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Oarga-Mulec A, Luin U, Valant M. Back to the future with emerging iron technologies. RSC Adv 2024; 14:20765-20779. [PMID: 38952947 PMCID: PMC11215752 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03565h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Here is a comprehensive overview of iron's potential in low-carbon energy technologies, exploring applications like metal fuel combustion, iron-based batteries, and energy-carrier cycles, as well as sustainable approaches for production and recycling with a focus on reducing environmental impact. Iron, with its abundance, safety, and electrochemical characteristics, is a promising material to contribute to a decarbonized future. This paper discusses the advancements and challenges in iron-based energy storage technologies and sustainable iron production methods. Various innovative approaches are explored as energy storage solutions based on iron, like advancements in thermochemical Fe-Cl cycles highlight the potential of iron chloride electrochemical cycles for long-term high-capacity energy storage technology. Additionally, the utilization of iron as a circular fuel in industrial processes demonstrates its potential in large-scale thermal energy generation. Sustainable iron production methods, such as electrolysis of iron chloride or oxide and deep eutectic solvent extraction, are investigated to reduce the carbon footprint in the iron and steel industry. These findings also show the importance of policy and technology improvements that are vital for the widespread use and recycling of iron-based tech, stressing the need for collaboration toward a sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Oarga-Mulec
- University of Nova Gorica, Materials Research Laboratory Vipavska 11c Ajdovscina 5270 Slovenia
| | - Uroš Luin
- University of Nova Gorica, Materials Research Laboratory Vipavska 11c Ajdovscina 5270 Slovenia
- Green Technology Center Erjavčeva ulica 2 Nova Gorica 5000 Slovenia
| | - Matjaz Valant
- University of Nova Gorica, Materials Research Laboratory Vipavska 11c Ajdovscina 5270 Slovenia
- Green Technology Center Erjavčeva ulica 2 Nova Gorica 5000 Slovenia
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Rana M, Alghamdi N, Peng X, Huang Y, Wang B, Wang L, Gentle IR, Hickey S, Luo B. Scientific issues of zinc-bromine flow batteries and mitigation strategies. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2023; 3:20220073. [PMID: 38264684 PMCID: PMC10742200 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20220073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Zinc-bromine flow batteries (ZBFBs) are promising candidates for the large-scale stationary energy storage application due to their inherent scalability and flexibility, low cost, green, and environmentally friendly characteristics. ZBFBs have been commercially available for several years in both grid scale and residential energy storage applications. Nevertheless, their continued development still presents challenges associated with electrodes, separators, electrolyte, as well as their operational chemistry. Therefore, rational design of these components in ZBFBs is of utmost importance to further improve the overall device performance. In this review, the focus is on the scientific understanding of the fundamental electrochemistry and functional components of ZBFBs, with an emphasis on the technical challenges of reaction chemistry, development of functional materials, and their application in ZBFBs. Current limitations of ZBFBs with future research directions in the development of high performance ZBFBs are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masud Rana
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN)The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Norah Alghamdi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN)The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesFaculty of ScienceThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceImam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU)RiyadhSaudi Arabia
| | - Xiyue Peng
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN)The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Yongxin Huang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN)The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Bin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and TechnologyBeijingP. R. China
| | - Lianzhou Wang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN)The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- School of Chemical EngineeringThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Ian R. Gentle
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BiosciencesFaculty of ScienceThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | | | - Bin Luo
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN)The University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
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Flack R, Aixalà-Perelló A, Pedico A, Saadi K, Lamberti A, Zitoun D. Permselectivity and Ionic Conductivity Study of Na + and Br - Ions in Graphene Oxide-Based Membranes for Redox Flow Batteries. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:695. [PMID: 37623756 PMCID: PMC10456580 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13080695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Permselectivity of a membrane is central for the development of electrochemical energy storage devices with two redox couples, such as redox flow batteries (RFBs). In RFBs, Br3-/Br- couple is often used as a catholyte which can cross over to the anolyte, limiting the battery's lifetime. Naturally, the development of permselective membranes is essential to the success of RFBs since state-of-the-art perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) is too costly. This study investigates membranes of graphene oxide (GO), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and imidazole (Im) as binder and linker, respectively. The GO membranes are compared to a standard PFSA membrane in terms of ionic conductivity (Na+) and permselectivity (exclusion of Br-). The ionic conduction is evaluated from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and the permselectivity from two-compartment diffusion cells in a four-electrode system. Our findings suggest that the GO membranes reach conductivity and permselectivity comparable with standard PFSA membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Flack
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 590002, Israel; (R.F.); (K.S.)
| | - Anna Aixalà-Perelló
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (A.A.-P.); (A.P.); (A.L.)
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Via Livorno 60, 10140 Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pedico
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (A.A.-P.); (A.P.); (A.L.)
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Via Livorno 60, 10140 Torino, Italy
| | - Kobby Saadi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 590002, Israel; (R.F.); (K.S.)
| | - Andrea Lamberti
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (A.A.-P.); (A.P.); (A.L.)
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Via Livorno 60, 10140 Torino, Italy
| | - David Zitoun
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA), Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 590002, Israel; (R.F.); (K.S.)
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Küttinger M, Loichet Torres PA, Meyer E, Fischer P. Properties of Bromine Fused Salts Based on Quaternary Ammonium Molecules and Their Relevance for Use in a Hydrogen Bromine Redox Flow Battery. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202103491. [PMID: 35107849 PMCID: PMC9304276 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bromine complexing agents (BCA) in aqueous electrolytes for hydrogen bromine flow batteries are used to reduce bromine‘s vapour pressure, while an insoluble and liquid fused salt is formed. The properties (concentrations, composition, conductivity and viscosity) of this fused salt are investigated in this study systematically ex situ by using 7 BCAs at different state of charge in HBr/Br2/H2O electrolytes with a theoretical capacity of 179.6 Ah L−1. Bromine is stored in the fused salt at concentrations up to 13.6 M, reaching theoretical volumetrical capacities up to 730 Ah L−1 in fused salts. The fused salt consists of a pure, bromine‐ and water‐free ionic liquid of organic [BCA]+ cations and polybromides, and its conductivity bases on a hopping mechanism among the polybromides. Alkyl side chain length of the BCAs and distribution of polybromides influence strongly the conductivity and viscosity of the fused salts. 1‐ethylpyridin‐1‐iumbromide results to be favoured BCA for application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Küttinger
- Applied Electrochemistry Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology ICT Joseph-von-Fraunhofer Straße 7 76327 Pfinztal Germany
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT Straße am Forum 8 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Paulette A. Loichet Torres
- Applied Electrochemistry Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology ICT Joseph-von-Fraunhofer Straße 7 76327 Pfinztal Germany
| | - Emeline Meyer
- Applied Electrochemistry Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology ICT Joseph-von-Fraunhofer Straße 7 76327 Pfinztal Germany
| | - Peter Fischer
- Applied Electrochemistry Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology ICT Joseph-von-Fraunhofer Straße 7 76327 Pfinztal Germany
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Liu Q, Meissel H, Sadykov I, Jones S, Van Dijk N, Rzepka P, Artiglia L, Ranocchiari M, Bokhoven JA. On the Stability of Pt‐Based Catalysts in HBr/Br
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Solution. Helv Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.202100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich Vladimir Prelog Weg 1 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Hubert Meissel
- TFP Hydrogen Products Ltd. Unit 5 & 6 Merchants Quay Pennygillam Industrial Estate UK-Launceston PL15 7QA United Kingdom
| | - Ilia Sadykov
- Operando spectroscopy group Paul Scherrer Institute CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Simon Jones
- TFP Hydrogen Products Ltd. Unit 5 & 6 Merchants Quay Pennygillam Industrial Estate UK-Launceston PL15 7QA United Kingdom
| | - Nick Van Dijk
- TFP Hydrogen Products Ltd. Unit 5 & 6 Merchants Quay Pennygillam Industrial Estate UK-Launceston PL15 7QA United Kingdom
| | - Przemyslaw Rzepka
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich Vladimir Prelog Weg 1 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Luca Artiglia
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Marco Ranocchiari
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Jeroen A. Bokhoven
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich Vladimir Prelog Weg 1 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
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Küttinger M, Loichet Torres PA, Meyer E, Fischer P, Tübke J. Systematic Study of Quaternary Ammonium Cations for Bromine Sequestering Application in High Energy Density Electrolytes for Hydrogen Bromine Redox Flow Batteries. Molecules 2021; 26:2721. [PMID: 34066418 PMCID: PMC8124678 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromine complexing agents (BCAs) are used to reduce the vapor pressure of bromine in the aqueous electrolytes of bromine flow batteries. BCAs bind hazardous, volatile bromine by forming a second, heavy liquid fused salt. The properties of BCAs in a strongly acidic bromine electrolyte are largely unexplored. A total of 38 different quaternary ammonium halides are investigated ex situ regarding their properties and applicability in bromine electrolytes as BCAs. The focus is on the development of safe and performant HBr/Br2/H2O electrolytes with a theoretical capacity of 180 Ah L-1 for hydrogen bromine redox flow batteries (H2/Br2-RFB). Stable liquid fused salts, moderate bromine complexation, large conductivities and large redox potentials in the aqueous phase of the electrolytes are investigated in order to determine the most applicable BCA for this kind of electrolyte. A detailed study on the properties of BCA cations in these parameters is provided for the first time, as well as for electrolyte mixtures at different states of charge of the electrolyte. 1-ethylpyridin-1-ium bromide [C2Py]Br is selected from 38 BCAs based on its properties as a BCA that should be focused on for application in electrolytes for H2/Br2-RFB in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Küttinger
- Applied Electrochemistry, Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer Straße 7, D-76327 Pfinztal, Germany; (M.K.); (P.A.L.T.); (E.M.); (J.T.)
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, Straße am Forum 8, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Paulette A. Loichet Torres
- Applied Electrochemistry, Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer Straße 7, D-76327 Pfinztal, Germany; (M.K.); (P.A.L.T.); (E.M.); (J.T.)
| | - Emeline Meyer
- Applied Electrochemistry, Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer Straße 7, D-76327 Pfinztal, Germany; (M.K.); (P.A.L.T.); (E.M.); (J.T.)
| | - Peter Fischer
- Applied Electrochemistry, Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer Straße 7, D-76327 Pfinztal, Germany; (M.K.); (P.A.L.T.); (E.M.); (J.T.)
| | - Jens Tübke
- Applied Electrochemistry, Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer Straße 7, D-76327 Pfinztal, Germany; (M.K.); (P.A.L.T.); (E.M.); (J.T.)
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, Straße am Forum 8, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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