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Klein RA, Bingel LW, Halder A, Carter M, Trump BA, Bloch ED, Zhou W, Walton KS, Brown CM, McGuirk CM. Adaptive Pore Opening to Form Tailored Adsorption Sites in a Cooperatively Flexible Framework Enables Record Inverse Propane/Propylene Separation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:21955-21965. [PMID: 37772785 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
A proposed low-energy alternative to the separation of alkanes from alkenes by energy-intensive cryogenic distillation is separation by porous adsorbents. Unfortunately, most adsorbents preferentially take up the desired, high-value major component alkene, requiring frequent regeneration. Adsorbents with inverse selectivity for the minor component alkane would enable the direct production of purified, reagent-grade alkene, greatly reducing global energy consumption. However, such materials are exceedingly rare, especially for propane/propylene separation. Here, we report that through adaptive and spontaneous pore size and shape adaptation to optimize an ensemble of weak noncovalent interactions, the structurally responsive metal-organic framework CdIF-13 (sod-Cd(benzimidazolate)2) exhibits inverse selectivity for propane over propylene with record-setting separation performance under industrially relevant temperature, pressure, and mixture conditions. Powder synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements combined with first-principles calculations yield atomic-scale insight and reveal the induced fit mechanism of adsorbate-specific pore adaptation and ensemble interactions between ligands and adsorbates. Dynamic column breakthrough measurements confirm that CdIF-13 displays selectivity under mixed-component conditions of varying ratios, with a record measured selectivity factor of α ≈ 3 at 95:5 propylene:propane at 298 K and 1 bar. When sequenced with a low-cost rigid adsorbent, we demonstrated the direct purification of propylene under ambient conditions. This combined atomic-level structural characterization and performance testing firmly establishes how cooperatively flexible materials can be capable of unprecedented separation factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Klein
- Materials, Chemical, and Computational Sciences, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Lukas W Bingel
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Arijit Halder
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Marcus Carter
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Benjamin A Trump
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Eric D Bloch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware,Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Wei Zhou
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Krista S Walton
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Craig M Brown
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - C Michael McGuirk
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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2
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Mitsumoto K, Takae K. Elastic heterogeneity governs asymmetric adsorption-desorption in a soft porous crystal. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302561120. [PMID: 37467270 PMCID: PMC10372644 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302561120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which possess a high degree of crystallinity and a large surface area with tunable inorganic nodes and organic linkers, exhibit high stimuli-responsiveness and molecular adsorption selectivity that enable various applications. The adsorption in MOFs changes the crystalline structure and elastic moduli. Thus, the coexistence of adsorbed/desorbed sites makes the host matrices elastically heterogeneous. However, the role of elastic heterogeneity in the adsorption-desorption transition has been overlooked. Here, we show the asymmetric role of elastic heterogeneity in the adsorption-desorption transition. We construct a minimal model incorporating adsorption-induced lattice expansion/contraction and an increase/decrease in the elastic moduli. We find that the transition is hindered by the entropic and energetic effects which become asymmetric in the adsorption process and desorption process, leading to the strong hysteretic nature of the transition. Furthermore, the adsorbed/desorbed sites exhibit spatially heterogeneous domain formation, implying that the domain morphology and interfacial area between adsorbed/desorbed sites can be controlled by elastic heterogeneity. Our results provide a theoretical guideline for designing soft porous crystals with tunable adsorption hysteresis and the dispersion and domain morphology of adsorbates using elastic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Mitsumoto
- Department of Fundamental Engineering, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo153-8505, Japan
| | - Kyohei Takae
- Department of Fundamental Engineering, Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo153-8505, Japan
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3
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Hanna SL, Farha OK. Energy-structure-property relationships in uranium metal-organic frameworks. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4219-4229. [PMID: 37123191 PMCID: PMC10132172 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00788j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Located at the foot of the periodic table, uranium is a relatively underexplored element possessing rich chemistry. In addition to its high relevance to nuclear power, uranium shows promise for small molecule activation and photocatalysis, among many other powerful functions. Researchers have used metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to harness uranium's properties, and in their quest to do so, have discovered remarkable structures and unique properties unobserved in traditional transition metal MOFs. More recently, (e.g. the last 8-10 years), theoretical calculations of framework energetics have supplemented structure-property studies in uranium MOFs (U-MOFs). In this Perspective, we summarize how these budding energy-structure-property relationships in U-MOFs enable a deeper understanding of chemical phenomena, enlarge chemical space, and elevate the field to targeted, rather than exploratory, discovery. Importantly, this Perspective encourages interdisciplinary connections between experimentalists and theorists by demonstrating how these collaborations have elevated the entire U-MOF field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia L Hanna
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
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4
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Tian J, Chen Q, Jiang F, Yuan D, Hong M. Optimizing Acetylene Sorption through Induced-fit Transformations in a Chemically Stable Microporous Framework. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215253. [PMID: 36524616 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Developing practical storage technologies for acetylene (C2 H2 ) is important but challenging because C2 H2 is useful but explosive. Here, a novel metal-organic framework (MOF) (FJI-H36) with adaptive channels was prepared. It can effectively capture C2 H2 (159.9 cm3 cm-3 ) at 1 atm and 298 K, possessing a record-high storage density (561 g L-1 ) but a very low adsorption enthalpy (28 kJ mol-1 ) among all the reported MOFs. Structural analyses show that such excellent adsorption performance comes from the synergism of active sites, flexible framework, and matched pores; where the adsorbed-C2 H2 can drive FJI-H36 to undergo induced-fit transformations step by step, including deformation/reconstruction of channels, contraction of pores, and transformation of active sites, finally leading to dense packing of C2 H2 . Moreover, FJI-H36 has excellent chemical stability and recyclability, and can be prepared on a large scale, enabling it as a practical adsorbent for C2 H2 . This will provide a useful strategy for developing practical and efficient adsorbents for C2 H2 storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindou Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Qihui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Feilong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Daqiang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Maochun Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, P. R. China
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5
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Cao LM, Zhang J, Zhang XF, He CT. Confinement synthesis in porous molecule-based materials: a new opportunity for ultrafine nanostructures. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1569-1593. [PMID: 35282621 PMCID: PMC8827140 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05983a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A balance between activity and stability is greatly challenging in designing efficient metal nanoparticles (MNPs) for heterogeneous catalysis. Generally, reducing the size of MNPs to the atomic scale can provide high atom utilization, abundant active sites, and special electronic/band structures, for vastly enhancing their catalytic activity. Nevertheless, due to the dramatically increased surface free energy, such ultrafine nanostructures often suffer from severe aggregation and/or structural degradation during synthesis and catalysis, greatly weakening their reactivities, selectivities and stabilities. Porous molecule-based materials (PMMs), mainly including metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and porous organic polymers (POPs) or cages (POCs), exhibit high specific surface areas, high porosity, and tunable molecular confined space, being promising carriers or precursors to construct ultrafine nanostructures. The confinement effects of their nano/sub-nanopores or specific binding sites can not only effectively limit the agglomeration and growth of MNPs during reduction or pyrolysis processes, but also stabilize the resultant ultrafine nanostructures and modulate their electronic structures and stereochemistry in catalysis. In this review, we highlight the latest advancements in the confinement synthesis in PMMs for constructing atomic-scale nanostructures, such as ultrafine MNPs, nanoclusters, and single atoms. Firstly, we illustrated the typical confinement methods for synthesis. Secondly, we discussed different confinement strategies, including PMM-confinement strategy and PMM-confinement pyrolysis strategy, for synthesizing ultrafine nanostructures. Finally, we put forward the challenges and new opportunities for further applications of confinement synthesis in PMMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ming Cao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Molecules for Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Molecules for Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Xue-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Molecules for Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 China
| | - Chun-Ting He
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Molecules for Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Science, Jiangxi Normal University Nanchang 330022 China
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6
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Klein RA, Shulda S, Parilla PA, Le Magueres P, Richardson RK, Morris W, Brown CM, McGuirk CM. Structural resolution and mechanistic insight into hydrogen adsorption in flexible ZIF-7. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15620-15631. [PMID: 35003592 PMCID: PMC8654044 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04618g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible metal-organic frameworks offer a route towards high useable hydrogen storage capacities with minimal swings in pressure and temperature via step-shaped adsorption and desorption profiles. Yet, the understanding of hydrogen-induced flexibility in candidate storage materials remains incomplete. Here, we investigate the hydrogen storage properties of a quintessential flexible metal-organic framework, ZIF-7. We use high-pressure isothermal hydrogen adsorption measurements to identify the pressure-temperature conditions of the hydrogen-induced structural transition in ZIF-7. The material displays narrow hysteresis and has a shallow adsorption slope between 100 K and 125 K. To gain mechanistic insight into the cause of the phase transition correlating with stepped adsorption and desorption, we conduct powder neutron diffraction measurements of the D2 gas-dosed structures at conditions across the phase change. Rietveld refinements of the powder neutron diffraction patterns yield the structures of activated ZIF-7 and of the gas-dosed material in the dense and open phases. The structure of the activated phase of ZIF-7 is corroborated by the structure of the activated phase of the Cd congener, CdIF-13, which we report here for the first time based on single crystal X-ray diffraction measurements. Subsequent Rietveld refinements of the powder patterns for the gas-dosed structure reveal that the primary D2 adsorption sites in the dense phase form D2-arene interactions between adjacent ligands in a sandwich-like adsorption motif. These sites are prevalent in both the dense and the open structure for ZIF-7, and we hypothesize that they play an important role in templating the structure of the open phase. We discuss the implications of our findings for future approaches to rationally tune step-shaped adsorption in ZIF-7, its congeners, and flexible porous adsorbents in general. Lastly, important to the application of flexible frameworks, we show that pelletization of ZIF-7 produces minimal variation in performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Klein
- Material, Chemical, and Computational Sciences Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden Colorado 80401 USA
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg Maryland 20899 USA
| | - Sarah Shulda
- Material, Chemical, and Computational Sciences Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden Colorado 80401 USA
| | - Philip A Parilla
- Material, Chemical, and Computational Sciences Directorate, National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden Colorado 80401 USA
| | - Pierre Le Magueres
- Rigaku Americas Corporation 9009 New Trails Drive The Woodlands TX 77381 USA
| | | | - William Morris
- NuMat Technologies 8025 Lamon Avenue Skokie Illinois 60077 USA
| | - Craig M Brown
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg Maryland 20899 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware Newark Delaware 19716 USA
| | - C Michael McGuirk
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines Golden Colorado 80401 USA
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7
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Wang P, Kajiwara T, Otake KI, Yao MS, Ashitani H, Kubota Y, Kitagawa S. Xylene Recognition in Flexible Porous Coordination Polymer by Guest-Dependent Structural Transition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:52144-52151. [PMID: 34347426 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Xylene isomers are crucial chemical intermediates in great demand worldwide; the almost identical physicochemical properties render their current separation approach energy consuming. In this study, we utilized the soft porous coordination polymer (PCP)'s isomer-specific structural transformation, realizing o-xylene (oX) recognition/separation from the binary and ternary isomer mixtures. This PCP has a flexible structure that contains flexible aromatic pendant groups, which both work as recognition sites and induce structural flexibility of the global framework. The PCP exhibits guest-triggered "breathing"-type structural changes, which are accompanied by the rearrangement of the intraframework π-π interaction. By rebuilding π-π stacking with isomer species, the PCP discriminated oX from the other isomers by its specific guest-loading configuration and separated oX from the isomer mixture via selective adsorption. The xylene-selective property of the PCP is dependent on the solvent; in diluted hexane solution, the PCP favors p-xylene (pX) uptake. The separation results combined with crystallographic analyses revealed the effect of the isomer selectivity of the PCP on xylene isomer separation via structural transition and demonstrated its potential as a versatile selective adsorptive medium for challenging separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Yoshida Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Takashi Kajiwara
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Yoshida Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Otake
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Yoshida Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ming-Shui Yao
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Yoshida Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Ashitani
- Department of Physical Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kubota
- Department of Physical Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Susumu Kitagawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Yoshida Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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8
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An updated status and trends in actinide metal-organic frameworks (An-MOFs): From synthesis to application. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Yang SL, Li G, Guo MY, Liu WS, Bu R, Gao EQ. Positive Cooperative Protonation of a Metal-Organic Framework: pH-Responsive Fluorescence and Proton Conduction. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:8838-8848. [PMID: 34076423 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Positive cooperative binding, a phenomenon prevalent in biological processes, holds great appeal for the design of highly sensitive responsive molecules and materials. It has been demonstrated that metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can show positive cooperative adsorption to the benefit of gas separation, but potential binding cooperativity is largely ignored in the study of sensory MOFs. Here, we report the first demonstration of positive cooperative protonation of a MOF and the relevant pH response in fluorescence and proton conduction. The MOF is built of Zr-O clusters and bipyridyl-based tetracarboxylate linkers and has excellent hydrolytic stability. It shows a unique pH response that features two synchronous abrupt turn-off and turn-on fluorescent transitions. The abrupt transitions, which afford high sensitivity to small pH fluctuations, are due to cooperative protonation of the pyridyl sites with a Hill coefficient of 1.6. The synchronous dual-emission response, which leads to visual color change, is ascribable to proton-triggered switching between (n, π*) and (π, π*) emissions. The latter emission can be quenched by electron donating anion-dependent through photoinduced electron transfer and ground-state charge transfer. Associated with cooperative protonation, the proton conductivity of the MOF is abruptly enhanced at low pH by two orders, but overhigh acid concentration is adverse because excessive anions can interrupt the conducting networks. Our work shows new perspectives of binding cooperativity in MOFs and should shed new light on the development of responsive fluorescent MOFs and proton conductive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Liang Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Gen Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Meng-Yue Guo
- Engineering Research Centre for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Wan-Shan Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Ran Bu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - En-Qing Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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10
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Martin CR, Leith GA, Shustova NB. Beyond structural motifs: the frontier of actinide-containing metal-organic frameworks. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7214-7230. [PMID: 34163816 PMCID: PMC8171348 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01827b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this perspective, we feature recent advances in the field of actinide-containing metal-organic frameworks (An-MOFs) with a main focus on their electronic, catalytic, photophysical, and sorption properties. This discussion deviates from a strictly crystallographic analysis of An-MOFs, reported in several reviews, or synthesis of novel structural motifs, and instead delves into the remarkable potential of An-MOFs for evolving the nuclear waste administration sector. Currently, the An-MOF field is dominated by thorium- and uranium-containing structures, with only a few reports on transuranic frameworks. However, some of the reported properties in the field of An-MOFs foreshadow potential implementation of these materials and are the main focus of this report. Thus, this perspective intends to provide a glimpse into the challenges, triumphs, and future directions of An-MOFs in sectors ranging from the traditional realm of gas sorption and separation to recently emerging areas such as electronics and photophysics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey R Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina Columbia South Carolina 29208 USA
| | - Gabrielle A Leith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina Columbia South Carolina 29208 USA
| | - Natalia B Shustova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina Columbia South Carolina 29208 USA
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11
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Allendorf MD, Stavila V, Witman M, Brozek CK, Hendon CH. What Lies beneath a Metal-Organic Framework Crystal Structure? New Design Principles from Unexpected Behaviors. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:6705-6723. [PMID: 33904302 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The rational design principles established for metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) allow clear structure-property relationships, fueling expansive growth for energy storage and conversion, catalysis, and beyond. However, these design principles are based on the assumption of compositional and structural rigidity, as measured crystallographically. Such idealization of MOF structures overlooks subtle chemical aspects that can lead to departures from structure-based chemical intuition. In this Perspective, we identify unexpected behavior of MOFs through literature examples. Based on this analysis, we conclude that departures from ideality are not uncommon. Whereas linker topology and metal coordination geometry are useful starting points for understanding MOF properties, we anticipate that deviations from the idealized crystal representation will be necessary to explain important and unexpected behaviors. Although this realization reinforces the notion that MOFs are highly complex materials, it should also stimulate a broader reexamination of the literature to identify corollaries to existing design rules and reveal new structure-property relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Allendorf
- Chemistry, Combustion, and Materials Science Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Vitalie Stavila
- Chemistry, Combustion, and Materials Science Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Matthew Witman
- Chemistry, Combustion, and Materials Science Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Carl K Brozek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States.,Oregon Center for Electrochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Christopher H Hendon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
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12
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Wang P, Otake K, Hosono N, Kitagawa S. Crystal Flexibility Design through Local and Global Motility Cooperation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study Kyoto University Yoshida Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Ken‐ichi Otake
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study Kyoto University Yoshida Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Hosono
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study Kyoto University Yoshida Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
- Department of Advanced Materials Science Graduate School of Frontier Sciences The University of Tokyo 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa Chiba 277-8561 Japan
| | - Susumu Kitagawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study Kyoto University Yoshida Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
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13
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Seth S, Jhulki S. Porous flexible frameworks: origins of flexibility and applications. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:700-727. [PMID: 34821313 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01710h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Porous crystalline frameworks including zeolites, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) have attracted great research interest in recent years. In addition to their assembly in the solid-state being fundamentally interesting and aesthetically pleasing, their potential applications have now pervaded in different areas of chemistry, biology and materials science. When framework materials are endowed with 'flexibility', they exhibit some properties (e.g., stimuli-induced pore breathing and reversible phase transformations) that are distinct from their rigid counterparts. Benefiting from flexibility and porosity, these framework materials have shown promise in applications that include separation of toxic chemicals, isotopes and hydrocarbons, sensing, and targeted delivery of chemicals. While flexibility in MOFs has been widely appreciated, recent developments of COFs and HOFs have established that flexibility is not just limited to MOFs. In fact, zeolites-that are considered rigid when compared with MOFs-are also known to exhibit dynamic modes. Despite flexibility may be conceived as being detrimental to the formation and stability of periodic structures, the landscape of flexible framework structures continues to expand with discovery of new materials with promising applications. In this review, we make an account of different flexible framework materials based on their framework types with a more focus on recent examples and delve into the origin of flexibility in each case. This systematic analysis of different flexibility types based on their origins enables understanding of structure-property relationships, which should help guide future development of flexible framework materials based on appropriate monomer design and tailoring their properties by bottom-up approach. In essence, this review provides a summary of different flexibility types extant to framework materials and critical analysis of importance of flexibility in emerging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saona Seth
- Department of Applied Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam, Assam 784028, India.
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14
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Wang P, Otake K, Hosono N, Kitagawa S. Crystal Flexibility Design through Local and Global Motility Cooperation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7030-7035. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study Kyoto University Yoshida Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Ken‐ichi Otake
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study Kyoto University Yoshida Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Hosono
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study Kyoto University Yoshida Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
- Department of Advanced Materials Science Graduate School of Frontier Sciences The University of Tokyo 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa Chiba 277-8561 Japan
| | - Susumu Kitagawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS) Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study Kyoto University Yoshida Ushinomiya-cho, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
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