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Mazumder A, Vinod K, Maret PD, Das PP, Hariharan M. Symmetry-Breaking Charge Separation Mediated Triplet Population in a Perylenediimide Trimer at the Single-Molecule Level. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:5896-5904. [PMID: 38805687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate triplet excited-state population in a conformationally rigid perylenediimide trimer (PDI-T) via intramolecular symmetry-breaking charge separation (SB-CS) at the single-molecule level. The single-molecule fluorescence intensity trajectories of PDI-T in nonpolar polystyrene matrix (ε = 2.60) exhibit prolonged fluorescence with infrequent dark states, representing the triplet and/or the charge transfer states. In contrast, in a poly(vinyl alcohol) matrix (ε = 7.80), erratic blinking dynamics resulting in low photon counts were observed, corroborating the feasibility of charge separation in a polar environment. In agreement with the single-molecule measurements, transient absorption spectroscopy of PDI-T reveals ultrafast SB-CS (τCS < 5 ps) in polar tetrahydrofuran (ε = 7.58) and acetone (ε = 20.70), with the population of the triplet excited-state through charge recombination. The current investigation shows the utility of rigid and weakly coupled molecular constructs in controlling triplet generation and SB-CS for potential applications in optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Mazumder
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India
| | - Kavya Vinod
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India
| | - Philip Daniel Maret
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India
| | - Pallavi Panthakkal Das
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India
| | - Mahesh Hariharan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Maruthamala P.O., Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India
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2
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Mencaroni L, Elisei F, Marrocchi A, Spalletti A, Carlotti B. Intramolecular Singlet Fission Coupled with Intermolecular Triplet Separation as a Strategy to Achieve High Triplet Yields in Fluorene-Based Small Molecules. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:3442-3453. [PMID: 38544417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
In this work, detailed experimental proof and in-depth analysis of the singlet fission (SF) mechanism, operative in fluorene-based small molecules, are carried out by employing advanced time-resolved spectroscopies with nanosecond and femtosecond resolution. The investigation of the effect of solution concentration and solvent viscosity together with temperature and excitation wavelength demonstrates INTRAmolecular formation of the correlated triplet pair followed by INTERmolecular independent triplet separation via a "super-diffusional" triplet-triplet transfer process. This unconventional INTRA- to INTERmolecular SF may be considered an "ideal" mechanism. Indeed, intramolecular formation of the correlated triplet pair is here interestingly proved for small molecules rather than large multichromophoric systems, allowing easy synthesis and processability while maintaining good control over the SF process. On the other hand, the intermolecular triplet separation may be exploited to achieve high triplet quantum yields in these new SF small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Mencaroni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and CEMIN, University of Perugia, via dell'Elce di sotto n.8, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Fausto Elisei
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and CEMIN, University of Perugia, via dell'Elce di sotto n.8, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Assunta Marrocchi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and CEMIN, University of Perugia, via dell'Elce di sotto n.8, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Anna Spalletti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and CEMIN, University of Perugia, via dell'Elce di sotto n.8, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Benedetta Carlotti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology and CEMIN, University of Perugia, via dell'Elce di sotto n.8, Perugia 06123, Italy
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3
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Wang K, Chen X, Xu J, Peng S, Wu D, Xia J. Recent Advance in the Development of Singlet-Fission-Capable Polymeric Materials. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300241. [PMID: 37548255 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Singlet fission (SF) is a spin-allowed process in which a higher-energy singlet exciton is converted into two lower-energy triplet excitons via a triplet pair intermediate state. Implementing SF in photovoltaic devices holds the potential to exceed the Shockley-Queisser limit of conventional single-junction solar cells. Although great progress has been made in exploiting the underlying mechanism of SF over the past decades, the scope of materials capable of SF, particularly polymeric materials, remains poor. SF-capable polymer is one of the most potential candidates in the implementation of SF into devices due to their distinct superiorities in flexibility, solution processability and self-assembly behavior. Notably, recent advancements have demonstrated high-performance SF in isolated donor-acceptor (D-A) copolymer chains. This review provides an overview of recent progress in the development of SF-capable polymeric materials, with a significant focus on elucidating the mechanisms of SF in polymers and optimizing the design strategies for SF-capable polymers. Additionally, the paper discusses the challenges encountered in this field and presents future perspectives. It is expected that this comprehensive review will offer valuable insights into the design of novel SF-capable polymeric materials, further advancing the potential for SF implementation in photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xingyu Chen
- International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jingwen Xu
- International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shaoqian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jianlong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
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4
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Mencaroni L, Alebardi M, Elisei F, Škorić I, Spalletti A, Carlotti B. Unveiling the double triplet nature of the 2Ag state in conjugated stilbenoid compounds to achieve efficient singlet fission. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:21089-21099. [PMID: 37527269 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02805d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
In this investigation, the excited-state evolution in a series of all-trans stilbenoid compounds, displaying a low-lying dark singlet state of 2Ag-like symmetry nearly degenerate with the bright 1Bu state, was unveiled by employing advanced ultrafast spectroscopies while probing the effect of solvent polarizability. Together with the dual emission, femtosecond transient absorption and broadband fluorescence up-conversion disclosed the double nature of the 2Ag-like state showing both singlet features, a lifetime typical of a singlet and the ability to emit, and a triplet character, exhibiting a triplet-like absorption spectrum. The ultrafast formation (in hundreds of femtoseconds) from the non-relaxed upper singlet state led to the identification of 2Ag as the correlated triplet pair of singlet fission. The spectral difference obtained by comparison of transient absorption peaks of the 2Ag (1TT) and the triplet states was found to be in remarkable agreement with the observed triplet yield and the 1(TT) separation rate constant. Indeed, this spectral shift provided an experimental method to gain qualitative insight into the ease of separation of the 1(TT) and the relative SF efficiency. The highly conjugated polyene-like structures enable the ultrafast formation of the double triplet, but then the large binding energy prevents the triplet separation and thus the effective completion of singlet fission. Even though thermodynamically feasible for all the investigated stilbenoids according to TD-DFT calculations, singlet fission resulted to occur efficiently in the case of 1-(pyridyl-4-ylethenyl)-4-(p-nitrostyryl)benzene and nitro-styrylfuran with the triplet yield reaching 120% and 140%, respectively, triggered by their greatly enhanced intramolecular charge transfer character relative to the other compounds in the series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Mencaroni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Martina Alebardi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Fausto Elisei
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Irena Škorić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anna Spalletti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Benedetta Carlotti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via elce di sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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5
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Garcés-Garcés J, Sánchez-Martos M, Martinez-Navarrete G, Fernández-Jover E, Encheva M, León M, Ortiz J, Sastre-Santos Á, Fernández-Lázaro F. New Highly Fluorescent Water Soluble Imidazolium-Perylenediimides: Synthesis and Cellular Response. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1892. [PMID: 37514077 PMCID: PMC10384807 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of two new water soluble 2,6-bis(imidazolylmethyl)-4-methylphenoxy-containing perylenediimides, PDI-1 and PDI-2, are described. These compounds demonstrate a high fluorescence quantum yield in water and were investigated as potential photosensitizers for generating reactive oxygen species with applications in anticancer activities. The HeLa cell line (VPH18) was used to evaluate their efficacy. Fluorescence microscopy was employed to confirm the successful internalization of PDI-1 and PDI-2, while confocal microscopy revealed the specific locations of both PDIs within the lysosomes and mitochondria. In vitro studies were conducted to evaluate the anticancer activity of PDI-1 and PDI-2. Remarkably, these photosensitizers demonstrated a significant ability to selectively eliminate cancer cells when exposed to a specific light wavelength. The water solubility, high fluorescence quantum yield, and selective cytotoxicity of these PDIs toward cancer cells highlight their potential as effective agents for targeted photodynamic therapy. In conclusion, the findings presented here provide a strong foundation for the future exploration and optimization of PDI-1 and PDI-2 as effective photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy, potentially leading to improved treatment strategies for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Garcés-Garcés
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Miguel Sánchez-Martos
- Área de Neuroprótesis y Rehabilitación Visual, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Gema Martinez-Navarrete
- Área de Neuroprótesis y Rehabilitación Visual, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Eduardo Fernández-Jover
- Área de Neuroprótesis y Rehabilitación Visual, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Mirela Encheva
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Martín León
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Javier Ortiz
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Ángela Sastre-Santos
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Lázaro
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03202 Elche, Spain
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6
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Purdy M, Walton JR, Fallon KJ, Toolan DTW, Budden P, Zeng W, Corpinot MK, Bučar DK, van Turnhout L, Friend R, Rao A, Bronstein H. Aza-Cibalackrot: Turning on Singlet Fission Through Crystal Engineering. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10712-10720. [PMID: 37133417 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Singlet fission is a photophysical process that provides a pathway for more efficient harvesting of solar energy in photovoltaic devices. The design of singlet fission candidates is non-trivial and requires careful optimization of two key criteria: (1) correct energetic alignment and (2) appropriate intermolecular coupling. Meanwhile, this optimization must not come at the cost of molecular stability or feasibility for device applications. Cibalackrot is a historic and stable organic dye which, although it has been suggested to have ideal energetics, does not undergo singlet fission due to large interchromophore distances, as suggested by single crystal analysis. Thus, while the energetic alignment is satisfactory, the molecule does not have the desired intermolecular coupling. Herein, we improve this characteristic through molecular engineering with the first synthesis of an aza-cibalackrot and show, using ultrafast transient spectroscopy, that singlet fission is successfully "turned on."
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Purdy
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Jessica R Walton
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Kealan J Fallon
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Daniel T W Toolan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Dainton Building, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Peter Budden
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Weixuan Zeng
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Merina K Corpinot
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Dejan-Krešimir Bučar
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, U.K
| | - Lars van Turnhout
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Richard Friend
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Akshay Rao
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Hugo Bronstein
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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7
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Su P, Ran G, Wang H, Yue J, Kong Q, Bo Z, Zhang W. Intramolecular and Intermolecular Interaction Switching in the Aggregates of Perylene Diimide Trimer: Effect of Hydrophobicity. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073003. [PMID: 37049767 PMCID: PMC10095916 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The research on perylene diimide (PDI) aggregates effectively promotes their applications in organic photovoltaic solar cells and fluorescent sensors. In this paper, a PDI fabricated with three peripheral PDI units (N, N’-bis(6-undecyl) perylene-3,4,9,10-bis(dicarboximide)) is investigated. The trimer shows different absorption and fluorescence properties due to hydrophobicity when dissolved in the mixed solvent of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and water. Through comprehensive analysis of the fluorescence lifetime and transient absorption spectroscopic results, we concluded that the trimer underwent different excited state kinetic pathways with different concentrations of water in THF. When dissolved in pure THF solvent, both the intramolecular charge-transfer and excimer states are formed. When the water concentration increases from 0 to 50% (v/v), the formation time of the excimer state and its structural relaxation time are prolonged, illustrating the arising of the intermolecular excimer state. It is interesting to determine that the probability of the intramolecular charge-transfer pathway will first decrease and then increase as the speed of intermolecular excimer formation slows down. The two inflection points appear when the water concentration is above 10% and 40%. The results not only highlight the importance of hydrophobicity on the aggregate properties of PDI multimers but also guide the further design of PDI-based organic photovoltaic solar cells.
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8
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Influence of core-twisted structure on singlet fission in perylenediimide film. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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9
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Lin YC, She NZ, Chen CH, Yabushita A, Lin H, Li MH, Chang B, Hsueh TF, Tsai BS, Chen PT, Yang Y, Wei KH. Perylene Diimide-Fused Dithiophenepyrroles with Different End Groups as Acceptors for Organic Photovoltaics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:37990-38003. [PMID: 35904802 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c06135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we synthesized four new A-DA'D-A acceptors (where A and D represent acceptor and donor chemical units) incorporating perylene diimide units (A') as their core structures and presenting various modes of halogenation and substitution of the functional groups at their end groups (A). In these acceptors, by fusing dithiophenepyrrole (DTP) moieties (D) to the helical perylene diimide dimer (hPDI) to form fused-hPDI (FhPDI) cores, we could increase the D/A' oscillator strength in the cores and, thus, the intensity of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), thereby enhancing the intensity of the absorption bands. With four different end group units─IC2F, IC2Cl, IO2F, and IO2Cl─tested, each of these acceptor molecules exhibited different optical characteristics. Among all of these systems, the organic photovoltaic device incorporating the polymer PCE10 blended with the acceptor FhPDI-IC2F (1:1.1 wt %) had the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.0%; the optimal PCEs of PCE10:FhPDI-IO2F, PCE10:FhPDI-IO2Cl, and PCE10:FhPDI-IC2Cl (1:1.1 wt %) devices were 5.2, 4.7, and 7.7%, respectively. The relatively high PCE of the PCE10:FhPDI-IC2F device resulted primarily from the higher absorption coefficients of the FhPDI-IC2F acceptor, lower energy loss, and more efficient charge transfer; the FhPDI-IC2F system experienced a lower degree of geminate recombination─as a result of improved delocalization of π-electrons along the acceptor unit─relative to that of the other three acceptors systems. Thus, altering the end groups of multichromophoric PDI units can increase the PCEs of devices incorporating PDI-derived materials and might also be a new pathway for the creation of other valuable fused-ring derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Che Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Nian-Zu She
- Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hao Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Atsushi Yabushita
- Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Heng Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hua Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Bin Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Fang Hsueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Shiun Tsai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Po-Tuan Chen
- Department of Vehicle Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Kung-Hwa Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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10
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Mayländer M, Nolden O, Franz M, Chen S, Bancroft L, Qiu Y, Wasielewski MR, Gilch P, Richert S. Accessing the triplet state of perylenediimide by radical-enhanced intersystem crossing. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6732-6743. [PMID: 35756510 PMCID: PMC9172295 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01899c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to their exceptional photophysical properties and high photostability, perylene diimide (PDI) chromophores have found various applications as building blocks of materials for organic electronics. In many light-induced processes in PDI derivatives, chromophore excited states with high spin multiplicities, such as triplet or quintet states, have been revealed as key intermediates. The exploration of their properties and formation conditions is thus expected to provide invaluable insight into their underlying photophysics and promises to reveal strategies for increasing the performance of optoelectronic devices. However, accessing these high-multiplicity excited states of PDI to increase our mechanistic understanding remains a difficult task, due to the fact that the lowest excited singlet state of PDI decays with near-unity quantum yield to its ground state. Here we make use of radical-enhanced intersystem crossing (EISC) to generate the PDI triplet state in high yield. One or two 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxyl (TEMPO) stable radicals were covalently attached to the imide position of PDI chromophores with and without p-tert-butylphenoxy core substituents. By combining femtosecond UV-vis transient absorption and transient electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies, we demonstrate strong magnetic exchange coupling between the PDI triplet state and TEMPO, resulting in the formation of excited quartet or quintet states. Important differences in the S1 state deactivation rate constants and triplet yields are observed for compounds bearing PDI moieties with different core substitution patterns. We show that these differences can be rationalized by considering the varying importance of competitive excited state decay processes, such as electron and excitation energy transfer. The comparison of the results obtained for different PDI–TEMPO derivatives leads us to propose design guidelines for optimizing the efficiency of triplet sensitization in molecular assemblies by EISC. The triplet state of PDI can be sensitized efficiently by radical-enhanced intersystem crossing. A detailed study of several related structures allows us to propose new strategies to optimize triplet formation in materials for optoelectronic devices.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Mayländer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Oliver Nolden
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Michael Franz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Su Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3113 USA
| | - Laura Bancroft
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3113 USA
| | - Yunfan Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3113 USA
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction, Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208-3113 USA
| | - Peter Gilch
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Sabine Richert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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11
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Wang K, Shao G, Peng S, You X, Chen X, Xu J, Huang H, Wang H, Wu D, Xia J. Achieving Symmetry-Breaking Charge Separation in Perylenediimide Trimers: The Effect of Bridge Resonance. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:3758-3767. [PMID: 35559687 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c02387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Symmetry-breaking charge separation (SB-CS) provides a very promising option to engineer a novel light conversion scheme, while it is still a challenge to realize SB-CS in a nonpolar environment. The strength of electronic coupling plays a crucial role in determining the exciton dynamics of organic semiconductors. Herein, we describe how to mediate interchromophore coupling to achieve SB-CS in a nonpolar solvent by the use of two perylenediimide (PDI)-based trimers, 1,7-tri-PDI and 1,6-tri-PDI. Although functionalization at the N-atom decreases electronic coupling between PDI units, our strategy takes advantage of "bridge resonance", in which the frontier orbital energies are nearly degenerate with those of the covalently linked PDI units, leading to enhanced interchromophore electronic coupling. Tunable electronic coupling was realized by the judicious combination of "bridge resonance" with N-functionalization. The enhanced mixing between the S1 state and CT/CS states results in direct observation of the CT band in the steady-state UV-vis absorption and negative free energy of charge separation (ΔGCS) in both chloroform and toluene for the two trimers. Using transient absorption spectroscopy, we demonstrated that photoinduced SB-CS in a nonpolar solvent is feasible. This work highlights that the use of "bridge resonance" is an effective way to control exciton dynamics of organic semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guangwei Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shaoqian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaoxiao You
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xingyu Chen
- International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jingwen Xu
- International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huaxi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.,School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huan Wang
- International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.,School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianlong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Center of Smart Materials and Devices, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.,School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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12
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Accelerating symmetry-breaking charge separation in a perylenediimide trimer through a vibronically coherent dimer intermediate. Nat Chem 2022; 14:786-793. [PMID: 35469005 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-00927-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the photophysics and photochemistry of molecular π-stacked chromophores is important for utilizing them as functional photonic materials. However, these investigations have been mostly limited to covalent molecular dimers, which can only approximate the electronic and vibronic interactions present in the higher oligomers typical of functional organic materials. Here we show that a comparison of the excited-state dynamics of a covalent slip-stacked perylenediimide dimer (2) and trimer (3) provides fundamental insights into electronic state mixing and symmetry-breaking charge separation (SB-CS) beyond the dimer limit. We find that coherent vibronic coupling to high-frequency modes facilitates ultrafast state mixing between the Frenkel exciton (FE) and charge-transfer (CT) states. Subsequently, solvent fluctuations and interchromophore low-frequency vibrations promote CT character in the coherent FE/CT mixed state. The coherent FE/CT mixed state persists in 2, but, in 3, low-frequency vibronic coupling collapses the coherence, resulting in ultrafast SB-CS between the distal perylenediimide units.
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13
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He G, Yablon LM, Parenti KR, Fallon KJ, Campos LM, Sfeir MY. Quantifying Exciton Transport in Singlet Fission Diblock Copolymers. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3269-3278. [PMID: 35166107 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Singlet fission (SF) is a mechanism of exciton multiplication in organic chromophores, which has potential to drive highly efficient optoelectronic devices. Creating effective device architectures that operate by SF critically depends on electronic interactions across multiple length scales─from individual molecules to interchromophore interactions that facilitate multiexciton dephasing and exciton diffusion toward donor-acceptor interfaces. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the underpinnings of multiexciton transport and interfacial energy transfer in multichromophore systems. Interestingly, block copolymers (BCPs) can be designed to control multiscale interactions by tailoring the nature of the building blocks, yet SF dynamics are not well understood in these macromolecules. Here, we designed diblock copolymers comprising an inherent energy cleft at the interface between a block with pendent pentacene chromophores and an additional block with pendent tetracene chromophores. The singlet and triplet energy offset between the two blocks creates a driving force for exciton transport along the BCP chain in dilute solution. Using time-resolved optical spectroscopy, we have quantified the yields of key energy transfer steps, including both singlet and triplet energy transfer processes across the pentacene-tetracene interface. From this modular BCP architecture, we correlate the energy transfer time scales and relative yields with the length of each block. The ability to quantify these energy transfer processes provides valuable insights into exciton transport at critical length scales between bulk crystalline systems and small-molecule dimers─an area that has been underexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiying He
- Department of Physics, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States.,Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Lauren M Yablon
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Kaia R Parenti
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Kealan J Fallon
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Luis M Campos
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Matthew Y Sfeir
- Department of Physics, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States.,Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
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14
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Mencaroni L, Carlotti B, Elisei F, Marrocchi A, Spalletti A. Exploring a new class of singlet fission fluorene derivatives with high-energy triplets. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2071-2078. [PMID: 35308848 PMCID: PMC8848920 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc07175k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We found that a stronger push–pull character favours SF, as long as the ICT does not act as a trap. The unique property of generating high-energy triplets (ca. 2 eV) via SF makes these materials outstanding candidates for photovoltaic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Mencaroni
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology and CEMIN, University of Perugia, via elce di sotto n. 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Benedetta Carlotti
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology and CEMIN, University of Perugia, via elce di sotto n. 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Fausto Elisei
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology and CEMIN, University of Perugia, via elce di sotto n. 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Assunta Marrocchi
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology and CEMIN, University of Perugia, via elce di sotto n. 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Anna Spalletti
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology and CEMIN, University of Perugia, via elce di sotto n. 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
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15
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Zeiser C, Moretti L, Reicherter F, Bettinger HF, Maiuri M, Cerullo G, Broch K. Singlet Fission in Dideuterated Tetracene and Pentacene. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202000284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Zeiser
- Institute for Applied Physics University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 10 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Luca Moretti
- IFN-CNR Dipartimento di Fisica Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Florian Reicherter
- Institute for Organic Chemistry University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Holger F. Bettinger
- Institute for Organic Chemistry University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Margherita Maiuri
- IFN-CNR Dipartimento di Fisica Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- IFN-CNR Dipartimento di Fisica Politecnico di Milano Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 20133 Milan Italy
| | - Katharina Broch
- Institute for Applied Physics University of Tübingen Auf der Morgenstelle 10 72076 Tübingen Germany
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16
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Ogawa T, Kuzuhara D. Controlled Fabrication and Characterization of Coronene Diimide-Based Insoluble Thin Films Produced by Photoinduced Cyclization. Chempluschem 2021; 86:852-857. [PMID: 34110711 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An insoluble thin film of a coronene diimide (CDI) derivative was fabricated from a soluble precursor of perylene diimide (PDI) by photoirradiation. We prepared a 1,7-diarylated PDI (TP-PDI) that can be converted into a coronene diimide (TP-CDI) derivative via a Scholl-type photocyclization reaction. This reaction was accompanied by structural changes from a twisted structure to a π-extended planar molecule. It was found that this photoconversion reaction occurs for both solution-based and thin-film-based reactants investigated by the changes of UV-vis absorption spectra and 1 H NMR spectra. The photocyclization reactions were found to proceed smoothly in polar solvents. In the thin-film state, the solvent vapor annealing method is a key process for achieving photoconversion reaction. Additionally, the fabrication of multi-layered thin films was achieved without undesirable dissolution of the underlying layers because of different solubilities of TP-PDI and TP-CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Ogawa
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, 020-8551, Japan
| | - Daiki Kuzuhara
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Iwate University, 4-3-5 Ueda, Morioka, 020-8551, Japan
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17
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Muthike AK, Carlotti B, Madu IK, Jiang H, Kim H, Wu Q, Yu L, Zimmerman PM, Goodson T. The Role of the Core Attachment Positioning in Triggering Intramolecular Singlet Exciton Fission in Perylene Diimide Tetramers. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:5114-5131. [PMID: 33961426 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c02534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have proposed that the presence of a flexible π-bridge linker is crucial in activating intramolecular singlet exciton fission (iSEF) in multichromophoric systems. In this study, we report the photophysical properties of three analogous perylene diimide (PDI) dendritic tetramers showing flexible/twisted π-bridged structures with α- and β-substitutions and a rigid/planar structure with a β-fused ring (βC) connection to a benzodithiophene-thiophene (BDT-Th) core. The rigidity and enhanced planarity of βC lead to significant intramolecular charge transfer and triplet formation via an intersystem crossing pathway. Steady-state spectroscopic measurements reveal similar absorption and emission spectra for the α-tetramer and the parent PDI monomer. However, their fluorescence quantum yield is significantly different. The negligible fluorescence yield of the α-tetramer (0.04%) is associated with a competitive nonradiative decay pathway. Indeed, for this twisted compound in a high polar environment, a fast and efficient iSEF with a triplet quantum yield of 124% is observed. Our results show that the α-single-bond connections in the α compound are capable of interrupting the coupling among the PDI units, favoring iSEF. We propose that the formation of the double triplet (1[TT]) state is through a superposition of singlet states known as [S1S0][TT]CT, which has been suggested previously for pentacene derivatives. Using steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic experiments, we demonstrate that the conformational flexibility of the linker itself is necessary but not sufficient to allow iSEF. For the case of the other twisted tetramer, β, the strong π-π co-facial interactions between the adjacent PDI units in its structure lead to excimer formation. These excimer states trap the singlet excitons preventing the formation of the 1[TT] state, thus inhibiting iSEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelar K Muthike
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Benedetta Carlotti
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto n.8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ifeanyi K Madu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hanjie Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Qinghe Wu
- Department of Chemistry and The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Luping Yu
- Department of Chemistry and The James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Theodore Goodson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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18
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Lin K, Xie B, Wang Z, Yin Q, Wang Y, Duan C, Huang F, Cao Y. Truxene Functionalized Star-Shaped Non-fullerene Acceptor With Selenium-Annulated Perylene Diimides for Efficient Organic Solar Cells. Front Chem 2021; 9:681994. [PMID: 34055748 PMCID: PMC8149752 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.681994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An electron acceptor with a truxene core and ring-fusion perylene diimide (PDI) tripolymer annulated by selenium (Se) branch, named as FTr-3PDI-Se, is designed and synthesized. FTr-3PDI-Se exhibits large conjugated planar conformation, strong absorption spectra in the regions of 300-400 and 450-550 nm, the deep HOMO energy level of 6.10 eV, and high decomposition temperature above 400°C. The FTr-3PDI-Se: PBDB-T-2Cl based device achieved a disappointing power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.6% together with a high V oc of 1.12 V. The low PCE was due to the large aggregates of blend film, the imbalanced hole/electron transport and low PL quenching efficiencies. The high V oc can be attributed to the high-lying LUMO level of FTr-3PDI-Se and the low-lying HOMO level of PBDB-T-2Cl. Our research presents an interesting and effective molecule-designing method to develop non-fullerene acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Lin
- Department of Materials and Food, Zhongshan Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Boming Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingwu Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuehui Wang
- Department of Materials and Food, Zhongshan Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Zhongshan, China
| | - Chunhui Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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