1
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Beaumont C, Lemieux T, Aivali S, Hamidzad Sangachin M, Gasonoo A, Marcoux St-Pierre T, Bélanger M, Beaupré S, Welch GC, Leclerc M. Highly Transmissive, Processable, Highly Conducting and Stable Polythiophene Derivatives via Direct (Hetero)arylation Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2024:1133-1138. [PMID: 39145595 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
The development of modern optoelectronic devices increases the need for lightweight and flexible transparent conductors. It is thus essential to develop new eco-friendly materials that can be easily processed for the fabrication of such devices. For this purpose, the synthesis of self-doped, highly conducting, transmissive, and water-processable polythiophene derivatives was performed via the direct heteroarylation polymerization method and a protection/deprotection strategy. Stable conductivities up to 1000 S cm-1 have been obtained. Champion materials (P1 and P7) were scaled and processed via the roll-to-roll compatible slot-die coating method to demonstrate their large area applicability. The best coated films exhibited optical transmittance greater than 79% at 550 nm with sheet resistances of 116 Ω □-1. These values are comparable to indium-tin oxide on plastic and thus present a viable alternative to metal oxide-based electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Lemieux
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Stefania Aivali
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | | | - Akpeko Gasonoo
- Departement of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada
| | | | | | - Serge Beaupré
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Gregory C Welch
- Departement of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Mario Leclerc
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
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2
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Nalepa MA, Panáček D, Dědek I, Jakubec P, Kupka V, Hrubý V, Petr M, Otyepka M. Graphene derivative-based ink advances inkjet printing technology for fabrication of electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 256:116277. [PMID: 38613934 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
The field of biosensing would significantly benefit from a disruptive technology enabling flexible manufacturing of uniform electrodes. Inkjet printing holds promise for this, although realizing full electrode manufacturing with this technology remains challenging. We introduce a nitrogen-doped carboxylated graphene ink (NGA-ink) compatible with commercially available printing technologies. The water-based and additive-free NGA-ink was utilized to produce fully inkjet-printed electrodes (IPEs), which demonstrated successful electrochemical detection of the important neurotransmitter dopamine. The cost-effectiveness of NGA-ink combined with a total cost per electrode of $0.10 renders it a practical solution for customized electrode manufacturing. Furthermore, the high carboxyl group content of NGA-ink (13 wt%) presents opportunities for biomolecule immobilization, paving the way for the development of advanced state-of-the-art biosensors. This study highlights the potential of NGA inkjet-printed electrodes in revolutionizing sensor technology, offering an affordable, scalable alternative to conventional electrochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin-Alex Nalepa
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - David Panáček
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, 783 71, Czech Republic; Nanotechnology Centre, Centre of Energy and Environmental Technologies, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Dědek
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, 783 71, Czech Republic; Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, Olomouc, 771 46, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Jakubec
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Kupka
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Vítězslav Hrubý
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, 783 71, Czech Republic; Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, Olomouc, 771 46, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Petr
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, 783 71, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, 783 71, Czech Republic; IT4Innovations, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, Ostrava-Poruba, 708 00, Czech Republic.
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3
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Lopez Carrasco I, Cuniberti G, Opitz J, Beshchasna N. Evaluation of Transducer Elements Based on Different Material Configurations for Aptamer-Based Electrochemical Biosensors. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:341. [PMID: 39056617 PMCID: PMC11274616 DOI: 10.3390/bios14070341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The selection of an appropriate transducer is a key element in biosensor development. Currently, a wide variety of substrates and working electrode materials utilizing different fabrication techniques are used in the field of biosensors. In the frame of this study, the following three specific material configurations with gold-finish layers were investigated regarding their efficacy to be used as electrochemical (EC) biosensors: (I) a silicone-based sensor substrate with a layer configuration of 50 nm SiO/50 nm SiN/100 nm Au/30-50 nm WTi/140 nm SiO/bulk Si); (II) polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) with a gold inkjet-printed layer; and (III) polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with a screen-printed gold layer. Electrodes were characterized using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) to evaluate their performance as electrochemical transducers in an aptamer-based biosensor for the detection of cardiac troponin I using the redox molecule hexacyanoferrade/hexacyaniferrade (K3[Fe (CN)6]/K4[Fe (CN)6]. Baseline signals were obtained from clean electrodes after a specific cleaning procedure and after functionalization with the thiolate cardiac troponin I aptamers "Tro4" and "Tro6". With the goal of improving the PEN-based and PET-based performance, sintered PEN-based samples and PET-based samples with a carbon or silver layer under the gold were studied. The effect of a high number of immobilized aptamers will be tested in further work using the PEN-based sample. In this study, the charge-transfer resistance (Rct), anodic peak height (Ipa), cathodic peak height (Ipc) and peak separation (∆E) were determined. The PEN-based electrodes demonstrated better biosensor properties such as lower initial Rct values, a greater change in Rct after the immobilization of the Tro4 aptamer on its surface, higher Ipc and Ipa values and lower ∆E, which correlated with a higher number of immobilized aptamers compared with the other two types of samples functionalized using the same procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Lopez Carrasco
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, Maria-Reiche-Strasse 2, 01109 Dresden, Germany; (I.L.C.); (J.O.)
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Faculty of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Institute of Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Jörg Opitz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, Maria-Reiche-Strasse 2, 01109 Dresden, Germany; (I.L.C.); (J.O.)
| | - Natalia Beshchasna
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, Maria-Reiche-Strasse 2, 01109 Dresden, Germany; (I.L.C.); (J.O.)
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4
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Palmieri E, Cancelliere R, Maita F, Micheli L, Maiolo L. An ethyl cellulose novel biodegradable flexible substrate material for sustainable screen-printing. RSC Adv 2024; 14:18103-18108. [PMID: 38847004 PMCID: PMC11154189 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02993c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
We introduce an innovative solution to reduce plastic dependence in flexible electronics: a biodegradable, water-resistant, and flexible cellulose-based substrate for crafting electrochemical printed platforms. This sustainable material based on ethyl cellulose (EC) serves as an eco-friendly alternative to PET in screen printing, boasting superior water resistance compared to other biodegradable options. Our study evaluates the performance of carbon-based screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) fabricated on conventional PET, recycled PET (r-PET), and (EC)-based materials. Electrochemical characterization reveals that EC-SPEs exhibit comparable analytical performance to both P-SPEs and rP-SPEs, as evidenced by similar limits of detection (LOD), limits of quantification (LOQ), and reproducibility values for all the analytes tested (ferro-ferricyanide, hexaammineruthenium chloride, uric acid, and hydroquinone). This finding underscores the potential of our cellulose-based substrate to match the performance of conventional PET-based electrodes. Moreover, the scalability and low-energy requirements of our fabrication process highlight the potential of this material to revolutionize eco-conscious manufacturing. By offering a sustainable alternative without compromising performance, our cellulose-based substrate paves the way for greener practices in flexible electronics production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Palmieri
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e i Microsistemi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100 Rome 00133 Italy
| | - Rocco Cancelliere
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 Rome 00133 Italy
| | - Francesco Maita
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e i Microsistemi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100 Rome 00133 Italy
| | - Laura Micheli
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1 Rome 00133 Italy
| | - Luca Maiolo
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e i Microsistemi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100 Rome 00133 Italy
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5
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Valayil Varghese T, Eixenberger J, Rajabi-Kouchi F, Lazouskaya M, Francis C, Burgoyne H, Wada K, Subbaraman H, Estrada D. Multijet Gold Nanoparticle Inks for Additive Manufacturing of Printed and Wearable Electronics. ACS MATERIALS AU 2024; 4:65-73. [PMID: 38221917 PMCID: PMC10786129 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.3c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Conductive and biofriendly gold nanomaterial inks are highly desirable for printed electronics, biosensors, wearable electronics, and electrochemical sensor applications. Here, we demonstrate the scalable synthesis of stable gold nanoparticle inks with low-temperature sintering using simple chemical processing steps. Multiprinter compatible aqueous gold nanomaterial inks were formulated, achieving resistivity as low as ∼10-6 Ω m for 400 nm thick films sintered at 250 °C. Printed lines with a resolution of <20 μm and minimal overspray were obtained using an aerosol jet printer. The resistivity of the printed patterns reached ∼9.59 ± 1.2 × 10-8 Ω m after sintering at 400 °C for 45 min. Our aqueous-formulated gold nanomaterial inks are also compatible with inkjet printing, extending the design space and manufacturability of printed and flexible electronics where metal work functions and chemically inert films are important for device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Valayil Varghese
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
- Micron
School of Material Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Josh Eixenberger
- Micron
School of Material Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
- Department
of Physics, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
- Center
for Atomically Thin Multifunctional Coatings, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
- Center
for Advanced Energy Studies, Boise State
University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Fereshteh Rajabi-Kouchi
- Micron
School of Material Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Maryna Lazouskaya
- Micron
School of Material Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
- Idaho
National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83415, United States
| | - Cadré Francis
- Micron
School of Material Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Hailey Burgoyne
- Micron
School of Material Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Katelyn Wada
- Micron
School of Material Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
| | - Harish Subbaraman
- School
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis ,Oregon 97331, United States
- Inflex
Laboratories LLC, Boise, Idaho 83706, United States
| | - David Estrada
- Micron
School of Material Science and Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
- Center
for Atomically Thin Multifunctional Coatings, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
- Center
for Advanced Energy Studies, Boise State
University, Boise, Idaho 83725, United States
- School of
Science, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
- Inflex
Laboratories LLC, Boise, Idaho 83706, United States
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6
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Silvestri A, Vázquez-Díaz S, Misia G, Poletti F, López-Domene R, Pavlov V, Zanardi C, Cortajarena AL, Prato M. An Electroactive and Self-Assembling Bio-Ink, based on Protein-Stabilized Nanoclusters and Graphene, for the Manufacture of Fully Inkjet-Printed Paper-Based Analytical Devices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300163. [PMID: 37144410 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Hundreds of new electrochemical sensors are reported in literature every year. However, only a few of them makes it to the market. Manufacturability, or rather the lack of it, is the parameter that dictates if new sensing technologies will remain forever in the laboratory in which they are conceived. Inkjet printing is a low-cost and versatile technique that can facilitate the transfer of nanomaterial-based sensors to the market. Herein, an electroactive and self-assembling inkjet-printable ink based on protein-nanomaterial composites and exfoliated graphene is reported. The consensus tetratricopeptide proteins (CTPRs), used to formulate this ink, are engineered to template and coordinate electroactive metallic nanoclusters (NCs), and to self-assemble upon drying, forming stable films. The authors demonstrate that, by incorporating graphene in the ink formulation, it is possible to dramatically improve the electrocatalytic properties of the ink, obtaining an efficient hybrid material for hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) detection. Using this bio-ink, the authors manufactured disposable and environmentally sustainable electrochemical paper-based analytical devices (ePADs) to detect H2 O2 , outperforming commercial screen-printed platforms. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that oxidoreductase enzymes can be included in the formulation, to fully inkjet-print enzymatic amperometric biosensors ready to use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Silvestri
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Silvia Vázquez-Díaz
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Misia
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitá Degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Poletti
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, 41125, Italy
| | - Rocío López-Domene
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- POLYMAT and Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Valeri Pavlov
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
| | - Chiara Zanardi
- Department of molecular sciences and nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venezia, 30170, Italy
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council of Italy, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Aitziber L Cortajarena
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, 20014, Spain
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitá Degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, 34127, Italy
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
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7
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Qureshi A, Niazi JH. Graphene-interfaced flexible and stretchable micro-nano electrodes: from fabrication to sweat glucose detection. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:1580-1607. [PMID: 36880340 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01517j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and stretchable wearable electronic devices have received tremendous attention for their non-invasive and personal health monitoring applications. These devices have been fabricated by integrating flexible substrates and graphene nanostructures for non-invasive detection of physiological risk biomarkers from human bodily fluids, such as sweat, and monitoring of human physical motion tracking parameters. The extraordinary properties of graphene nanostructures in fully integrated wearable devices have enabled improved sensitivity, electronic readouts, signal conditioning and communication, energy harvesting from power sources through electrode design and patterning, and graphene surface modification or treatment. This review explores advances made toward the fabrication of graphene-interfaced wearable sensors, flexible and stretchable conductive graphene electrodes, as well as their potential applications in electrochemical sensors and field-effect-transistors (FETs) with special emphasis on monitoring sweat biomarkers, mainly in glucose-sensing applications. The review emphasizes flexible wearable sweat sensors and provides various approaches thus far employed for the fabrication of graphene-enabled conductive and stretchable micro-nano electrodes, such as photolithography, electron-beam evaporation, laser-induced graphene designing, ink printing, chemical-synthesis and graphene surface modification. It further explores existing graphene-interfaced flexible wearable electronic devices utilized for sweat glucose sensing, and their technological potential for non-invasive health monitoring applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjum Qureshi
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Javed H Niazi
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
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8
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Karriem L, Eixenberger J, Frahs S, Convertino D, Webb T, Pandhi T, McLaughlin K, Enrriques A, Davis P, Subbaraman H, Colletti C, Oxford JT, Estrada D. Structure-Property-Processing Correlations of Graphene Bioscaffolds for Proliferation and Differentiation of C2C12 Cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.25.538356. [PMID: 37162906 PMCID: PMC10168354 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.25.538356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Graphene - an atomically thin layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice - has gained interest as a bioscaffold for tissue engineering due to its exceptional mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. Graphene's structure and properties are tightly coupled to synthesis and processing conditions, yet their influence on biomolecular interactions at the graphene-cell interface remains unclear. In this study, C2C12 cells were grown on graphene bioscaffolds with specific structure-property- processing-performance (SP3) correlations. Bioscaffolds were prepared using three different methods - chemical vapor deposition (CVD), sublimation of silicon carbide (SiC), and printing of liquid phase exfoliated graphene. To investigate the biocompatibility of each scaffold, cellular morphology and gene expression patterns were investigated using the bipotential mouse C2C12 cell line. Using a combination of fluorescence microscopy and qRT-PCR, we demonstrate that graphene production methods determine the structural and mechanical properties of the resulting bioscaffold, which in turn determine cell morphology, gene expression patterns, and cell differentiation fate. Therefore, production methods and resultant structure and properties of graphene bioscaffolds must be chosen carefully when considering graphene as a bioscaffold for musculoskeletal tissue engineering.
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9
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McKibben N, Ryel B, Manzi J, Muramutsa F, Daw J, Subbaraman H, Estrada D, Deng Z. Aerosol jet printing of piezoelectric surface acoustic wave thermometer. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:51. [PMID: 37152863 PMCID: PMC10159840 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00492-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices are a subclass of micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) that generate an acoustic emission when electrically stimulated. These transducers also work as detectors, converting surface strain into readable electrical signals. Physical properties of the generated SAW are material dependent and influenced by external factors like temperature. By monitoring temperature-dependent scattering parameters a SAW device can function as a thermometer to elucidate substrate temperature. Traditional fabrication of SAW sensors requires labor- and cost- intensive subtractive processes that produce large volumes of hazardous waste. This study utilizes an innovative aerosol jet printer to directly write consistent, high-resolution, silver comb electrodes onto a Y-cut LiNbO3 substrate. The printed, two-port, 20 MHz SAW sensor exhibited excellent linearity and repeatability while being verified as a thermometer from 25 to 200 ∘C. Sensitivities of the printed SAW thermometer are - 96.9 × 1 0 - 6 ∘ C-1 and - 92.0 × 1 0 - 6 ∘ C-1 when operating in pulse-echo mode and pulse-receiver mode, respectively. These results highlight a repeatable path to the additive fabrication of compact high-frequency SAW thermometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas McKibben
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, 1910 W University Drive, Boise, ID 83725 USA
| | - Blake Ryel
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725 USA
| | - Jacob Manzi
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, 2500 NW Monroe Avenue, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Florent Muramutsa
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, 1910 W University Drive, Boise, ID 83725 USA
| | - Joshua Daw
- Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA
| | - Harish Subbaraman
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, 2500 NW Monroe Avenue, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - David Estrada
- Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, 1910 W University Drive, Boise, ID 83725 USA
- Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID 83415 USA
- Center for Advanced Energy Studies, Idaho Falls, ID 83401 USA
| | - Zhangxian Deng
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725 USA
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10
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Cherevko AG, Krygin AS, Ivanov AI, Soots RA, Antonova IV. Benefits of Printed Graphene with Variable Resistance for Flexible and Ecological 5G Band Antennas. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7267. [PMID: 36295335 PMCID: PMC9608259 DOI: 10.3390/ma15207267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of creating antennas of the 5G standard (5.2-5.9 GHz) with specified electrodynamic characteristics by printing layers of variable thickness using a graphene suspension has been substantiated experimentally and by computer simulation. A graphene suspension for screen printing on photographic paper and other flexible substrates was prepared by means of exfoliation from graphite. The relation between the graphene layer thickness and its sheet resistance was studied with the aim of determining the required thickness of the antenna conductive layer. To create a two-sided dipole, a technology has been developed for the double-sided deposition of graphene layers on photographic paper. The electrodynamic characteristics of graphene and copper antennas of identical design are compared. The antenna design corresponds to the operating frequency of 2.4 GHz. It was found that the use of graphene as a conductive layer made it possible to suppress the fundamental (first) harmonic (2.45 GHz) and to observe radiation at the second harmonic (5.75 GHz). This effect is assumed to observe in the case when the thickness of graphene is lower than that of the skin depth. The result indicates the possibility of changing the antenna electrodynamic characteristics by adjusting the graphene layer thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander G. Cherevko
- Department of Physics, Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Informatics, 86 Kirov Str., Novosibirsk 630102, Russia
| | - Alexey S. Krygin
- Department of Physics, Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Informatics, 86 Kirov Str., Novosibirsk 630102, Russia
| | - Artem I. Ivanov
- Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics SB RAS, 13 Lavrentev Av., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Regina A. Soots
- Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics SB RAS, 13 Lavrentev Av., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Irina V. Antonova
- Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics SB RAS, 13 Lavrentev Av., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Department of Semiconductor Devices and Microelectronics, Novosibirsk State Technical University, 20 K. Marx Av., Novosibirsk 630073, Russia
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11
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Kralj M, Krivačić S, Ivanišević I, Zubak M, Supina A, Marciuš M, Halasz I, Kassal P. Conductive Inks Based on Melamine Intercalated Graphene Nanosheets for Inkjet Printed Flexible Electronics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12172936. [PMID: 36079974 PMCID: PMC9457697 DOI: 10.3390/nano12172936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
With the growing number of flexible electronics applications, environmentally benign ways of mass-producing graphene electronics are sought. In this study, we present a scalable mechanochemical route for the exfoliation of graphite in a planetary ball mill with melamine to form melamine-intercalated graphene nanosheets (M-GNS). M-GNS morphology was evaluated, revealing small particles, down to 14 nm in diameter and 0.4 nm thick. The M-GNS were used as a functional material in the formulation of an inkjet-printable conductive ink, based on green solvents: water, ethanol, and ethylene glycol. The ink satisfied restrictions regarding stability and nanoparticle size; in addition, it was successfully inkjet printed on plastic sheets. Thermal and photonic post-print processing were evaluated as a means of reducing the electrical resistance of the printed features. Minimal sheet resistance values (5 kΩ/sq for 10 printed layers and 626 Ω/sq for 20 printed layers) were obtained on polyimide sheets, after thermal annealing for 1 h at 400 °C and a subsequent single intense pulsed light flash. Lastly, a proof-of-concept simple flexible printed circuit consisting of a battery-powered LED was realized. The demonstrated approach presents an environmentally friendly alternative to mass-producing graphene-based printed flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kralj
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sara Krivačić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irena Ivanišević
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Zubak
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonio Supina
- Institute of Physics, Bijenička cesta 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijan Marciuš
- Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Halasz
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petar Kassal
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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12
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Minute-sensitive real-time monitoring of neural cells through printed graphene microelectrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 210:114284. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Fujimoto KT, Hone LA, Manning KD, Seifert RD, Davis KL, Milloway JN, Skifton RS, Wu Y, Wilding M, Estrada D. Additive Manufacturing of Miniaturized Peak Temperature Monitors for In-Pile Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:7688. [PMID: 34833764 PMCID: PMC8622632 DOI: 10.3390/s21227688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Passive monitoring techniques have been used for peak temperature measurements during irradiation tests by exploiting the melting point of well-characterized materials. Recent efforts to expand the capabilities of such peak temperature detection instrumentation include the development and testing of additively manufactured (AM) melt wires. In an effort to demonstrate and benchmark the performance and reliability of AM melt wires, we conducted a study to compare prototypical standard melt wires to an AM melt wire capsule, composed of printed aluminum, zinc, and tin melt wires. The lowest melting-point material used was Sn, with a melting point of approximately 230 °C, Zn melts at approximately 420 °C, and the high melting-point material was aluminum, with an approximate melting point of 660 °C. Through differential scanning calorimetry and furnace testing we show that the performance of our AM melt wire capsule was consistent with that of the standard melt-wire capsule, highlighting a path towards miniaturized peak-temperature sensors for in-pile sensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyo T. Fujimoto
- Idaho National Laboratory, 1955 N. Fremont Ave., Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA; (K.T.F.); (L.A.H.); (K.D.M.); (R.D.S.); (K.L.D.); (J.N.M.); (R.S.S.); (M.W.)
- Center for Advanced Energy Studies and Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, 1910 University Dr., Boise, ID 83725, USA;
| | - Lance A. Hone
- Idaho National Laboratory, 1955 N. Fremont Ave., Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA; (K.T.F.); (L.A.H.); (K.D.M.); (R.D.S.); (K.L.D.); (J.N.M.); (R.S.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Kory D. Manning
- Idaho National Laboratory, 1955 N. Fremont Ave., Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA; (K.T.F.); (L.A.H.); (K.D.M.); (R.D.S.); (K.L.D.); (J.N.M.); (R.S.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Robert D. Seifert
- Idaho National Laboratory, 1955 N. Fremont Ave., Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA; (K.T.F.); (L.A.H.); (K.D.M.); (R.D.S.); (K.L.D.); (J.N.M.); (R.S.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Kurt L. Davis
- Idaho National Laboratory, 1955 N. Fremont Ave., Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA; (K.T.F.); (L.A.H.); (K.D.M.); (R.D.S.); (K.L.D.); (J.N.M.); (R.S.S.); (M.W.)
| | - James N. Milloway
- Idaho National Laboratory, 1955 N. Fremont Ave., Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA; (K.T.F.); (L.A.H.); (K.D.M.); (R.D.S.); (K.L.D.); (J.N.M.); (R.S.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Richard S. Skifton
- Idaho National Laboratory, 1955 N. Fremont Ave., Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA; (K.T.F.); (L.A.H.); (K.D.M.); (R.D.S.); (K.L.D.); (J.N.M.); (R.S.S.); (M.W.)
| | - Yaqiao Wu
- Center for Advanced Energy Studies and Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, 1910 University Dr., Boise, ID 83725, USA;
| | - Malwina Wilding
- Idaho National Laboratory, 1955 N. Fremont Ave., Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA; (K.T.F.); (L.A.H.); (K.D.M.); (R.D.S.); (K.L.D.); (J.N.M.); (R.S.S.); (M.W.)
| | - David Estrada
- Idaho National Laboratory, 1955 N. Fremont Ave., Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA; (K.T.F.); (L.A.H.); (K.D.M.); (R.D.S.); (K.L.D.); (J.N.M.); (R.S.S.); (M.W.)
- Center for Advanced Energy Studies and Micron School of Materials Science and Engineering, Boise State University, 1910 University Dr., Boise, ID 83725, USA;
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14
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Basak S, Packirisamy G. Graphene‐Based Nanomaterials for Biomedical, Catalytic, and Energy Applications. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumyadeep Basak
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee 247667 Uttarakhand India
| | - Gopinath Packirisamy
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory Centre for Nanotechnology Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee 247667 Uttarakhand India
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Efimov AA, Arsenov PV, Borisov VI, Buchnev AI, Lizunova AA, Kornyushin DV, Tikhonov SS, Musaev AG, Urazov MN, Shcherbakov MI, Spirin DV, Ivanov VV. Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Spark Discharge as a Facile and Versatile Technique of Preparing Highly Conductive Pt Nano-Ink for Printed Electronics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:234. [PMID: 33477440 PMCID: PMC7830501 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A cost-effective, scalable and versatile method of preparing nano-ink without hazardous chemical precursors is a prerequisite for widespread adoption of printed electronics. Precursor-free synthesis by spark discharge is promising for this purpose. The synthesis of platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) using a spark discharge under Ar, N2, and air has been investigated to prepare highly conductive nano-ink. The size, chemical composition, and mass production rate of PtNPs significantly depended on the carrier gas. Pure metallic PtNPs with sizes of 5.5 ± 1.8 and 7.1 ± 2.4 nm were formed under Ar and N2, respectively. PtNPs with sizes of 18.2 ± 9.0 nm produced using air consisted of amorphous oxide PtO and metallic Pt. The mass production rates of PtNPs were 53 ± 6, 366 ± 59, and 490 ± 36 mg/h using a spark discharge under Ar, N2, and air, respectively. It was found that the energy dissipated in the spark gap is not a significant parameter that determines the mass production rate. Stable Pt nano-ink (25 wt.%) was prepared only on the basis of PtNPs synthesized under air. Narrow (about 30 μm) and conductive Pt lines were formed by the aerosol jet printing with prepared nano-ink. The resistivity of the Pt lines sintered at 750 °C was (1.2 ± 0.1)·10-7 Ω·m, which is about 1.1 times higher than that of bulk Pt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A. Efimov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (P.V.A.); (V.I.B.); (A.I.B.); (A.A.L.); (D.V.K.); (S.S.T.); (A.G.M.); (M.N.U.); (V.V.I.)
| | - Pavel V. Arsenov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (P.V.A.); (V.I.B.); (A.I.B.); (A.A.L.); (D.V.K.); (S.S.T.); (A.G.M.); (M.N.U.); (V.V.I.)
| | - Vladislav I. Borisov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (P.V.A.); (V.I.B.); (A.I.B.); (A.A.L.); (D.V.K.); (S.S.T.); (A.G.M.); (M.N.U.); (V.V.I.)
| | - Arseny I. Buchnev
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (P.V.A.); (V.I.B.); (A.I.B.); (A.A.L.); (D.V.K.); (S.S.T.); (A.G.M.); (M.N.U.); (V.V.I.)
| | - Anna A. Lizunova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (P.V.A.); (V.I.B.); (A.I.B.); (A.A.L.); (D.V.K.); (S.S.T.); (A.G.M.); (M.N.U.); (V.V.I.)
| | - Denis V. Kornyushin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (P.V.A.); (V.I.B.); (A.I.B.); (A.A.L.); (D.V.K.); (S.S.T.); (A.G.M.); (M.N.U.); (V.V.I.)
| | - Sergey S. Tikhonov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (P.V.A.); (V.I.B.); (A.I.B.); (A.A.L.); (D.V.K.); (S.S.T.); (A.G.M.); (M.N.U.); (V.V.I.)
| | - Andrey G. Musaev
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (P.V.A.); (V.I.B.); (A.I.B.); (A.A.L.); (D.V.K.); (S.S.T.); (A.G.M.); (M.N.U.); (V.V.I.)
| | - Maxim N. Urazov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (P.V.A.); (V.I.B.); (A.I.B.); (A.A.L.); (D.V.K.); (S.S.T.); (A.G.M.); (M.N.U.); (V.V.I.)
| | - Mikhail I. Shcherbakov
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics of Russian Academy of Sciences, 125009 Moscow, Russia;
| | | | - Victor V. Ivanov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia; (P.V.A.); (V.I.B.); (A.I.B.); (A.A.L.); (D.V.K.); (S.S.T.); (A.G.M.); (M.N.U.); (V.V.I.)
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