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García-Villegas A, Fernández-Ochoa Á, Rojas-García A, Alañón ME, Arráez-Román D, Cádiz-Gurrea MDLL, Segura-Carretero A. The Potential of Mangifera indica L. Peel Extract to Be Revalued in Cosmetic Applications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1892. [PMID: 37891971 PMCID: PMC10603900 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The constant growth of the cosmetic industry, together with the scientific evidence of the beneficial properties of phytochemicals, has generated great interest in the incorporation of bioactive extracts in cosmetic formulations. This study aims to evaluate the bioactive potential of a mango peel extract for its incorporation into cosmetic formulations. For this purpose, several assays were conducted: phytochemical characterization; total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant potential; free-radical scavenging capacity; and skin aging-related enzyme inhibition. In addition, the extract was incorporated into a gel formulation, and a preliminary stability study was conducted where the accelerated (temperature ramp, centrifugation, and heating/cooling cycles) and long-term (storage in light and dark for three months) stability of the mango peel formulations were evaluated. The characterization results showed the annotation of 71 compounds, gallotannins being the most representative group. In addition, the mango peel extract was shown to be effective against the •NO radical with an IC50 of 7.5 mg/L and against the hyaluronidase and xanthine oxidase enzymes with IC50 of 27 mg/L and 2 mg/L, respectively. The formulations incorporating the extract were stable during the stability study. The results demonstrate that mango peel extract can be a by-product to be revalorized as a promising cosmetic ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail García-Villegas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; (A.G.-V.); (Á.F.-O.); (A.R.-G.); (D.A.-R.); (A.S.-C.)
| | - Álvaro Fernández-Ochoa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; (A.G.-V.); (Á.F.-O.); (A.R.-G.); (D.A.-R.); (A.S.-C.)
| | - Alejandro Rojas-García
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; (A.G.-V.); (Á.F.-O.); (A.R.-G.); (D.A.-R.); (A.S.-C.)
| | - María Elena Alañón
- Regional Institute for Applied Scientific Research (IRICA), University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela 10, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain;
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science and Technology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ronda de Calatrava 7, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - David Arráez-Román
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; (A.G.-V.); (Á.F.-O.); (A.R.-G.); (D.A.-R.); (A.S.-C.)
| | - María de la Luz Cádiz-Gurrea
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; (A.G.-V.); (Á.F.-O.); (A.R.-G.); (D.A.-R.); (A.S.-C.)
| | - Antonio Segura-Carretero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Av. Fuentenueva s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain; (A.G.-V.); (Á.F.-O.); (A.R.-G.); (D.A.-R.); (A.S.-C.)
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Kim J, Yun Y, Huh J, Um Y, Shim D. Comparative transcriptome analysis on wild-simulated ginseng of different age revealed possible mechanism of ginsenoside accumulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 201:107870. [PMID: 37442050 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Panax ginseng is one of the most famous pharmaceutical plants in Asia. Ginseng plants grown in mountain have longer longevity which ensures higher accumulation of ginsenoside components than those grown in farms. However, wild-simulated ginseng over certain age cannot be easily distinguished in morphology. To identify transcriptomic mechanism of ginsenoside accumulation in older wild-simulated ginseng without large phenotype change, we performed comparative transcriptome analysis for leaf, shoot, and root tissues of 7-yr-old and 13yr-old wild-simulated ginseng. Of 559 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in comparison between 7-yr-old and 13yr-old wild-simulated ginseng, 280 leaf-, 103 shoot-, and 164 root-mainly expressing genes were found to be changed in transcript level according to age. Functional analysis revealed that pentose-phosphate shunt and abscisic acid responsive genes were up-regulated in leaf tissues of 7-yr-old ginseng while defense responsive genes were up-regulated in root tissues of 13-yr-old ginseng. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that jasmonic acid responsive genes, ERDL6, and some UGTs were up-regulated in 13-yr-old ginseng in higher order lateral root tissues. These data suggest that bacterial stimulation in mountain region can enhance the expression of several genes which might support minor ginsenoside biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewook Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongbae Yun
- Forest Medicinal Resources Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Yeongju, Gyeongbuk 36040, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghoon Huh
- Forest Medicinal Resources Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Yeongju, Gyeongbuk 36040, Republic of Korea
| | - Yurry Um
- Forest Medicinal Resources Research Center, National Institute of Forest Science, Yeongju, Gyeongbuk 36040, Republic of Korea.
| | - Donghwan Shim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea; Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea.
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Jin MY, Wang M, Wu XH, Fan MZ, Li HX, Guo YQ, Jiang J, Yin CR, Lian ML. Improving Flavonoid Accumulation of Bioreactor-Cultured Adventitious Roots in Oplopanax elatus Using Yeast Extract. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12112174. [PMID: 37299154 DOI: 10.3390/plants12112174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oplopanax elatus is an endangered medicinal plant, and adventitious root (AR) culture is an effective way to obtain its raw materials. Yeast extract (YE) is a lower-price elicitor and can efficiently promote metabolite synthesis. In this study, the bioreactor-cultured O. elatus ARs were treated with YE in a suspension culture system to investigate the elicitation effect of YE on flavonoid accumulation, serving for further industrial production. Among YE concentrations (25-250 mg/L), 100 mg/L YE was the most suitable for increasing the flavonoid accumulation. The ARs with various ages (35-, 40-, and 45-day-old) responded differently to YE stimulation, where the highest flavonoid accumulation was found when 35-day-old ARs were treated with 100 mg/L YE. After YE treatment, the flavonoid content increased, peaked at 4 days, and then decreased. By comparison, the flavonoid content and antioxidant activities in the YE group were obviously higher than those in the control. Subsequently, the flavonoids of ARs were extracted by flash extraction, where the optimized extraction process was: 63% ethanol, 69 s of extraction time, and a 57 mL/g liquid-material ratio. The findings provide a reference for the further industrial production of flavonoid-enriched O. elatus ARs, and the cultured ARs have potential application for the future production of products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Yu Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Xiao-Han Wu
- Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Ming-Zhi Fan
- Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Han-Xi Li
- Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Yu-Qing Guo
- Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Cheng-Ri Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Mei-Lan Lian
- Agricultural College, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji 133002, China
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Sadiq NB, Kwon H, Park NI, Hamayun M, Jung JH, Yang SH, Jang SW, Kabadayı SN, Kim HY, Kim YJ. The Impact of Light Wavelength and Darkness on Metabolite Profiling of Korean Ginseng: Evaluating Its Anti-Cancer Potential against MCF-7 and BV-2 Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097768. [PMID: 37175475 PMCID: PMC10178343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Korean ginseng is a source of functional foods and medicines; however, its productivity is hindered by abiotic stress factors, such as light. This study investigated the impacts of darkness and different light wavelengths on the metabolomics and anti-cancer activity of ginseng extracts. Hydroponically-grown Korean ginseng was shifted to a light-emitting diodes (LEDs) chamber for blue-LED and darkness treatments, while white fluorescent (FL) light treatment was the control. MCF-7 breast cancer and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV-2 microglial cells were used to determine chemo-preventive and neuroprotective potential. Overall, 53 significant primary metabolites were detected in the treated samples. The levels of ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, and Re, as well as organic and amino acids, were significantly higher in the dark treatment, followed by blue-LED treatment and the FL control. The dark-treated ginseng extract significantly induced apoptotic signaling in MCF-7 cells and dose-dependently inhibited the NF-κB and MAP kinase pathways in LPS-induced BV-2 cells. Short-term dark treatment increased the content of Rd, Rc, Rb1, Rb2, and Re ginsenosides in ginseng extracts, which promoted apoptosis of MCF-7 cells and inhibition of the MAP kinase pathway in BV-2 microglial cells. These results indicate that the dark treatment might be effective in improving the pharmacological potential of ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooruddin Bin Sadiq
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plant Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyukjoon Kwon
- Center of Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Il Park
- Department of Plant Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Hamayun
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Je-Hyeong Jung
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hoon Yang
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Won Jang
- Korean Ginseng Company (KGC), 71 Beotkkot-gil, Daedeok-gu, Daejeon 34337, Republic of Korea
| | - Seda Nur Kabadayı
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Youn Kim
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joo Kim
- Center of Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea
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A Comparative Study on Analysis of Ginsenosides in American Ginseng Root Residue by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS and UPLC-HRMS-MS/MS. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103071. [PMID: 35630548 PMCID: PMC9143245 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), a popular herbal and nutritional supplement consumed worldwide, has been demonstrated to possess vital biological activities, which can be attributed to the presence of ginsenosides. However, the presence of ginsenosides in ginseng root residue, a by-product obtained during processing of ginseng beverage, remains unexplored. The objectives of this study were to develop a high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection-mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS) and an ultra-high-performance-liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS-MS/MS) method for the comparison of ginsenoside analysis in ginseng root residue. Results showed that by employing a Supelco Ascentis Express C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm ID, particle size 2.7 μm) and a gradient mobile phase of deionized water and acetonitrile with a flow rate at 1 mL/min and detection at 205 nm, a total of 10 ginsenosides, including internal standard saikosaponin A, were separated within 18 min and detected by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS. Whereas with UPLC-HRMS-MS/MS, all the 10 ginsenosides were separated within six minutes by using an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm ID, particle size 1.7 μm, 130 Å) and a gradient mobile phase of ammonium acetate and acetonitrile with column temperature at 50 °C, flow rate at 0.4 mL/min and detection by selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. High accuracy and precision was shown, with limit of quantitation (LOQ) ranging from 0.2−1.9 μg/g for HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS and 0.269−6.640 ng/g for UPLC-HRMS-MS/MS. The contents of nine ginsenosides in the ginseng root residue ranged from <LOQ-26.39 mg/g by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS and <LOQ-21.25 mg/g by UPLC-HRMS-MS/MS, with a total amount of 38.37 and 34.71 mg/g, respectively.
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Wei Z, Yu X, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Zhang H, Wang S, Zhang Z, Sui W, Zhang X, Han F. Studies on chemical constituents of Flos Puerariae-Semen Hoveniae medicine pair by HPLC and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2021; 45:477-491. [PMID: 34741585 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease is currently the most clinically concerning liver disease, which occurs from chronic alcohol abuse. Flos Puerariae and Semen Hoveniae have been used to treat alcohol drinking excessively for thousands of years in China. In this study, the ethanol extract of the medicine pair was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. First, the high-performance liquid chromatography fingerprint was established to obtain the overall chromatographic data of its chemical constituents. Next, high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was applied to identify its chemical constituents. Then, the characteristic constituents were simultaneously quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. In addition, the chemical constituents that were absorbed into rat plasma were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. As a result, a total of 48 chemical constituents in the medicine pair were detected and identified in vitro. Meanwhile, the content of seven representative constituents, including dihydromyricetin, glycitin, genistin, tectoridin, glycitein, genistein, and tectorigenin were simultaneously determined. Furthermore, a total of 19 chemical constituents were detected in rat plasma after oral administration. In short, the chemical constituents of the medicine pair were initially investigated in this study, which will lay the foundation for the discovery of its pharmacodynamic substances in further works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyun Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the Central Hospital of Dalian, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Haotian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Sijie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Zan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Wenwen Sui
- Shenyang Harmony Health Medical Laboratory, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Fei Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
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Han Y, Zhu L, Li L, Wang Y, Zhao M, Wang K, Sun C, Chen J, Liu L, Chen P, Lei J, Wang Y, Zhang M. Characteristics of RNA alternative splicing and its potential roles in ginsenoside biosynthesis in a single plant of ginseng, Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Mol Genet Genomics 2021; 296:971-983. [PMID: 34008042 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-021-01792-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RNA alternative splicing (AS) is prevalent in higher organisms and plays a paramount role in biology; therefore, it is crucial to have comprehensive knowledge on AS to understand biology. However, knowledge is limited about how AS activates in a single plant and functions in a biological process. Ginseng is one of the most widely used medicinal herbs that is abundant in a number of medicinal bioactive components, especially ginsenosides. In this study, we sequenced the transcripts of 14 organs from a 4-year-old ginseng plant and quantified their ginsenoside contents. We identified AS genes by analyzing their transcripts with the ginseng genome and verified their AS events by PCR. The plant had a total of 13,863 AS genes subjected to 30,801 AS events with five mechanisms: skipped exon, retained intron, alternative 5'splice site, alternative 3' splice site, and mutually exclusive exon. The genes that were more conserved, had more exons, and/or expressed across organs were more likely to be subjected to AS. AS genes were enriched in over 500 GO terms in the plant even though the number of AS gene-enriched GO terms varied across organs. At least 24 AS genes were found to be involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis. These AS genes were significantly up-enriched and more likely to form a co-expression network, thus suggesting the functions of AS and correlations of the AS genes in the process. This study provides comprehensive insights into the molecular characteristics and biological functions of AS in a single plant; thus, helping better understand biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilai Han
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Mingzhu Zhao
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Kangyu Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Chunyu Sun
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Lingyu Liu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Ping Chen
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Jun Lei
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China.
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China.
| | - Meiping Zhang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China.
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Genetic Resources Development and Utilization, Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin, China.
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