1
|
de Oliveira Martins I, Marchini M, Maini L, Modena E. Polymorph Screening of Core-Chlorinated Naphthalene Diimides with Different Fluoroalkyl Side-Chain Lengths. Molecules 2024; 29:4376. [PMID: 39339371 PMCID: PMC11434339 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29184376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, naphthalenediimide (NDI) derivatives are widely studied for their semiconducting properties and the influence of the side-chain length on the crystal packing is reported, along with the thermal properties of three core-chlorinated NDIs with different fluoroalkyl side-chain lengths (CF3-NDI, C3F7-NDI and C4F9-NDI). The introduction of fluorinated substituents at the imide nitrogen and addition of strong electron-withdrawing groups at the NDI core are used to improve the NDI derivatives air stability. The new compound, CF3-NDI, was deeply analyzed and compared to the well-known C3F7-NDI and C4F9-NDI, leading to the discovery and solution of two different crystal phases, form α and solvate form, and a solid solution of CF3-NDI and CF3-NDI-OH, formed by the decomposition in DMSO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inês de Oliveira Martins
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
- PolyCrystalLine SPA, Via Della Cooperazione 29, 40059 Medicina, Italy;
| | - Marianna Marchini
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Lucia Maini
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Enrico Modena
- PolyCrystalLine SPA, Via Della Cooperazione 29, 40059 Medicina, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zambra M, Abbinante VM, García-Espejo G, Konidaris KF, Anzini P, Pipitone C, Giannici F, Scagliotti M, Rapisarda M, Mariucci L, Milita S, Guagliardi A, Masciocchi N. Polyfluorinated Naphthalene-bis-hydrazimide for Solution-Grown n-Type Semiconducting Films. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:43651-43663. [PMID: 38027374 PMCID: PMC10666217 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Naphthalene tetracarboxylic diimides (NDIs), possessing low-lying and tunable LUMO levels, are of wide interest for their aptitude to provide cost-effective, flexible, and environmentally stable n-type organic semiconductors through simple solution processing. NDI-based aromatic hydrazidimides are herein studied in relation to their chemical and environmental stability and as spin-coated stable thin films. In the case of the pentafluorinated residue, these were found to be crystalline, highly oriented, and molecularly flat (roughness = 0.3 nm), based on optical and atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction in specular and grazing incidence geometry, and X-ray reflectivity measurements. A new polymorph, previously undetected during the isolation of bulk powders or in their controlled thermal treatments, is found in the thin film and was metrically and structurally characterized from 2D GIWAXS patterns (monoclinic, P2/c, a = 17.50; b = 4.56; c = 14.24 Å; β = 84.8°). This new thin-film phase, TF-F5, is formed no matter whether silicon, glass, or polymethylmethacrylate substrates are used, thus opening the way to the preparation of solution-grown flexible semiconducting films. The TF-F5 films exhibit a systematic and rigorous molecular alignment with both orientation and packing favorable to electron mobility (μ = 0.02 cm2 V-1 s-1). Structural and morphological differences are deemed responsible for the absence of measurable conductivity in thin films of polyfluorinated analogues bearing -CF3 residues on the hydrazidimide aromatic rings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zambra
- Department
of Science and High Technology and To.Sca.Lab, University of Insubria and INSTM, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mirco Abbinante
- Department
of Science and High Technology and To.Sca.Lab, University of Insubria and INSTM, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Gonzalo García-Espejo
- Department
of Science and High Technology and To.Sca.Lab, University of Insubria and INSTM, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Konstantis F. Konidaris
- Department
of Science and High Technology and To.Sca.Lab, University of Insubria and INSTM, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Pietro Anzini
- Department
of Science and High Technology and To.Sca.Lab, University of Insubria and INSTM, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Candida Pipitone
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica “Emilio Segrè”, Università di Palermo, viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Giannici
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica “Emilio Segrè”, Università di Palermo, viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mattia Scagliotti
- Istituto
per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi - Consiglio Nazionale delle
Ricerche, via del Fosso
del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Matteo Rapisarda
- Istituto
per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi - Consiglio Nazionale delle
Ricerche, via del Fosso
del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Luigi Mariucci
- Istituto
per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi - Consiglio Nazionale delle
Ricerche, via del Fosso
del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Silvia Milita
- Istituto
per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonietta Guagliardi
- Istituto
di Cristallografia and To.Sca.Lab, Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Norberto Masciocchi
- Department
of Science and High Technology and To.Sca.Lab, University of Insubria and INSTM, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abbinante VM, Zambra M, García-Espejo G, Pipitone C, Giannici F, Milita S, Guagliardi A, Masciocchi N. Molecular Design and Crystal Chemistry of Polyfluorinated Naphthalene-bis-phenylhydrazimides with Superior Thermal and Polymorphic Stability and High Solution Processability. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203441. [PMID: 36477929 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Naphthalene tetracarboxylic diimides (NDIs) are highly promising air-stable n-type molecular semiconductor candidates for flexible and cost-effective organic solar cells and thermoelectrics. Nonetheless, thermal and polymorphic stabilities of environmentally stable NDIs in the low-to-medium temperature regime (<300 °C) remain challenging properties. Structural, thermal, spectroscopic, and computational features of polyfluorinated NDI-based molecular solids (with up to 14 F atoms per NDI molecule) are discussed upon increasing the fluorination level. Slip-stacked arrangement of the NDI cores with suitable π-π stacking and systematically short interplanar distances (<3.2 Å) are found. All these materials exhibit superior thermal stability (up to 260 °C or above) and thermal expansion coefficients indicating a response compatible with flexible polymeric substrates. Optical bandgaps increase from 2.78 to 2.93 eV with fluorination, while LUMO energy levels decrease down to -4.37 eV, as shown per DFT calculations. The compounds exhibit excellent solubility of 30 mg mL-1 in 1,4-dioxane and DMF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Mirco Abbinante
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia & To.Sca.Lab., INSTM Unit, Università dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Marco Zambra
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia & To.Sca.Lab., INSTM Unit, Università dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Gonzalo García-Espejo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia & To.Sca.Lab., INSTM Unit, Università dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Candida Pipitone
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica "Emilio Segrè", Università di Palermo, viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Giannici
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica "Emilio Segrè", Università di Palermo, viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Silvia Milita
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonietta Guagliardi
- Istituto di Cristallografia & To.Sca.Lab., INSTM Unit, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Valleggio 11, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Norberto Masciocchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia & To.Sca.Lab., INSTM Unit, Università dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100, Como, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Duan J, Ding J, Wang D, Zhu X, Chen J, Zhu G, Chen C, Yu Y, Liao H, Li Z, Di C, Yue W. Enhancing the Performance of N-Type Thermoelectric Devices via Tuning the Crystallinity of Small Molecule Semiconductors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204872. [PMID: 36437037 PMCID: PMC9875661 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In the development of high-performance organic thermoelectric devices, n-type materials, especially with small molecule semiconductors, lags far behind p-type materials. In this paper, three small molecules are synthesized based on electron-deficient naphthalene bis-isatin building blocks bearing different alkyl chains with the terminal functionalized with 3-ethylrhodanine unit and studied their aggregation and doping mechanism in detail. It is found that crystallinity plays an essential role in tuning the doping behavior of small molecules. Molecules with too strong crystallinity tend to aggregate with each other to form large crystalline domains, which cause significant performance degradation. While molecules with weak crystallinity can tolerate more dopants, most of them exhibit low mobility. By tuning the crystallinity carefully, organic thermoelectric devices based on C12NR can maintain high mobility and realize effective doping simultaneously, and a high power factor of 1.07 µW m-1 K-2 at 100 °C is realized. This delicate molecular design by modulating crystallinity provides a new avenue for realizing high-performance organic thermoelectric devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayao Duan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable DevicesSchool of Materials and EngineeringSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Jiamin Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Dongyang Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Xiuyuan Zhu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable DevicesSchool of Materials and EngineeringSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Junxin Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable DevicesSchool of Materials and EngineeringSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Genming Zhu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable DevicesSchool of Materials and EngineeringSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Chaoyue Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable DevicesSchool of Materials and EngineeringSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Yaping Yu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable DevicesSchool of Materials and EngineeringSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Hailiang Liao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable DevicesSchool of Materials and EngineeringSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Zhengke Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable DevicesSchool of Materials and EngineeringSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Chong‐an Di
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Organic SolidsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190P. R. China
| | - Wan Yue
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable DevicesSchool of Materials and EngineeringSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang X, Liu S, Ren C, Cao L, Zhang W, Wu T. Synthesis, Characterization, and Field-Effect Transistor Properties of Naphthalene Diimide-Based Conjugated Polymers with Fluorine-Containing Branched Side Chains. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuran Wang
- Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Information Marking Materials, Key Laboratory of Printing & Packaging Material and Technology, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, P. R. China
| | - Shengzhen Liu
- Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Information Marking Materials, Key Laboratory of Printing & Packaging Material and Technology, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, P. R. China
| | - Chunxing Ren
- Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Information Marking Materials, Key Laboratory of Printing & Packaging Material and Technology, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, P. R. China
| | - Long Cao
- Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Information Marking Materials, Key Laboratory of Printing & Packaging Material and Technology, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, P. R. China
| | - Weimin Zhang
- Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Information Marking Materials, Key Laboratory of Printing & Packaging Material and Technology, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, P. R. China
| | - Ti Wu
- Laboratory of Optoelectronic and Information Marking Materials, Key Laboratory of Printing & Packaging Material and Technology, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, Beijing 102600, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Madhu M, Ramakrishnan R, Vijay V, Hariharan M. Free Charge Carriers in Homo-Sorted π-Stacks of Donor-Acceptor Conjugates. Chem Rev 2021; 121:8234-8284. [PMID: 34133137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by the high photoconversion efficiency observed in natural light-harvesting systems, the hierarchical organization of molecular building blocks has gained impetus in the past few decades. Particularly, the molecular arrangement and packing in the active layer of organic solar cells (OSCs) have garnered significant attention due to the decisive role of the nature of donor/acceptor (D/A) heterojunctions in charge carrier generation and ultimately the power conversion efficiency. This review focuses on the recent developments in emergent optoelectronic properties exhibited by self-sorted donor-on-donor/acceptor-on-acceptor arrangement of covalently linked D-A systems, highlighting the ultrafast excited state dynamics of charge transfer and transport. Segregated organization of donors and acceptors promotes the delocalization of photoinduced charges among the stacks, engendering an enhanced charge separation lifetime and percolation pathways with ambipolar conductivity and charge carrier yield. Covalently linking donors and acceptors ensure a sufficient D-A interface and interchromophoric electronic coupling as required for faster charge separation while providing better control over their supramolecular assemblies. The design strategies to attain D-A conjugate assemblies with optimal charge carrier generation efficiency, the scope of their application compared to state-of-the-art OSCs, current challenges, and future opportunities are discussed in the review. An integrated overview of rational design approaches derived from the comprehension of underlying photoinduced processes can pave the way toward superior optoelectronic devices and bring in new possibilities to the avenue of functional supramolecular architectures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meera Madhu
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India 695551
| | - Remya Ramakrishnan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India 695551
| | - Vishnu Vijay
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India 695551
| | - Mahesh Hariharan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India 695551
| |
Collapse
|