1
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Szczepaniak G, Kapil K, Adida S, Kim K, Lin TC, Yilmaz G, Murata H, Matyjaszewski K. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Well-Defined Multiblock Copolymers by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:22247-22256. [PMID: 39079042 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Solid-phase polymer synthesis, historically rooted in peptide synthesis, has evolved into a powerful method for achieving sequence-controlled macromolecules. This study explores solid-phase polymer synthesis by covalently immobilizing growing polymer chains onto a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based resin, known as ChemMatrix (CM) resin. In contrast to traditional hydrophobic supports, CM resin's amphiphilic properties enable swelling in both polar and nonpolar solvents, simplifying filtration, washing, and drying processes. Combining atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) with solid-phase techniques allowed for the grafting of well-defined block copolymers in high yields. This approach is attractive for sequence-controlled polymer synthesis, successfully synthesizing di-, tri-, tetra-, and penta-block copolymers with excellent control over the molecular weight and dispersity. The study also delves into the limitations of achieving high molecular weights due to confinement within resin pores. Moreover, the versatility of the method is demonstrated through its applicability to various monomers in organic and aqueous media. This straightforward approach offers a rapid route to developing tailored block copolymers with unique structures and functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kriti Kapil
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Samuel Adida
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Khidong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Ting-Chih Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Gorkem Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hironobu Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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2
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Kapil K, Jazani AM, Sobieski J, Madureira LP, Szczepaniak G, Martinez MR, Gorczyński A, Murata H, Kowalewski T, Matyjaszewski K. Hydrophilic Poly(meth)acrylates by Controlled Radical Branching Polymerization: Hyperbranching and Fragmentation. Macromolecules 2024; 57:5368-5379. [PMID: 38882197 PMCID: PMC11171460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.4c00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Topology significantly impacts polymer properties and applications. Hyperbranched polymers (HBPs) synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using inimers typically exhibit broad molecular weight distributions and limited control over branching. Alternatively, copolymerization of inibramers (IB), such as α-chloro/bromo acrylates with vinyl monomers, yields HBPs with precise and uniform branching. Herein, we described the synthesis of hydrophilic HB polyacrylates in water by copolymerizing a water-soluble IB, oligo(ethylene oxide) methyl ether 2-bromoacrylate (OEOBA), with various hydrophilic acrylate comonomers. Visible-light-mediated controlled radical branching polymerization (CRBP) with dual catalysis using eosin Y (EY) and copper complexes resulted in HBPs with various molecular weights (M n = 38 000 to 170 000) and degrees of branching (2%-24%). Furthermore, the optimized conditions enabled the successful application of the OEOBA to synthesize linear-hyperbranched block copolymers and hyperbranched polymer protein hybrids (HB-PPH), demonstrating its potential to advance the synthesis of complex macromolecular architecture under environmentally benign conditions. Copolymerization of hydrophilic methacrylate monomer, oligo(ethylene oxide) methyl ether methacrylate (OEOMA500), and inibramer OEOBA was accompanied by fragmentation via β-carbon C-C bond scission and subsequent growth of polymer chains from the fragments. Furthermore, computational studies investigating the fragmentation depending on the IB and comonomer structure supported the experimental observations. This work expands the toolkit of water-soluble inibramers for CRBP and highlights the critical influence of the inibramer structure on reaction outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Kapil
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Arman Moini Jazani
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Julian Sobieski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Leticia P Madureira
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Michael R Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- PPG Industries, Inc., 4325 Rosanna Drive, Allison Park, Pennysylvania 15101, United States
| | - Adam Gorczyński
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Hironobu Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Tomasz Kowalewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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3
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Hu X, Szczepaniak G, Lewandowska-Andralojc A, Jeong J, Li B, Murata H, Yin R, Jazani AM, Das SR, Matyjaszewski K. Red-Light-Driven Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization for High-Throughput Polymer Synthesis in Open Air. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:24315-24327. [PMID: 37878520 PMCID: PMC10636753 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (photo-RDRP) techniques offer exceptional control over polymerization, providing access to well-defined polymers and hybrid materials with complex architectures. However, most photo-RDRP methods rely on UV/visible light or photoredox catalysts (PCs), which require complex multistep synthesis. Herein, we present the first example of fully oxygen-tolerant red/NIR-light-mediated photoinduced atom transfer radical polymerization (photo-ATRP) in a high-throughput manner under biologically relevant conditions. The method uses commercially available methylene blue (MB+) as the PC and [X-CuII/TPMA]+ (TPMA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) complex as the deactivator. The mechanistic study revealed that MB+ undergoes a reductive quenching cycle in the presence of the TPMA ligand used in excess. The formed semireduced MB (MB•) sustains polymerization by regenerating the [CuI/TPMA]+ activator and together with [X-CuII/TPMA]+ provides control over the polymerization. This dual catalytic system exhibited excellent oxygen tolerance, enabling polymerizations with high monomer conversions (>90%) in less than 60 min at low volumes (50-250 μL) and high-throughput synthesis of a library of well-defined polymers and DNA-polymer bioconjugates with narrow molecular weight distributions (Đ < 1.30) in an open-air 96-well plate. In addition, the broad absorption spectrum of MB+ allowed ATRP to be triggered under UV to NIR irradiation (395-730 nm). This opens avenues for the integration of orthogonal photoinduced reactions. Finally, the MB+/Cu catalysis showed good biocompatibility during polymerization in the presence of cells, which expands the potential applications of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Lewandowska-Andralojc
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
- Center
for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz
University, Uniwersytetu
Poznanskiego 10, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jaepil Jeong
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Center
for Nucleic Acids Science & Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Bingda Li
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hironobu Murata
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Rongguan Yin
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Arman Moini Jazani
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Subha R. Das
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Center
for Nucleic Acids Science & Technology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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4
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Mohammadpour P, Safaei E, Mazarei E, Zeinalipour-Yazdi CD. TEMPO and a co-reductant mediated aerobic epoxidation of olefins using a new magnetically recoverable iron(III) bis(phenol)diamine complex: experimental and computational studies. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:26588-26603. [PMID: 37753780 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02254d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
A magnetically recoverable catalyst of an iron(III) bis(phenol) diamine complex immobilized onto amine functionalized silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles has been synthesized. The catalyst was characterized using FESEM, TEM and XRD which confirmed the nano structure of the catalyst. The physicochemical techniques of ICP, FT-IR, XPS, EDS and TGA proved the loading of the ligand and metal complex on silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles. Using the prepared heterogeneous catalyst, aerobic epoxidation reactions of different alkenes have been investigated in the presence of SO32- as a reducing agent. Moreover, using TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy) to discover the mechanism of the aerobic epoxidation of olefins, a new TEMPO-assisted route has been explored. Both of the reaction pathways led to a moderate to high percentage yield of epoxides in water at room temperature. For further understanding mechanistic aspects, density functional theory (DFT) computational studies have been performed. The DFT calculations confirm the suggested mechanism for the title reaction and show the electron density in the vicinity of Fe(II) in the presence of TEMPO as a co-catalyst was more than that in the presence of SO32-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Mohammadpour
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 7194684795, Iran.
| | - Elham Safaei
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 7194684795, Iran.
| | - Elham Mazarei
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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5
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Kapil K, Xu S, Lee I, Murata H, Kwon SJ, Dordick JS, Matyjaszewski K. Highly Sensitive Detection of Bacteria by Binder-Coupled Multifunctional Polymeric Dyes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2723. [PMID: 37376368 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by pathogens are a health burden, but traditional pathogen identification methods are complex and time-consuming. In this work, we have developed well-defined, multifunctional copolymers with rhodamine B dye synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using fully oxygen-tolerant photoredox/copper dual catalysis. ATRP enabled the efficient synthesis of copolymers with multiple fluorescent dyes from a biotin-functionalized initiator. Biotinylated dye copolymers were conjugated to antibody (Ab) or cell-wall binding domain (CBD), resulting in a highly fluorescent polymeric dye-binder complex. We showed that the unique combination of multifunctional polymeric dyes and strain-specific Ab or CBD exhibited both enhanced fluorescence and target selectivity for bioimaging of Staphylococcus aureus by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. The ATRP-derived polymeric dyes have the potential as biosensors for the detection of target DNA, protein, or bacteria, as well as bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kriti Kapil
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Shirley Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Inseon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Hironobu Murata
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Seok-Joon Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Jonathan S Dordick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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6
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Kapil K, Jazani AM, Szczepaniak G, Murata H, Olszewski M, Matyjaszewski K. Fully Oxygen-Tolerant Visible-Light-Induced ATRP of Acrylates in Water: Toward Synthesis of Protein-Polymer Hybrids. Macromolecules 2023; 56:2017-2026. [PMID: 36938511 PMCID: PMC10019465 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, photoinduced ATRP techniques have been developed to harness the energy of light to generate radicals. Most of these methods require the use of UV light to initiate polymerization. However, UV light has several disadvantages: it can degrade proteins, damage DNA, cause undesirable side reactions, and has low penetration depth in reaction media. Recently, we demonstrated green-light-induced ATRP with dual catalysis, where eosin Y (EYH2) was used as an organic photoredox catalyst in conjunction with a copper complex. This dual catalysis proved to be highly efficient, allowing rapid and well-controlled aqueous polymerization of oligo(ethylene oxide) methyl ether methacrylate without the need for deoxygenation. Herein, we expanded this system to synthesize polyacrylates under biologically relevant conditions using CuII/Me6TREN (Me6TREN = tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine) and EYH2 at ppm levels. Water-soluble oligo(ethylene oxide) methyl ether acrylate (average M n = 480, OEOA480) was polymerized in open reaction vessels under green light irradiation (520 nm). Despite continuous oxygen diffusion, high monomer conversions were achieved within 40 min, yielding polymers with narrow molecular weight distributions (1.17 ≤ D̵ ≤ 1.23) for a wide targeted DP range (50-800). In situ chain extension and block copolymerization confirmed the preserved chain end functionality. In addition, polymerization was triggered/halted by turning on/off a green light, showing temporal control. The optimized conditions also enabled controlled polymerization of various hydrophilic acrylate monomers, such as 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-(methylsulfinyl)ethyl acrylate), and zwitterionic carboxy betaine acrylate. Notably, the method allowed the synthesis of well-defined acrylate-based protein-polymer hybrids using a straightforward reaction setup without rigorous deoxygenation.
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7
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Nonthermal Food Processing: A Step Towards a Circular Economy to Meet the Sustainable Development Goals. Food Chem X 2022; 16:100516. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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8
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Chandra P. A Review on the Consequence of 3D-Orienation of Cu/TEMPO/Imidazole Sequence on Selective Alcohol Oxidation. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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9
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Lai T, Wang J, Xiong W, Wang H, Yang M, Li T, Kong X, Zou X, Zhao Y, O'Hare D, Song YF. Photocatalytic CO2 reduction and environmental remediation using mineralization of toxic metal cations products. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Lorandi F, Fantin M, Matyjaszewski K. Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: A Mechanistic Perspective. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15413-15430. [PMID: 35882005 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Since its inception, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has seen continuous evolution in terms of the design of the catalyst and reaction conditions; today, it is one of the most useful techniques to prepare well-defined polymers as well as one of the most notable examples of catalysis in polymer chemistry. This Perspective highlights fundamental advances in the design of ATRP reactions and catalysts, focusing on the crucial role that mechanistic studies play in understanding, rationalizing, and predicting polymerization outcomes. A critical summary of traditional ATRP systems is provided first; we then focus on the most recent developments to improve catalyst selectivity, control polymerizations via external stimuli, and employ new photochemical or dual catalytic systems with an outlook to future research directions and open challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Lorandi
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States.,Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Fantin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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11
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Yin R, Chmielarz P, Zaborniak I, Zhao Y, Szczepaniak G, Wang Z, Liu T, Wang Y, Sun M, Wu H, Tarnsangpradit J, Bockstaller MR, Matyjaszewski K. Miniemulsion SI-ATRP by Interfacial and Ion-Pair Catalysis for the Synthesis of Nanoparticle Brushes. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongguan Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Paweł Chmielarz
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Al. Powstańców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Izabela Zaborniak
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Al. Powstańców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Yuqi Zhao
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Zongyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Mingkang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hanshu Wu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jirameth Tarnsangpradit
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Michael R. Bockstaller
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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12
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Dworakowska S, Lorandi F, Gorczyński A, Matyjaszewski K. Toward Green Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: Current Status and Future Challenges. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2106076. [PMID: 35175001 PMCID: PMC9259732 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202106076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Reversible-deactivation radical polymerizations (RDRPs) have revolutionized synthetic polymer chemistry. Nowadays, RDRPs facilitate design and preparation of materials with controlled architecture, composition, and functionality. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has evolved beyond traditional polymer field, enabling synthesis of organic-inorganic hybrids, bioconjugates, advanced polymers for electronics, energy, and environmentally relevant polymeric materials for broad applications in various fields. This review focuses on the relation between ATRP technology and the 12 principles of green chemistry, which are paramount guidelines in sustainable research and implementation. The green features of ATRP are presented, discussing the environmental and/or health issues and the challenges that remain to be overcome. Key discoveries and recent developments in green ATRP are highlighted, while providing a perspective for future opportunities in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Dworakowska
- Department of ChemistryCarnegie Mellon University4400 Fifth AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyCracow University of TechnologyWarszawska 24Cracow31‐155Poland
| | - Francesca Lorandi
- Department of ChemistryCarnegie Mellon University4400 Fifth AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
- Department of Industrial EngineeringUniversity of Padovavia Marzolo 9Padova35131Italy
| | - Adam Gorczyński
- Department of ChemistryCarnegie Mellon University4400 Fifth AvenuePittsburghPA15213USA
- Faculty of ChemistryAdam Mickiewicz UniversityUniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8Poznań61‐614Poland
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13
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Zheng D, Bai R, Li M, Gu Y. MOF‐Supported Copper Complex‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Unsymmetrical 1,3‐Diynes Without External Additives. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deng‐Yue Zheng
- Key laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Rongxian Bai
- Key laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Minghao Li
- Key laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
| | - Yanlong Gu
- Key laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage Ministry of Education Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shihezi University Shihezi Xinjiang 832003 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics Lanzhou 730000 P. R. China
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14
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Patrzałek M, Zieliński A, Pasparakis G, Vamvakaki M, Ruszczyńska A, Bulska E, Kajetanowicz A, Grela K. Testing Diverse Strategies for Ruthenium Catalyst Removal After Aqueous Homogeneous Olefin Metathesis. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Toh RW, Patrzałek M, Nienałtowski T, Piątkowski J, Kajetanowicz A, Wu J, Grela K. Olefin Metathesis in Continuous Flow Reactor Employing Polar Ruthenium Catalyst and Soluble Metal Scavenger for Instant Purification of Products of Pharmaceutical Interest. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2021; 9:16450-16458. [PMID: 34900446 PMCID: PMC8655794 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c06522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the development of continuous-flow reactors has attracted growing attention from the synthetic community. Moreover, findings in the precise control of the reaction parameters and improved mass/heat transfer have made the flow setup an attractive alternative to batch reactors, both in academia and industry, enabling safe and easy scaling-up of synthetic processes. Even though a majority of the pharmaceutical industry currently rely on batch reactors or semibatch reactors, many are integrating flow technology because of easier maintenance and lower risks. Herein, we demonstrate an operationally simple flow setup for homogeneous ring-closing metathesis, which is applicable to the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients precursors or analogues with high efficiency, low residence time, and in a green solvent. Furthermore, through the addition of a soluble metal scavenger in the subsequent step within the flow system, the level of ruthenium contamination in the final product can be greatly reduced (to less than 5 ppm). To ensure that this method is applicable for industrial usage, an upscale process including a 24 h continuous-flow reaction for more than 60 g of a Sildenafil analogue was achieved in a continuous-flow fashion by adjusting the tubing size and flow rate accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Wei Toh
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Michał Patrzałek
- Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Nienałtowski
- Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
- Pharmaceutical
Works Polpharma SA, Pelplińska
19, 83-200 Starogard
Gdański, Poland
| | - Jakub Piątkowski
- Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kajetanowicz
- Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
- Email for A.K.:
| | - Jie Wu
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Email for J.W.:
| | - Karol Grela
- Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
- Email for K.G.:
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16
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Monsigny L, Piątkowski J, Trzybiński D, Woźniak K, Nienałtowski T, Kajetanowicz A, Grela K. Activated Hoveyda‐Grubbs Olefin Metathesis Catalysts Derived from a Large Scale Produced Pharmaceutical Intermediate – Sildenafil Aldehyde. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louis Monsigny
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury Street 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Jakub Piątkowski
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury Street 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Damian Trzybiński
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury Street 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Krzysztof Woźniak
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury Street 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Tomasz Nienałtowski
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury Street 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
- Polpharma SA Pharmaceutical Works Pelplińska 19 83-200 Starogard Gdański Poland
| | - Anna Kajetanowicz
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury Street 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Karol Grela
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury Street 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
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17
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Tandem Olefin Metathesis/α-Ketohydroxylation Revisited. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11060719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
EWG-activated and polar quaternary ammonium salt-tagged ruthenium metathesis catalysts have been applied in a two-step one-pot metathesis-oxidation process leading to functionalized α-hydroxyketones (acyloins). In this assisted tandem process, the metathesis catalyst is used first to promote ring-closing metathesis (RCM) and cross-metathesis (CM) steps, then upon the action of Oxone™ converts into an oxidation catalyst able to transform the newly formed olefinic product into acyloin under mild conditions.
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18
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Lagerspets E, Valbonetti E, Eronen A, Repo T. A new catalytic approach for aerobic oxidation of primary alcohols based on a Copper(I)-thiophene carbaldimines. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2021.111637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Martinez MR, Dadashi-Silab S, Lorandi F, Zhao Y, Matyjaszewski K. Depolymerization of P(PDMS 11MA) Bottlebrushes via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization with Activator Regeneration. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sajjad Dadashi-Silab
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Francesca Lorandi
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Yuqi Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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20
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Grudzień K, Nogaś W, Szczepaniak G, Grela K. Larger scale Stahl oxidation with instant Cu removal in convenient synthesis of chiral bidentate N–heterocyclic carbene precursor. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Szczepaniak G, Fu L, Jafari H, Kapil K, Matyjaszewski K. Making ATRP More Practical: Oxygen Tolerance. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1779-1790. [PMID: 33751886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is a well-known technique for the controlled polymerization of vinyl monomers under mild conditions. However, as with any other radical polymerization, ATRP typically requires rigorous oxygen exclusion, making it time-consuming and challenging to use by nonexperts. In this Account, we discuss various approaches to achieving oxygen tolerance in ATRP, presenting the overall progress in the field.Copper-mediated ATRP, which we first discovered in the late 1990s, uses a CuI/L activator that reversibly reacts with the dormant C(sp3)-X polymer chain end, forming a X-CuII/L deactivator and a propagating radical. Oxygen interferes with activation and chain propagation by quenching the radicals and oxidizing the activator. At ATRP equilibrium, the activator is present at a much higher concentration than the propagating radicals. Thus, oxidation of the activator is the dominant inhibition pathway. In conventional ATRP, this reaction is irreversible, so oxygen must be strictly excluded to achieve good results.Over the last two decades, our group has developed several ATRP techniques based on the concept of regenerating the activator. When the oxidized activator is continuously converted back to its active reduced form, then the catalytic system itself can act as an oxygen scavenger. Regeneration can be accomplished by reducing agents and photo-, electro-, and mechanochemical stimuli. This family of methods offers a degree of oxygen tolerance, but most of them can tolerate only a limited amount of oxygen and do not allow polymerization in an open vessel.More recently, we discovered that enzymes can be used in auxiliary catalytic systems that directly deoxygenate the reaction medium and protect the polymerization process. We developed a method that uses glucose oxidase (GOx), glucose, and sodium pyruvate to very effectively scavenge oxygen and enable open-vessel ATRP. By adding a second enzyme, horseradish peroxidase (HPR), we managed to extend the role of the auxiliary enzymatic system to generating carbon-based radicals and changed ATRP from an oxygen-sensitive to an oxygen-fueled reaction.While performing control experiments for the enzymatic methods, we noticed that using sodium pyruvate under UV irradiation triggers polymerization without the presence of GOx. This serendipitous discovery allowed us to develop the first oxygen-proof, small-molecule-based, photoinduced ATRP system. It has oxygen tolerance similar to that of the enzymatic methods, exhibits superior compatibility with both aqueous media and organic solvents, and avoids problems associated with purifying polymers from enzymes. The system was able to rapidly polymerize N-isopropylacrylamide, a challenging monomer, with a high degree of control.These contributions have substantially simplified the use of ATRP, making it more practical and accessible to everyone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Szczepaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Liye Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Hossein Jafari
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Kriti Kapil
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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22
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Yin R, Wang Z, Bockstaller MR, Matyjaszewski K. Tuning dispersity of linear polymers and polymeric brushes grown from nanoparticles by atom transfer radical polymerization. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01178b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular weight distribution imposes considerable influence on the properties of polymers, making it an important parameter, impacting morphology and structural behavior of polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongguan Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Zongyu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Michael R. Bockstaller
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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23
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Nienałtowski T, Szczepanik P, Małecki P, Czajkowska‐Szczykowska D, Czarnocki S, Pawłowska J, Kajetanowicz A, Grela K. Large‐Scale Synthesis of a Niche Olefin Metathesis Catalyst Bearing an Unsymmetrical N‐Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Ligand and its Application in a Green Pharmaceutical Context. Chemistry 2020; 26:15708-15717. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Nienałtowski
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
- Polpharma SA Pharmaceutical Works Pelplinska 19 83-200 Starogard Gdanski Poland
| | - Paweł Szczepanik
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Paweł Małecki
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Dorota Czajkowska‐Szczykowska
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | | | - Jolanta Pawłowska
- Polpharma SA Pharmaceutical Works Pelplinska 19 83-200 Starogard Gdanski Poland
| | - Anna Kajetanowicz
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
| | - Karol Grela
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Żwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw Poland
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