range of significant microfluidic techniques used in the production of nanoscale drug delivery systems. This comprehensive review can serve as a valuable reference and offer insightful guidance for the development and optimization of numerous microfluidics-fabricated nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mohammadi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Syamand Ahmed Qadir
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Halabja Technical Institute, Research Center, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Aryan Mahmood Faraj
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Halabja Technical College of Applied Sciences, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Halabja, Iraq
| | - Osama Hamid Shareef
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Halabja Technical Institute, Research Center, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Hassan Mahmoodi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mahmoudi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sajad Moradi
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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3
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Eldeeb BA, El-Raheem WMA, Elbeltagi S. Green synthesis of biocompatible Fe 3O 4 magnetic nanoparticles using Citrus Sinensis peels extract for their biological activities and magnetic-hyperthermia applications. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19000. [PMID: 37923900 PMCID: PMC10624884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) is eco-friendly, biocompatible, cost-effective, and highly stable. In the present study, Citrus sinensis peel extract was utilized to the fabrication of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). The fabricated SPIONs were first characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The UV-Vis spectra analysis displayed a peak at 259 nm due to the surface plasmon resonance. The FTIR spectrum showed bands at 3306 cm-1, and 1616 cm-1 revealed the protein's involvement in the development and capping of NPs. TEM analysis indicated that green synthesized SPIONs were spherical in shape with particle size of 20-24 nm. Magnetization measurements indicate that the synthesized SPIONs exhibited superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature. The antimicrobial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), antioxidant potential, anti-inflammatory effect, and catalytic degradation of methylene blue by SPIONs were investigated in this study. Results demonstrated that SPIONs had variable antimicrobial effect against different pathogenic multi-drug resistant bacteria. At the highest concentration (400 μg/mL), SPIONs showed inhibition zones (14.7-37.3 mm) against all the target isolates. Furthermore, the MIC of synthesized SPIONs against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Candida albicans were 3, 6.5, 6.5, 12.5, 50, 25 μg/mL, respectively. SPIONs exhibited strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and catalytic dye degradation activities. Interestingly, Fe3O4 SPIONs shows optimum magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) techniques under an alternating magnetic field (AMF) measured in specific absorption rate (SAR) of 164, 230, and 286 W/g at concentrations 1, 5, and 10 mg/mL, respectively. Additionally, these newly fabricated SPIONs virtually achieve significant execution under the AMF in fluid MHT and are suitable for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahig A Eldeeb
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Walaa M Abd El-Raheem
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Shehab Elbeltagi
- Department of Physics-Biophysics, Faculty of Science, New Valley University, El-Kharga, 72511, New Valley, Egypt.
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Bhosale SR, Bhosale RR, Patil DN, Dhavale RP, Kolekar GB, Shimpale VB, Anbhule PV. Bioderived Mesoporous Carbon@Tungsten Oxide Nanocomposite as a Drug Carrier Vehicle of Doxorubicin for Potent Cancer Therapy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:11910-11924. [PMID: 37552874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Scientists have investigated the possibility of employing nanomaterials as drug carriers. These nanomaterials can preserve their content and transport it to the target region in the body. In this investigation, we proposed a simple method for developing distinctive, bioderived nanostructures with mesoporous carbon nanoparticles impregnated with tungsten oxide (WO3). Prior to characterizing and encapsulating WO3 with bioderived mesoporous carbon, the anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) was added to the nanoparticles and examined loading and release study. The approaches for both nanoparticle production and characterization are discussed in detail. Colloidal qualities of the nanomaterial can be effectively preserved while also allowing transdermal transportation of nanoparticles into the body by forming them into green, reusable, and porous nanostructures. Although the theories of nanoparticles and bioderived carbon each have been studied separately, the combination presents a new route to applications connected to nanomedicine. Furthermore, this sample was used to study exotic biomedical applications, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. The W-3 sample had lower antioxidant activity (44.01%) than the C@W sample (56.34%), which was the most potent. A high DOX entrapment effectiveness of 97% was eventually achieved by the C@W sample, compared to a pure WO3 entrapment efficiency of 91%. It was observed that the Carbon/WO3 composite (C@W) sample showed more efficacy because the mesoporous carbon composition with WO3 increases the average surface area and surface-active locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha R Bhosale
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416004, India
| | - Rakhee R Bhosale
- Analytical Chemistry and Material Science Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416004, India
| | - Devashree N Patil
- Department of Biotechnology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416004, India
| | - Rushikesh P Dhavale
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Govind B Kolekar
- Fluorescence Spectroscopy Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416004, India
| | | | - Prashant V Anbhule
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shivaji University, Kolhapur 416004, India
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Eldeeb BA, El-raheem WMA, Elbeltagi S. Green synthesis of biocompatible Fe 3 O 4 magnetic nanoparticles using Citrus Sinensis peels extract for their biological activities and magnetic- hyperthermia applications.. [DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3010022/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Plants include active chemicals known as phytochemicals and biomolecules that serve as decreasing and biostability factors for nanoparticle (NP) creation. Citrus Sinensis peels are rich in phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidants, and biophysical benefits. Herein, we prepared superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) by co-precipitation using Citrus Sinensis peel extract as a novel green synthesis method. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, dye degradation activities, and antimicrobial activities of Fe3O4 MNPs were investigated. Furthermore, the produced materials were characterized using FTIR, UV, TEM, VSM, and XRD analysis. The Fe3O4 MNPs showed higher antibacterial activities against multi antibiotic resistant bacterial strains: Escherichia coli, Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Klebsiella pneumonia. The sample has generated a lot of attention in the scientific community for magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) applications. The maximum value of the specific absorption rate (SAR) was evaluated at sample concentrations of 10mg under the magnetic field condition. Additionally, these newly fabricated SPIONs virtually achieve significant execution under the alternating magnetic field (AMF) in fluid HT and are suitable for biomedical applications.
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Fabozzi A, Della Sala F, di Gennaro M, Barretta M, Longobardo G, Solimando N, Pagliuca M, Borzacchiello A. Design of functional nanoparticles by microfluidic platforms as advanced drug delivery systems for cancer therapy. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1389-1409. [PMID: 36647782 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00933a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle systems are functional carriers that can be used in the cancer therapy field for the delivery of a variety of hydrophobic and/or hydrophilic drugs. Recently, the advent of microfluidic platforms represents an advanced approach to the development of new nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems. Particularly, microfluidics can simplify the design of new nanoparticle-based systems with tunable physicochemical properties such as size, size distribution and morphology, ensuring high batch-to-batch reproducibility and consequently, an enhanced therapeutic effect in vitro and in vivo. In this perspective, we present accurate state-of-the-art microfluidic platforms focusing on the fabrication of polymer-based, lipid-based, lipid/polymer-based, inorganic-based and metal-based nanoparticles for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Fabozzi
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, IPCB-CNR, Naples, Italy.
- ALTERGON ITALIA S.r.l., Zona Industriale ASI - 83040 Morra De Sanctis (AV), Italy
| | - Francesca Della Sala
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, IPCB-CNR, Naples, Italy.
| | - Mario di Gennaro
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, IPCB-CNR, Naples, Italy.
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (DiSTABiF), University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Marco Barretta
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, IPCB-CNR, Naples, Italy.
| | - Gennaro Longobardo
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, IPCB-CNR, Naples, Italy.
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, P. le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Nicola Solimando
- ALTERGON ITALIA S.r.l., Zona Industriale ASI - 83040 Morra De Sanctis (AV), Italy
| | - Maurizio Pagliuca
- ALTERGON ITALIA S.r.l., Zona Industriale ASI - 83040 Morra De Sanctis (AV), Italy
| | - Assunta Borzacchiello
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council, IPCB-CNR, Naples, Italy.
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7
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Zhong Y, Zheng XT, Zhao S, Su X, Loh XJ. Stimuli-Activable Metal-Bearing Nanomaterials and Precise On-Demand Antibacterial Strategies. ACS NANO 2022; 16:19840-19872. [PMID: 36441973 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial infections remain the leading cause of death worldwide today. The emergence of antibiotic resistance has urged the development of alternative antibacterial technologies to complement or replace traditional antibiotic treatments. In this regard, metal nanomaterials have attracted great attention for their controllable antibacterial functions that are less prone to resistance. This review discusses a particular family of stimuli-activable metal-bearing nanomaterials (denoted as SAMNs) and the associated on-demand antibacterial strategies. The various SAMN-enabled antibacterial strategies stem from basic light and magnet activation, with the addition of bacterial microenvironment responsiveness and/or bacteria-targeting selectivity and therefore offer higher spatiotemporal controllability. The discussion focuses on nanomaterial design principles, antibacterial mechanisms, and antibacterial performance, as well as emerging applications that desire on-demand and selective activation (i.e., medical antibacterial treatments, surface anti-biofilm, water disinfection, and wearable antibacterial materials). The review concludes with the authors' perspectives on the challenges and future directions for developing industrial translatable next-generation antibacterial strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138634 Singapore
| | - Xin Ting Zheng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138634 Singapore
| | - Suqing Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodi Su
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138634 Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Block S8, Level 3, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138634 Singapore
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8
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Hernández ÁP, Micaelo A, Piñol R, García-Vaquero ML, Aramayona JJ, Criado JJ, Rodriguez E, Sánchez-Gallego JI, Landeira-Viñuela A, Juanes-Velasco P, Díez P, Góngora R, Jara-Acevedo R, Orfao A, Miana-Mena J, Muñoz MJ, Villanueva S, Millán Á, Fuentes M. Comprehensive and systematic characterization of multi-functionalized cisplatin nano-conjugate: from the chemistry and proteomic biocompatibility to the animal model. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:341. [PMID: 35858906 PMCID: PMC9301860 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01546-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nowadays, nanoparticles (NPs) have evolved as multifunctional systems combining different custom anchorages which opens a wide range of applications in biomedical research. Thus, their pharmacological involvements require more comprehensive analysis and novel nanodrugs should be characterized by both chemically and biological point of view. Within the wide variety of biocompatible nanosystems, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) present mostly of the required features which make them suitable for multifunctional NPs with many biopharmaceutical applications. Results Cisplatin-IONPs and different functionalization stages have been broadly evaluated. The potential application of these nanodrugs in onco-therapies has been assessed by studying in vitro biocompatibility (interactions with environment) by proteomics characterization the determination of protein corona in different proximal fluids (human plasma, rabbit plasma and fetal bovine serum),. Moreover, protein labeling and LC–MS/MS analysis provided more than 4000 proteins de novo synthetized as consequence of the nanodrugs presence defending cell signaling in different tumor cell types (data available via ProteomeXchanges with identified PXD026615). Further in vivo studies have provided a more integrative view of the biopharmaceutical perspectives of IONPs. Conclusions Pharmacological proteomic profile different behavior between species and different affinity of protein coating layers (soft and hard corona). Also, intracellular signaling exposed differences between tumor cell lines studied. First approaches in animal model reveal the potential of theses NPs as drug delivery vehicles and confirm cisplatin compounds as strengthened antitumoral agents.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-022-01546-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela-Patricia Hernández
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre, (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), University of Salamanca-CSIC, IBSAL, Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Organic Chemistry Section. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Salamanca, Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,ImmunoStep, SL, Edificio Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, University of Salamanca, Avda. Coimbra s/n, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ania Micaelo
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre, (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), University of Salamanca-CSIC, IBSAL, Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,ImmunoStep, SL, Edificio Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, University of Salamanca, Avda. Coimbra s/n, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rafael Piñol
- INMA, Institute of Nanoscience and Materials of Aragon, CSIC-University of Zaragoza, 50018, Saragossa, Spain.,ImmunoStep, SL, Edificio Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, University of Salamanca, Avda. Coimbra s/n, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marina L García-Vaquero
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre, (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), University of Salamanca-CSIC, IBSAL, Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,ImmunoStep, SL, Edificio Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, University of Salamanca, Avda. Coimbra s/n, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José J Aramayona
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,ImmunoStep, SL, Edificio Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, University of Salamanca, Avda. Coimbra s/n, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Julio J Criado
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Plaza de los Caídos S/N, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.,ImmunoStep, SL, Edificio Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, University of Salamanca, Avda. Coimbra s/n, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Emilio Rodriguez
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Plaza de los Caídos S/N, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.,ImmunoStep, SL, Edificio Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, University of Salamanca, Avda. Coimbra s/n, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Sánchez-Gallego
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre, (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), University of Salamanca-CSIC, IBSAL, Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,ImmunoStep, SL, Edificio Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, University of Salamanca, Avda. Coimbra s/n, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alicia Landeira-Viñuela
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre, (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), University of Salamanca-CSIC, IBSAL, Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,ImmunoStep, SL, Edificio Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, University of Salamanca, Avda. Coimbra s/n, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pablo Juanes-Velasco
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre, (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), University of Salamanca-CSIC, IBSAL, Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,ImmunoStep, SL, Edificio Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, University of Salamanca, Avda. Coimbra s/n, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Paula Díez
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre, (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), University of Salamanca-CSIC, IBSAL, Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,ImmunoStep, SL, Edificio Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, University of Salamanca, Avda. Coimbra s/n, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rafael Góngora
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre, (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), University of Salamanca-CSIC, IBSAL, Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,ImmunoStep, SL, Edificio Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, University of Salamanca, Avda. Coimbra s/n, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ricardo Jara-Acevedo
- ImmunoStep, SL, Edificio Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, University of Salamanca, Avda. Coimbra s/n, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre, (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), University of Salamanca-CSIC, IBSAL, Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.,ImmunoStep, SL, Edificio Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, University of Salamanca, Avda. Coimbra s/n, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Javier Miana-Mena
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,ImmunoStep, SL, Edificio Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, University of Salamanca, Avda. Coimbra s/n, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Jesús Muñoz
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,ImmunoStep, SL, Edificio Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, University of Salamanca, Avda. Coimbra s/n, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Sergio Villanueva
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,ImmunoStep, SL, Edificio Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, University of Salamanca, Avda. Coimbra s/n, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ángel Millán
- INMA, Institute of Nanoscience and Materials of Aragon, CSIC-University of Zaragoza, 50018, Saragossa, Spain. .,ImmunoStep, SL, Edificio Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, University of Salamanca, Avda. Coimbra s/n, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Manuel Fuentes
- Department of Medicine and General Cytometry Service-Nucleus, CIBERONC CB16/12/00400, Cancer Research Centre, (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), University of Salamanca-CSIC, IBSAL, Campus Miguel de Unamuno s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain. .,ImmunoStep, SL, Edificio Centro de Investigación del Cáncer, University of Salamanca, Avda. Coimbra s/n, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007, Salamanca, Spain. .,Proteomics Unit, Cancer Research Centre (IBMCC/CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), 37007, Salamanca, Spain.
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Yoshikiyo M, Futakawa Y, Shimoharai R, Ikeda Y, MacDougall J, Namai A, Ohkoshi SI. Aluminum-titanium-cobalt substituted epsilon iron oxide nanosize hard magnetic ferrite for magnetic recording and millimeter wave absorber. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.139821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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Pazouki N, Irani S, Olov N, Atyabi SM, Bagheri-Khoulenjani S. Fe 3O 4 nanoparticles coated with carboxymethyl chitosan containing curcumin in combination with hyperthermia induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Prog Biomater 2022; 11:43-54. [PMID: 35025086 DOI: 10.1007/s40204-021-00178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated that curcumin has potential anticancer properties. This research aims to study the effect of iron (II, III) oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles coated with carboxymethyl chitosan containing curcumin combination with hyperthermia on breast cancer cells. Magnetic nanoparticles coated with carboxymethyl chitosan containing curcumin (MNP-CMC-CUR) were prepared and specified. MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, and human fibroblast cells were treated with free curcumin and MNP-CMC-CUR at concentrations of 0-60 µM and at different time points. A combined therapy of MNP-CMC-CUR and hyperthermia was performed on MCF-7 cells. The cytotoxicity of curcumin and MNP-CMC-CUR combined with hyperthermia was assessed by MTT. The changes in TP53 and CASPASE3 gene expression were evaluated using real-time PCR. Both cell apoptosis and cell cycle were studied by Annexin/PI staining. The results of MTT showed that the IC50 amount of MNP-CMC-CUR has significantly decreased compared to free curcumin (p < 0.05) and MNP-CMC-CUR in combination with the hyperthermia, and significantly reducing the metabolic activity of the cells (p < 0.05). Real-time PCR results revealed the up-regulation of TP53 and CASPASE3 (p < 0.05). The combinational therapy-induced cell apoptosis (64.51%) and sub-G1 cell cycle were arrested in MCF-7 cells. Based on these observations, a combination of MNP-CMC-CUR with hyperthermia could inhibit the proliferation of MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Pazouki
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Irani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nafiseh Olov
- Department of Polymer and Color Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Shimizu S, Namai A, Ohkoshi SI. Particle size effect on millimeter-wave absorption, rotation, and ellipticity of gallium-substituted epsilon iron oxide. RSC Adv 2022; 12:27125-27130. [PMID: 36275997 PMCID: PMC9501654 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03237f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Various applications employ millimeter waves. For example, the carrier frequencies of vehicle radar in advanced driver assistance systems are 76–81 GHz millimeter waves. Here, we investigate the particle size effect on millimeter-wave absorption of gallium-substituted epsilon iron oxide ε-GaxFe2−xO3 with x = 0.44 ± 0.01. Samples were composed of nanoparticles with sizes of 16.9(1) nm, 28.8(2) nm, and 41.4(1) nm. Millimeter wave absorption, Faraday rotation, and Faraday ellipticity were measured by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. This series exhibits millimeter-wave absorption at 78.7, 78.2, and 77.7 GHz without an external magnetic field. The millimeter-wave absorption increases from 4.6 dB to 9.4 dB as the particle size increases. In the magnetized sample, the Faraday rotation angle increases from 9.1° to 18.4°, while the Faraday ellipticity increases from 0.27 to 0.52. The particle size effect can be explained by the change in the ratio of the surface and core of the nanoparticles. The present study should contribute to the realization of high-performance millimeter-wave absorbers. Increasing the particle size improves the millimeter-wave absorption and rotation properties of gallium-substituted epsilon iron oxide.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoma Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Asuka Namai
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Ohkoshi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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12
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Peiravi M, Eslami H, Ansari M, Zare-Zardini H. Magnetic hyperthermia: Potentials and limitations. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2021.100269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Pucci C, Degl'Innocenti A, Belenli Gümüş M, Ciofani G. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia: Recent advancements, molecular effects, and future directions in the omics era. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:2103-2121. [DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01963e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have attracted attention in the biomedical field thanks to their ability to prompt hyperthermia in response to an alternated magnetic field. Hyperthermia is well-known for inducing...
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14
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Gu Y, Silva NJO, Yoshikiyo M, Namai A, Piñol R, Maurin-Pasturel G, Cui Y, Ohkoshi SI, Millán A, Martínez A. Efficient Brownian oscillators and nanoheaters based on gallium-doped ε-Fe 2O 3. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:2285-2288. [PMID: 33533380 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07309a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Wireless actuation at the nanoscale is vital in many contexts, and magnetic fields acting on nanoparticles (NPs) are among the most effective tools when actuation concerns linear forces. However, effective tools to apply torques at the nanoscale are still missing, because NPs where the magnetic moment is strongly coupled to the lattice agglomerate due to their high magnetic moment. Here, we show that gallium-doped ε-iron oxide NPs have small interparticle magnetic interactions and huge lattice-coupling for efficiently applying torques at the nanoscale. In this view, they are expected to be useful tools to efficiently apply mechanical forces to induce cellular apoptosis and to discern between mechanical and thermal contributions to cellular apoptosis currently under debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyu Gu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
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15
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Rubia-Rodríguez I, Santana-Otero A, Spassov S, Tombácz E, Johansson C, De La Presa P, Teran FJ, Morales MDP, Veintemillas-Verdaguer S, Thanh NTK, Besenhard MO, Wilhelm C, Gazeau F, Harmer Q, Mayes E, Manshian BB, Soenen SJ, Gu Y, Millán Á, Efthimiadou EK, Gaudet J, Goodwill P, Mansfield J, Steinhoff U, Wells J, Wiekhorst F, Ortega D. Whither Magnetic Hyperthermia? A Tentative Roadmap. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:706. [PMID: 33546176 PMCID: PMC7913249 DOI: 10.3390/ma14040706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The scientific community has made great efforts in advancing magnetic hyperthermia for the last two decades after going through a sizeable research lapse from its establishment. All the progress made in various topics ranging from nanoparticle synthesis to biocompatibilization and in vivo testing have been seeking to push the forefront towards some new clinical trials. As many, they did not go at the expected pace. Today, fruitful international cooperation and the wisdom gain after a careful analysis of the lessons learned from seminal clinical trials allow us to have a future with better guarantees for a more definitive takeoff of this genuine nanotherapy against cancer. Deliberately giving prominence to a number of critical aspects, this opinion review offers a blend of state-of-the-art hints and glimpses into the future of the therapy, considering the expected evolution of science and technology behind magnetic hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simo Spassov
- Geophysical Centre of the Royal Meteorological Institute, 1 rue du Centre Physique, 5670 Dourbes, Belgium;
| | - Etelka Tombácz
- Soós Water Technology Research and Development Center, University of Pannonia, 8200 Nagykanizsa, Hungary;
| | - Christer Johansson
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Sensors and Materials, Arvid Hedvalls Backe 4, 411 33 Göteborg, Sweden;
| | - Patricia De La Presa
- Instituto de Magnetismo Aplicado UCM-ADIF-CSIC, A6 22,500 km, 29260 Las Rozas, Spain;
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28048 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Teran
- IMDEA Nanoscience, Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (I.R.-R.); (A.S.-O.); (F.J.T.)
- Nanotech Solutions, Ctra Madrid, 23, 40150 Villacastín, Spain
| | - María del Puerto Morales
- Department of Energy, Environment and Health, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM/CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.M.); (S.V.-V.)
| | - Sabino Veintemillas-Verdaguer
- Department of Energy, Environment and Health, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM/CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.M.); (S.V.-V.)
| | - Nguyen T. K. Thanh
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetics and Nanomaterials Laboratories, 21 Albemarle Street, London W1S 4BS, UK;
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Maximilian O. Besenhard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK;
| | - Claire Wilhelm
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes MSC, Université de Paris/CNRS, 75013 Paris, France; (C.W.); (F.G.)
| | - Florence Gazeau
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes MSC, Université de Paris/CNRS, 75013 Paris, France; (C.W.); (F.G.)
| | - Quentin Harmer
- Endomag, The Jeffreys Building, St John’s Innovation Park, Cowley Road, Cambridge CB4 0WS, UK; (Q.H.); (E.M.)
| | - Eric Mayes
- Endomag, The Jeffreys Building, St John’s Innovation Park, Cowley Road, Cambridge CB4 0WS, UK; (Q.H.); (E.M.)
| | - Bella B. Manshian
- Biomedical Sciences Group, Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (B.B.M.); (S.J.S.)
| | - Stefaan J. Soenen
- Biomedical Sciences Group, Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (B.B.M.); (S.J.S.)
| | - Yuanyu Gu
- INMA Instituto de Nanociencia de Materiales de Aragón, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (Y.G.); (Á.M.)
| | - Ángel Millán
- INMA Instituto de Nanociencia de Materiales de Aragón, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (Y.G.); (Á.M.)
| | - Eleni K. Efthimiadou
- Chemistry Department, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece;
| | - Jeff Gaudet
- Magnetic Insight, Alameda, CA 94501, USA; (J.G.); (P.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Patrick Goodwill
- Magnetic Insight, Alameda, CA 94501, USA; (J.G.); (P.G.); (J.M.)
| | - James Mansfield
- Magnetic Insight, Alameda, CA 94501, USA; (J.G.); (P.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Uwe Steinhoff
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestraße 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany; (U.S.); (J.W.); (F.W.)
| | - James Wells
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestraße 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany; (U.S.); (J.W.); (F.W.)
| | - Frank Wiekhorst
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Abbestraße 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany; (U.S.); (J.W.); (F.W.)
| | - Daniel Ortega
- IMDEA Nanoscience, Faraday 9, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (I.R.-R.); (A.S.-O.); (F.J.T.)
- Institute of Research and Innovation in Biomedical Sciences of the Province of Cádiz (INiBICA), 11002 Cádiz, Spain
- Condensed Matter Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Campus Universitario de Puerto Real s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
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16
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Tokoro H, Namai A, Ohkoshi SI. Advances in magnetic films of epsilon-iron oxide toward next-generation high-density recording media. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:452-459. [PMID: 33393552 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03460f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron oxide magnets, which are composed of the common elements iron and oxygen, are called ferrite magnets. They have diverse applications because they are chemically stable and inexpensive. Epsilon-iron oxide (ε-Fe2O3) is a polymorph that shows an extremely large coercive field as a magnetic oxide. It maintains its ferromagnetic ordering even when downsized to a single nano-sized scale (i.e.,<10 nm). Due to these characteristics, ε-Fe2O3 is highly expected to be used for high-density magnetic recording media in the big data era. Here, we describe the recent developments of magnetic films composed of metal-substituted ε-iron oxide, ε-MxFe2-xO3 (M: substitution metal), toward the next-generation of magnetic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Tokoro
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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17
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Teixeira SS, Graça MPF, Lucas J, Valente MA, Soares PIP, Lança MC, Vieira T, Silva JC, Borges JP, Jinga LI, Socol G, Mello Salgueiro C, Nunes J, Costa LC. Nanostructured LiFe 5O 8 by a Biogenic Method for Applications from Electronics to Medicine. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:193. [PMID: 33466651 PMCID: PMC7828716 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The physical properties of the cubic and ferrimagnetic spinel ferrite LiFe5O8 has made it an attractive material for electronic and medical applications. In this work, LiFe5O8 nanosized crystallites were synthesized by a novel and eco-friendly sol-gel process, by using powder coconut water as a mediated reaction medium. The dried powders were heat-treated (HT) at temperatures between 400 and 1000 °C, and their structure, morphology, electrical and magnetic characteristics, cytotoxicity, and magnetic hyperthermia assays were performed. The heat treatment of the LiFe5O8 powder tunes the crystallite sizes between 50 nm and 200 nm. When increasing the temperature of the HT, secondary phases start to form. The dielectric analysis revealed, at 300 K and 10 kHz, an increase of ε' (≈10 up to ≈14) with a tanδ almost constant (≈0.3) with the increase of the HT temperature. The cytotoxicity results reveal, for concentrations below 2.5 mg/mL, that all samples have a non-cytotoxicity property. The sample heat-treated at 1000 °C, which revealed hysteresis and magnetic saturation of 73 emu g-1 at 300 K, showed a heating profile adequate for magnetic hyperthermia applications, showing the potential for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Soreto Teixeira
- I3N and Physics Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.S.T.); (M.P.F.G.); (J.L.); (M.A.V.)
| | - Manuel P. F. Graça
- I3N and Physics Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.S.T.); (M.P.F.G.); (J.L.); (M.A.V.)
| | - José Lucas
- I3N and Physics Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.S.T.); (M.P.F.G.); (J.L.); (M.A.V.)
| | - Manuel Almeida Valente
- I3N and Physics Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.S.T.); (M.P.F.G.); (J.L.); (M.A.V.)
| | - Paula I. P. Soares
- CENIMAT/I3N, Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (P.I.P.S.); (M.C.L.); (T.V.); (J.C.S.); (J.P.B.)
| | - Maria Carmo Lança
- CENIMAT/I3N, Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (P.I.P.S.); (M.C.L.); (T.V.); (J.C.S.); (J.P.B.)
| | - Tânia Vieira
- CENIMAT/I3N, Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (P.I.P.S.); (M.C.L.); (T.V.); (J.C.S.); (J.P.B.)
| | - Jorge Carvalho Silva
- CENIMAT/I3N, Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (P.I.P.S.); (M.C.L.); (T.V.); (J.C.S.); (J.P.B.)
| | - João Paulo Borges
- CENIMAT/I3N, Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (P.I.P.S.); (M.C.L.); (T.V.); (J.C.S.); (J.P.B.)
| | - Luiza-Izabela Jinga
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, RO-077125 Magurele, Romania; (L.-I.J.); (G.S.)
| | - Gabriel Socol
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, RO-077125 Magurele, Romania; (L.-I.J.); (G.S.)
| | - Cristiane Mello Salgueiro
- Veterinary Sciences Institute, Ceará State University, Fortaleza 60714-903, Brazil; (C.M.S.); (J.N.)
| | - José Nunes
- Veterinary Sciences Institute, Ceará State University, Fortaleza 60714-903, Brazil; (C.M.S.); (J.N.)
| | - Luís C. Costa
- I3N and Physics Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (S.S.T.); (M.P.F.G.); (J.L.); (M.A.V.)
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