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Freudenberg J, Bunz UHF. How to Stabilize Large Soluble (Hetero-)Acenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:16937-16949. [PMID: 38862130 PMCID: PMC11212629 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The higher acenes and azaacenes (>(aza)heptacenes) are fascinating, yet elusive materials. Their reactivity and sensitivity increases concomitantly with their size. In recent years, confinement techniques, that is isolation of acenes in matrices and on surfaces, has surpassed solution-based chemistry with respect to accessing the larger (hetero)acenes at the price of the accessibility of no more than a couple thousands of molecules. Isolating acenes in bulk quantities and in processable form is vital for applications in organic electronics as well as from a viewpoint from basic research. In this Perspective, we will discuss after a short historical outline their degradation pathways, and then will selectively highlight recent efforts in stabilizing soluble (aza)acenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Freudenberg
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität
Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Bhardwaj A, Mudasar Hussain C, Dewangan P, Mukhopadhyay P. Naphthalene diimide-Annulated Heterocyclic Acenes: Synthesis, Electrochemical and Semiconductor Properties and their Multifaceted Applications. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400208. [PMID: 38454793 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Acenes and Naphthalene Diimides (NDIs) stand as distinguished classes of organic compounds, each possessing unique and intriguing properties that have garnered significant attention across various scientific disciplines. Acenes, characterized by linearly fused aromatic rings, have captivated researchers due to their diverse electronic structures and promising applications in materials science. On the other hand, NDIs, known for their distinctive electron-accepting properties, exhibit remarkable versatility in fields ranging from organic electronics, supramolecular to spin chemistry. In this review, we navigate through the fascinating realms of both acenes and NDIs before converging our focus on the highly diverse and distinctive subgroup of NDI-annulated heterocyclic acenes. This potentially important subgroup, has emerged as a subject of intense investigation, encapsulating their fascinating synthesis, optical and electrochemical characteristics, and multifaceted applications that span the realms of chemistry, physics, and biology. Through the exploration of their synthetic strategies, unique properties, and diverse applications, this review aims to offer a comprehensive understanding of the pivotal role played by NDI-based heterocyclic acenes in contemporary multidisciplinary research and technological innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Bhardwaj
- Supramolecular and Material Chemistry Lab, School of Physical sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ch Mudasar Hussain
- Supramolecular and Material Chemistry Lab, School of Physical sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Pratik Dewangan
- Supramolecular and Material Chemistry Lab, School of Physical sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Pritam Mukhopadhyay
- Supramolecular and Material Chemistry Lab, School of Physical sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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3
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Kato K, Uchida Y, Kaneda T, Tachibana T, Ohtani S, Ogoshi T. Alkoxylated Fluoranthene-Fused [3.3.3]Propellanes: Facile Film Formation against High π-Core Content. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400080. [PMID: 38380847 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Solid-state assembling modes are as crucial as the chemical structures of single molecules for real applications. In this work, solid-state structures and phase-transition temperatures are investigated for a series of fluoranthene-fused [3.3.3]propellanes consisting of a rigid three-dimensional (3D) π-core and varying lengths of alkoxy groups. Compounds in this series with n-butoxy or longer alkoxy groups take an amorphous state at room temperature. In these molecules, rotatable biaryl-type bonds are not incorporated and high D3h molecular symmetry is retained. Therefore, π-fused [3.3.3]propellanes present a unique platform for amorphous molecular materials with low ratios of flexible alkoxy atoms to rigid π-core ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Kato
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Yuta Uchida
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kaneda
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoki Tachibana
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ohtani
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ogoshi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
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4
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Schundelmeier S, Tönshoff C, Göttler A, Einholz R, Schubert H, Bettinger HF, Speiser B. Limited Stability of 6,13-Bis(tri(isopropyl)silylethynyl)pentacene upon One-Electron Oxidation: Electrochemically Induced (4 + 2) Cycloaddition between an Alkynyl-Substituted Acene and Its Radical Cation. J Org Chem 2023; 88:1364-1377. [PMID: 36637334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
6,13-Bis(tri(isopropyl)silylethynyl)pentacene, a particularly stable acene derivative important for (opto)electronic materials, turns reactive upon electrochemical one-electron oxidation. One of the typically stabilizing tri(isopropyl)silylethynyl substituents becomes involved in a (4 + 2) cycloaddition after redox umpolung. The electrosynthetic dimerization of the title compound provides easy access under mild conditions to a complex scaffold, which includes an intact pentacene, an anthracene, and a phenylene unit, all electronically separated. The product's electrochemical redox properties are explained by superimposed cyclic voltammetric features of the pentacene and the anthracene moieties. The reaction path is analyzed on the basis of electroanalytical and ESR data, and an oxidation-cycloaddition-reduction sequence is elaborated. The contribution of homogeneous electron transfers (electron transfer chain reaction) is negligible, in accordance with the relative formal redox potentials of the starting compound and the product. Quantum chemical calculations indicate that the central cycloaddition should be described as a two-step process with a distonic radical cation intermediate. We suggest an extended notation to define the contribution of the components with respect to electron count in the two-step cycloaddition, [3 + 1, 1 + 1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Schundelmeier
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christina Tönshoff
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Göttler
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Einholz
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Schubert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076Tübingen, Germany
| | - Holger F Bettinger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd Speiser
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076Tübingen, Germany
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Maier S, Hippchen N, Jester F, Dodds M, Weber M, Skarjan L, Rominger F, Freudenberg J, Bunz UHF. Azaarenes: 13 Rings in a Row by Cyclopentannulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214031. [PMID: 36383088 PMCID: PMC10107455 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cyclopentannulation was explored as a strategy to access large, stable azaarenes. Buchwald-Hartwig coupling of previously reported di- and tetrabrominated cyclopentannulated N,N'-dihydrotetraazapentacenes furnished stable azaarenes with up to 13 six-membered rings in a row and a length of 3.1 nm. Their optoelectronic and semi-conducting properties as well as their aromaticity were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Maier
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolai Hippchen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Jester
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcus Dodds
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michel Weber
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Leon Skarjan
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe H F Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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6
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Maier S, Jester F, Hoffmann MT, Rominger F, Freudenberg J, Dreuw A, Bunz UHF. A Stable Hexaazaoctacene Cruciform σ-Dimer. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202710. [PMID: 35896771 PMCID: PMC9507379 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Buchwald-Hartwig coupling of a triisopropylsilyl (TIPS)-ethynylated dibromo-N,N'-dihydrotetraazapentacene with 1,4-bis(TIPS-ethynyl)-2,3-diaminonaphthalene furnishes a dihydrohexaazaoctacene. Its oxidation with MnO2 results in a 7,7'-bi(hexaazaoctacenyl). In addition to eight TIPS-ethynyl groups, the bioctacene motif protects the azaoctacene subunits. The biazaoctacenyl displays a τ1/2 of > 5 d in dilute solution under ambient conditions. In the crystalline state it is persistent for > 10 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Maier
- Organisch‐Chemisches InstitutRuprecht‐Karls‐Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Fabian Jester
- Organisch‐Chemisches InstitutRuprecht‐Karls‐Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Marvin T. Hoffmann
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches RechnenUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 205A69120HeidelbergGermany
- Physikalisch‐Chemisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 25369120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch‐Chemisches InstitutRuprecht‐Karls‐Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Jan Freudenberg
- Organisch‐Chemisches InstitutRuprecht‐Karls‐Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches RechnenUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 205A69120HeidelbergGermany
- Physikalisch‐Chemisches InstitutUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 25369120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- Organisch‐Chemisches InstitutRuprecht‐Karls‐Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Centre for Advanced Materials (CAM)Ruprecht‐Karls‐Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
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7
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Zhu J, Hayashi H, Chen M, Xiao C, Matsuo K, Aratani N, Zhang L, Yamada H. Synthesis and Evaluation of Charge Transport Property of Ethynylene‐Bridged Anthracene Oligomers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Zhu
- Division of Materials Science Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916‐5 Takayama‐cho Ikoma 630‐0192 Japan
| | - Hironobu Hayashi
- Division of Materials Science Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916‐5 Takayama‐cho Ikoma 630‐0192 Japan
| | - Meng Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Chengyi Xiao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Kyohei Matsuo
- Division of Materials Science Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916‐5 Takayama‐cho Ikoma 630‐0192 Japan
| | - Naoki Aratani
- Division of Materials Science Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916‐5 Takayama‐cho Ikoma 630‐0192 Japan
| | - Lei Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Division of Materials Science Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916‐5 Takayama‐cho Ikoma 630‐0192 Japan
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