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Zambra M, Abbinante VM, García-Espejo G, Konidaris KF, Anzini P, Pipitone C, Giannici F, Scagliotti M, Rapisarda M, Mariucci L, Milita S, Guagliardi A, Masciocchi N. Polyfluorinated Naphthalene-bis-hydrazimide for Solution-Grown n-Type Semiconducting Films. ACS Omega 2023; 8:43651-43663. [PMID: 38027374 PMCID: PMC10666217 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Naphthalene tetracarboxylic diimides (NDIs), possessing low-lying and tunable LUMO levels, are of wide interest for their aptitude to provide cost-effective, flexible, and environmentally stable n-type organic semiconductors through simple solution processing. NDI-based aromatic hydrazidimides are herein studied in relation to their chemical and environmental stability and as spin-coated stable thin films. In the case of the pentafluorinated residue, these were found to be crystalline, highly oriented, and molecularly flat (roughness = 0.3 nm), based on optical and atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction in specular and grazing incidence geometry, and X-ray reflectivity measurements. A new polymorph, previously undetected during the isolation of bulk powders or in their controlled thermal treatments, is found in the thin film and was metrically and structurally characterized from 2D GIWAXS patterns (monoclinic, P2/c, a = 17.50; b = 4.56; c = 14.24 Å; β = 84.8°). This new thin-film phase, TF-F5, is formed no matter whether silicon, glass, or polymethylmethacrylate substrates are used, thus opening the way to the preparation of solution-grown flexible semiconducting films. The TF-F5 films exhibit a systematic and rigorous molecular alignment with both orientation and packing favorable to electron mobility (μ = 0.02 cm2 V-1 s-1). Structural and morphological differences are deemed responsible for the absence of measurable conductivity in thin films of polyfluorinated analogues bearing -CF3 residues on the hydrazidimide aromatic rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zambra
- Department
of Science and High Technology and To.Sca.Lab, University of Insubria and INSTM, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mirco Abbinante
- Department
of Science and High Technology and To.Sca.Lab, University of Insubria and INSTM, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Gonzalo García-Espejo
- Department
of Science and High Technology and To.Sca.Lab, University of Insubria and INSTM, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Konstantis F. Konidaris
- Department
of Science and High Technology and To.Sca.Lab, University of Insubria and INSTM, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Pietro Anzini
- Department
of Science and High Technology and To.Sca.Lab, University of Insubria and INSTM, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Candida Pipitone
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica “Emilio Segrè”, Università di Palermo, viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Giannici
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica “Emilio Segrè”, Università di Palermo, viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Mattia Scagliotti
- Istituto
per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi - Consiglio Nazionale delle
Ricerche, via del Fosso
del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Matteo Rapisarda
- Istituto
per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi - Consiglio Nazionale delle
Ricerche, via del Fosso
del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Luigi Mariucci
- Istituto
per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi - Consiglio Nazionale delle
Ricerche, via del Fosso
del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Silvia Milita
- Istituto
per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonietta Guagliardi
- Istituto
di Cristallografia and To.Sca.Lab, Consiglio
Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Norberto Masciocchi
- Department
of Science and High Technology and To.Sca.Lab, University of Insubria and INSTM, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
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Konidaris KF, Zambra M, Giannici F, Guagliardi A, Masciocchi N. Forcing Twisted 1,7-Dibromoperylene Diimides to Flatten in the Solid State: What a Difference an Atom Makes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310445. [PMID: 37743252 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Perylene diimides (PDI) are workhorses in the field of organic electronics, owing to their appealing n-semiconducting properties. Optimization of their performances is widely pursued by bay-atom substitution and diverse imide functionalization. Bulk solids and thin-films of these species crystallize in a variety of stacking configurations, depending on the geometry of the stable conformation of the polyaromatic core. We here demonstrate that 1,7-dibromo-substituted perylene diimides, PDI(H2 Br2 ), possessing a heavily twisted conformation in the gas phase, in solution and in the solids, can be easily flattened in the solid state into centrosymmetric molecules if the polyaromatic cores form π-π stabilized chains. This is achieved by using axial residues with low stereochemical hindrance, as guaranteed by a single CH2 /NH spacer directly linked to the imide function. Structural powder diffraction and DFT calculations on four newly designed species of the PDI(H2 Br2 ) class coherently show that, thanks to the flexibility of the N-X-Ar link (X=CH2 /NH), flat cores are indeed obtained by overcoming the interconversion barrier between twisted atropoisomers, of only 26.5 kJ mol-1 . This strategy may then be useful to induce "anomalously flat" polyaromatic cores of different kinds (substituted acenes/rylenes) in the solid state, towards suitable crystal packing and orbital interactions for improved electronic performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantis F Konidaris
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia and To.Sca.Lab, University of Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Marco Zambra
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia and To.Sca.Lab, University of Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Francesco Giannici
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica "Emilio Segrè", Università di Palermo, viale delle Scienze, Ed.17, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonietta Guagliardi
- Institute of Crystallography and To.Sca.Lab, C.N.R., National Research Council, via Valleggio 11, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Norberto Masciocchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia and To.Sca.Lab, University of Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100, Como, Italy
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Zambra M, Ranđelović I, Talarico F, Borbély A, Svajda L, Tóvári J, Mező G, Bodero L, Colombo S, Arrigoni F, Fasola E, Gazzola S, Piarulli U. Optimizing the enzymatic release of MMAE from isoDGR-based small molecule drug conjugate by incorporation of a GPLG-PABC enzymatically cleavable linker. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1215694. [PMID: 37492088 PMCID: PMC10363981 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1215694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) and Small Molecule-Drug Conjugates (SMDCs) represent successful examples of targeted drug-delivery technologies for overcoming unwanted side effects of conventional chemotherapy in cancer treatment. In both strategies, a cytotoxic payload is connected to the tumor homing moiety through a linker that releases the drug inside or in proximity of the tumor cell, and that represents a key component for the final therapeutic effect of the conjugate. Here, we show that the replacement of the Val-Ala-p-aminobenzyloxycarbamate linker with the Gly-Pro-Leu-Gly-p-aminobenzyloxycarbamate (GPLG-PABC) sequence as enzymatically cleavable linker in the SMDC bearing the cyclo[DKP-isoDGR] αVβ3 integrin ligand as tumor homing moiety and the monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) as cytotoxic payload led to a 4-fold more potent anti-tumoral effect of the final conjugate on different cancer cell lines. In addition, the synthesized conjugate resulted to be significantly more potent than the free MMAE when tested following the "kiss-and-run" protocol, and the relative potency were clearly consistent with the expression of the αVβ3 integrin receptor in the considered cancer cell lines. In vitro enzymatic cleavage tests showed that the GPLG-PABC linker is cleaved by lysosomal enzymes, and that the released drug is observable already after 15 min of incubation. Although additional data are needed to fully characterize the releasing capacity of GPLG-PABC linker, our findings are of therapeutic significance since we are introducing an alternative to other well-established enzymatically sensitive peptide sequences that might be used in the future for generating more efficient and less toxic drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zambra
- Science and High Technology Department, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Ivan Ranđelović
- The National Tumor Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental Pharmacology, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Francesco Talarico
- Science and High Technology Department, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Adina Borbély
- MTA-ELTE Lendület Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Research Group and Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laura Svajda
- KINETO Lab Ltd., Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Pathological Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Tóvári
- The National Tumor Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental Pharmacology, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Mező
- ELKH-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lizeth Bodero
- Science and High Technology Department, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Sveva Colombo
- Science and High Technology Department, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
- Department of Chemistry Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Federico Arrigoni
- Science and High Technology Department, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Elettra Fasola
- Science and High Technology Department, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Silvia Gazzola
- Science and High Technology Department, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Umberto Piarulli
- Science and High Technology Department, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
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Abbinante VM, Zambra M, García-Espejo G, Pipitone C, Giannici F, Milita S, Guagliardi A, Masciocchi N. Molecular Design and Crystal Chemistry of Polyfluorinated Naphthalene-bis-phenylhydrazimides with Superior Thermal and Polymorphic Stability and High Solution Processability. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203441. [PMID: 36477929 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Naphthalene tetracarboxylic diimides (NDIs) are highly promising air-stable n-type molecular semiconductor candidates for flexible and cost-effective organic solar cells and thermoelectrics. Nonetheless, thermal and polymorphic stabilities of environmentally stable NDIs in the low-to-medium temperature regime (<300 °C) remain challenging properties. Structural, thermal, spectroscopic, and computational features of polyfluorinated NDI-based molecular solids (with up to 14 F atoms per NDI molecule) are discussed upon increasing the fluorination level. Slip-stacked arrangement of the NDI cores with suitable π-π stacking and systematically short interplanar distances (<3.2 Å) are found. All these materials exhibit superior thermal stability (up to 260 °C or above) and thermal expansion coefficients indicating a response compatible with flexible polymeric substrates. Optical bandgaps increase from 2.78 to 2.93 eV with fluorination, while LUMO energy levels decrease down to -4.37 eV, as shown per DFT calculations. The compounds exhibit excellent solubility of 30 mg mL-1 in 1,4-dioxane and DMF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Mirco Abbinante
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia & To.Sca.Lab., INSTM Unit, Università dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Marco Zambra
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia & To.Sca.Lab., INSTM Unit, Università dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Gonzalo García-Espejo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia & To.Sca.Lab., INSTM Unit, Università dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Candida Pipitone
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica "Emilio Segrè", Università di Palermo, viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Giannici
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica "Emilio Segrè", Università di Palermo, viale delle Scienze, Ed. 17, 90128, Palermo, Italy
| | - Silvia Milita
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonietta Guagliardi
- Istituto di Cristallografia & To.Sca.Lab., INSTM Unit, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Valleggio 11, 22100, Como, Italy
| | - Norberto Masciocchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia & To.Sca.Lab., INSTM Unit, Università dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100, Como, Italy
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Masciocchi N, Abbinante VM, Zambra M, Barreca G, Zampieri M. Thermal and Structural Characterization of Two Crystalline Polymorphs of Tafamidis Free Acid. Molecules 2022; 27:7411. [PMID: 36364244 PMCID: PMC9656987 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tafamidis, chemical formula C14H7Cl2NO3, is a drug used to delay disease progression in adults suffering from transthyretin amyloidosis, and is marketed worldwide under different tradenames as a free acid or in the form of its meglumine salt. The free acid (CAS no. 594839-88-0) is reported to crystallize as distinct (polymorphic) crystal forms, the thermal stability and structural features of which remained thus far undisclosed. In this paper, we present-by selectively isolating highly pure batches of Tafamidis Form 1 and Tafamidis Form 4-the full characterization of these solids, in terms of crystal structures (determined using state-of-the-art structural powder diffraction methods) and spectroscopic and thermal properties. Beyond conventional thermogravimetric and calorimetric analyses, variable-temperature X-ray diffraction was employed to measure the highly anisotropic response of these (poly)crystalline materials to thermal stimuli and enabled the determination of the linear and volumetric thermal expansion coefficients and of the related indicatrix. Both crystal phases are monoclinic and contain substantially flat and π-π stacked Tafamidis molecules, arranged as centrosymmetric dimers by strong O-H···O bonds; weaker C-H···N contacts give rise, in both polymorphs, to infinite ribbons, which guarantee the substantial stiffness of the crystals in the direction of their elongation. Complete knowledge of the structural models will foster the usage of full-pattern quantitative phase analyses of Tafamidis in drug and polymorphic mixtures, an important aspect in both the forensic and the industrial sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norberto Masciocchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia e To.Sca.Lab., Università dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | | | - Marco Zambra
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia e To.Sca.Lab., Università dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
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Romero-Barrientos J, Damián JM, Molina F, Zambra M, Aguilera P, López-Usquiano F, Parra B, Ruiz A. Calculation of kinetic parameters β and Λ with modified open source Monte Carlo code OpenMC(TD). Nuclear Engineering and Technology 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.net.2021.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Molina F, Aguilera P, Romero-Barrientos J, Arellano HF, Agramunt J, Medel J, Morales JR, Zambra M. Energy distribution of the neutron flux measurements at the Chilean Reactor RECH-1 using multi-foil neutron activation and the Expectation Maximization unfolding algorithm. Appl Radiat Isot 2017; 129:28-34. [PMID: 28802155 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We present a methodology to obtain the energy distribution of the neutron flux of an experimental nuclear reactor, using multi-foil activation measurements and the Expectation Maximization unfolding algorithm, which is presented as an alternative to well known unfolding methods such as GRAVEL. Self-shielding flux corrections for energy bin groups were obtained using MCNP6 Monte Carlo simulations. We have made studies at the at the Dry Tube of RECH-1 obtaining fluxes of 1.5(4)×1013cm-2s-1 for the thermal neutron energy region, 1.9(5)×1012cm-2s-1 for the epithermal neutron energy region, and 4.3(11)×1011cm-2s-1 for the fast neutron energy region.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Molina
- Comisión Chilena de Energía Nuclear, Nueva Bilbao 12501, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile.
| | - P Aguilera
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Física, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile; Comisión Chilena de Energía Nuclear, Nueva Bilbao 12501, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Romero-Barrientos
- Departamento de Física-FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Av. Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile; Comisión Chilena de Energía Nuclear, Nueva Bilbao 12501, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - H F Arellano
- Departamento de Física-FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Av. Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Agramunt
- Instituto de Física Corpuscular (IFIC), CSIC-Univ. Valencia, Apdo. 22085, E-46071 Valencia, Spain
| | - J Medel
- Comisión Chilena de Energía Nuclear, Nueva Bilbao 12501, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
| | - J R Morales
- Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Física, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Zambra
- Comisión Chilena de Energía Nuclear, Nueva Bilbao 12501, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Universidad Diego Portales, Manuel Rodríguez Sur 415, Santiago, Chile
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