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Bibha K, Akhigbe TM, Hamed MA, Akhigbe RE. Metabolic Derangement by Arsenic: a Review of the Mechanisms. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:1972-1982. [PMID: 37670201 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03828-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies have implicated arsenic exposure in various pathological conditions, including metabolic disorders, which have become a global phenomenon, affecting developed, developing, and under-developed nations. Despite the huge risks associated with arsenic exposure, humans remain constantly exposed to it, especially through the consumption of contaminated water and food. This present study provides an in-depth insight into the mechanistic pathways involved in the metabolic derangement by arsenic. Compelling pieces of evidence demonstrate that arsenic induces metabolic disorders via multiple pathways. Apart from the initiation of oxidative stress and inflammation, arsenic prevents the phosphorylation of Akt at Ser473 and Thr308, leading to the inhibition of PDK-1/Akt insulin signaling, thereby reducing GLUT4 translocation through the activation of Nrf2. Also, arsenic downregulates mitochondrial deacetylase Sirt3, decreasing the ability of its associated transcription factor, FOXO3a, to bind to the agents that support the genes for manganese superoxide dismutase and PPARg co-activator (PGC)-1a. In addition, arsenic activates MAPKs, modulates p53/ Bcl-2 signaling, suppresses Mdm-2 and PARP, activates NLRP3 inflammasome and caspase-mediated apoptosis, and induces ER stress, and ox-mtDNA-dependent mitophagy and autophagy. More so, arsenic alters lipid metabolism by decreasing the presence of 3-hydroxy-e-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 1 and carnitine O-octanoyl transferase (Crot) and increasing the presence of fatty acid-binding protein-3 mRNA. Furthermore, arsenic promotes atherosclerosis by inducing endothelial damage. This cascade of pathophysiological events promotes metabolic derangement. Although the pieces of evidence provided by this study are convincing, future studies evaluating the involvement of other likely mechanisms are important. Also, epidemiological studies might be necessary for the translation of most of the findings in animal models to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bibha
- Department of Zoology, Magadh Mahila College, Patna University, Patna, India
| | - T M Akhigbe
- Breeding and Plant Genetics Unit, Department of Agronomy, Osun State University, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
- Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - M A Hamed
- Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
- The Brainwill Laboratory, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - R E Akhigbe
- Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratory, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria.
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria.
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Ostermeyer P, Bonin L, Leon-Fernandez LF, Dominguez-Benetton X, Hennebel T, Rabaey K. Electrified bioreactors: the next power-up for biometallurgical wastewater treatment. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 15:755-772. [PMID: 34927376 PMCID: PMC8913880 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, biological treatment of metallurgical wastewaters has become commonplace. Passive systems require intensive land use due to their slow treatment rates, do not recover embedded resources and are poorly controllable. Active systems however require the addition of chemicals, increasing operational costs and possibly negatively affecting safety and the environment. Electrification of biological systems can reduce the use of chemicals, operational costs, surface footprint and environmental impact when compared to passive and active technologies whilst increasing the recovery of resources and the extraction of products. Electrification of low rate applications has resulted in the development of bioelectrochemical systems (BES), but electrification of high rate systems has been lagging behind due to the limited mass transfer, electron transfer and biomass density in BES. We postulate that for high rate applications, the electrification of bioreactors, for example, through the use of electrolyzers, may herald a new generation of electrified biological systems (EBS). In this review, we evaluate the latest trends in the field of biometallurgical and microbial‐electrochemical wastewater treatment and discuss the advantages and challenges of these existing treatment technologies. We advocate for future research to focus on the development of electrified bioreactors, exploring the boundaries and limitations of these systems, and their validity upon treating industrial wastewaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Ostermeyer
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Center of Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium.,CAPTURE, Frieda Saeysstraat 1, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Luiza Bonin
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Center of Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium.,CAPTURE, Frieda Saeysstraat 1, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Luis Fernando Leon-Fernandez
- Separation and Conversion Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, Mol, 2400, Belgium
| | - Xochitl Dominguez-Benetton
- Separation and Conversion Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, Mol, 2400, Belgium
| | - Tom Hennebel
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Center of Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium.,Group Research and Development, Competence Area Recycling and Extraction Technologies, Umicore, Watertorenstraat 33, Olen, B-2250, Belgium
| | - Korneel Rabaey
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Center of Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, Ghent, B-9000, Belgium.,CAPTURE, Frieda Saeysstraat 1, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
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