1
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Guo C, Wang X, Ding Q, Wu J. C-H Bond Sulfonylation from Thianthrenium Salts and DABCO·(SO 2) 2: Synthesis of 2-Sulfonylindoles. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38871666 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
A three-component reaction of 1-(1H-indol-1-yl)isoquinolines or 1-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-indoles, DABCO·(SO2)2, and thianthrenium salts under synergistic photoredox and palladium catalysis is accomplished. This direct C-H bond sulfonylation of indoles with the insertion of sulfur dioxide under mild conditions works efficiently, giving rise to a wide range of 2-sulfonated indoles in moderate to good yields under mild conditions. In this protocol, the generality of aryl/alkyl thianthrenium salts is demonstrated as well. A photoredox radical process combined with palladium catalysis is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Guo
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Xinhua Wang
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Qiuping Ding
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Jie Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
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2
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Bone KI, Puleo TR, Bandar JS. Direct C-H Hydroxylation of N-Heteroarenes and Benzenes via Base-Catalyzed Halogen Transfer. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9755-9767. [PMID: 38530788 PMCID: PMC11006572 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Hydroxylated (hetero)arenes are valued in many industries as both key constituents of end products and diversifiable synthetic building blocks. Accordingly, the development of reactions that complement and address the limitations of existing methods for the introduction of aromatic hydroxyl groups is an important goal. To this end, we apply base-catalyzed halogen transfer (X-transfer) to enable the direct C-H hydroxylation of mildly acidic N-heteroarenes and benzenes. This protocol employs an alkoxide base to catalyze X-transfer from sacrificial 2-halothiophene oxidants to aryl substrates, forming SNAr-active intermediates that undergo nucleophilic hydroxylation. Key to this process is the use of 2-phenylethanol as an inexpensive hydroxide surrogate that, after aromatic substitution and rapid elimination, provides the hydroxylated arene and styrene byproduct. Use of simple 2-halothiophenes allows for C-H hydroxylation of 6-membered N-heteroarenes and 1,3-azole derivatives, while a rationally designed 2-halobenzothiophene oxidant extends the scope to electron-deficient benzene substrates. Mechanistic studies indicate that aromatic X-transfer is reversible, suggesting that the deprotonation, halogenation, and substitution steps operate in synergy, manifesting in unique selectivity trends that are not necessarily dependent on the most acidic aryl position. The utility of this method is further demonstrated through streamlined target molecule syntheses, examples of regioselectivity that contrast alternative C-H hydroxylation methods, and the scalable recycling of the thiophene oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendelyn I. Bone
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Thomas R. Puleo
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Bandar
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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3
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Wang Y, Dana S, Long H, Xu Y, Li Y, Kaplaneris N, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Late-Stage Functionalization. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11269-11335. [PMID: 37751573 PMCID: PMC10571048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) constitutes a powerful strategy for the assembly or diversification of novel molecular entities with improved physicochemical or biological activities. LSF can thus greatly accelerate the development of medicinally relevant compounds, crop protecting agents, and functional materials. Electrochemical molecular synthesis has emerged as an environmentally friendly platform for the transformation of organic compounds. Over the past decade, electrochemical late-stage functionalization (eLSF) has gained major momentum, which is summarized herein up to February 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yang Xu
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Yanjun Li
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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4
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Abstract
Azines, such as pyridines, quinolines, pyrimidines, and pyridazines, are widespread components of pharmaceuticals. Their occurrence derives from a suite of physiochemical properties that match key criteria in drug design and is tunable by varying their substituents. Developments in synthetic chemistry, therefore, directly impact these efforts, and methods that can install various groups from azine C-H bonds are particularly valuable. Furthermore, there is a growing interest in late-stage functionalization (LSF) reactions that focus on advanced candidate compounds that are often complex structures with multiple heterocycles, functional groups, and reactive sites. Because of factors such as their electron-deficient nature and the effects of the Lewis basic N atom, azine C-H functionalization reactions are often distinct from their arene counterparts, and the application of these reactions in LSF contexts is difficult. However, there have been many significant advances in azine LSF reactions, and this review will describe this progress, much of which has occurred over the past decade. It is possible to categorize these reactions as radical addition processes, metal-catalyzed C-H activation reactions, and transformations occurring via dearomatized intermediates. Substantial variation in reaction design within each category indicates both the rich reactivity of these heterocycles and the creativity of the approaches involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celena M Josephitis
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Hillary M H Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Andrew McNally
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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5
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Li X, Ye F, Wang Y, Sun X, Chen H, Chen T, Gao Y, Chen H. Synthesis, structure-activity relationship, and biological evaluation of quinolines for development of anticancer agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023:e2200673. [PMID: 37160703 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Tetrahydro-β-carbolines (THβCs) are a kind of natural alkaloids with multiple pharmaceutical activities. Herein, a focused compound library derived from THβCs was synthesized and their anticancer activities were studied in several cancer cell lines. Among them, three compounds showed considerable anticancer activities with low micromolar to submicromolar IC50 values. The abilities to induce apoptosis and alter mitochondrial membrane potential levels, which are comparable to those of the commercial anticancer drug adriamycin, were confirmed by one representative compound (21) on the B16/F10 cell line. Our preliminary structure-activity relationship studies indicated that alkylamines with suitable lengths are very important for potency improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Fu Ye
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yuran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xianbin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Tingyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Haijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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6
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Albitz K, Csókás D, Dobi Z, Pápai I, Soós T. Late-Stage Formal Double C-H Oxidation of Prenylated Molecules to Alkylidene Oxetanes and Azetidines by Strain-Enabled Cross-Metathesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216879. [PMID: 36629402 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Prenylation is a ubiquitous late-stage modification in nature that often confers significantly improved bioactivity for secondary metabolites. While this lipophilic modification renders enhanced potency, the lipophilic tag(s) can diminish bioavailability and adversely alter drug transportation and metabolism. Thus, a functional-group-tolerant, mild, and selective late-stage C-H functionalization of prenyl tags would present a great potential in drug discovery programs but could also impact other fields, such as agrochemistry and chemical biology. Herein we report an exocyclic-strain-driven cross-metathesis reaction of prenyl tags, a formal double C-H oxidation protocol, that can be used for the selective late-stage derivatization of prenylated compounds and natural products. This methodology avoids the need for prefunctionalization of target molecules and affords ready access to an unprecedented library of oxo- and aza-prenylated complex molecules. Thus, in a broader context, this methodology extends late-stage functionalization beyond that available to nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztián Albitz
- Organocatalysis Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 2 Magyar tudósok körútja, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.,Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1/A Pázmány Péter sétány, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel Csókás
- Theoretical Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 2 Magyar tudósok körútja, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Dobi
- Organocatalysis Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 2 Magyar tudósok körútja, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Imre Pápai
- Theoretical Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 2 Magyar tudósok körútja, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Soós
- Organocatalysis Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 2 Magyar tudósok körútja, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
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7
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Wu H, Gui J, Sun M, Ma Y, Yang J, Wang Z. Palladium-Catalyzed C-H Allylation/Annulation Reaction of Amides and Allylic Alcohols: Regioselective Construction of Vinyl-Substituted 3,4-Dihydroisoquinolones. J Org Chem 2023; 88:3871-3882. [PMID: 36864592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed highly regioselective C-H allylation/annulation reaction of N-sulfonyl amides with secondary or tertiary allylic alcohols has been developed to construct 3,4-dihydroisoquinolones bearing a synthetically valuable vinyl substituent. This cascade cyclization approach of allylic alcohols involving C-H allylation has not been reported previously. The commercially available allylic alcohol substrates, the only by-product of water, and the used terminal oxidant of O2 provide environmentally benign advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijian Wu
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Jing Gui
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Manman Sun
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Yongmin Ma
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Jianguo Yang
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China
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8
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Visible-light-induced selective alkylsulfonylation of unactivated alkenes via remote heteroaryl migrations. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
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9
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Abstract
The emergence of modern photocatalysis, characterized by mildness and selectivity, has significantly spurred innovative late-stage C-H functionalization approaches that make use of low energy photons as a controllable energy source. Compared to traditional late-stage functionalization strategies, photocatalysis paves the way toward complementary and/or previously unattainable regio- and chemoselectivities. Merging the compelling benefits of photocatalysis with the late-stage functionalization workflow offers a potentially unmatched arsenal to tackle drug development campaigns and beyond. This Review highlights the photocatalytic late-stage C-H functionalization strategies of small-molecule drugs, agrochemicals, and natural products, classified according to the targeted C-H bond and the newly formed one. Emphasis is devoted to identifying, describing, and comparing the main mechanistic scenarios. The Review draws a critical comparison between established ionic chemistry and photocatalyzed radical-based manifolds. The Review aims to establish the current state-of-the-art and illustrate the key unsolved challenges to be addressed in the future. The authors aim to introduce the general readership to the main approaches toward photocatalytic late-stage C-H functionalization, and specialist practitioners to the critical evaluation of the current methodologies, potential for improvement, and future uncharted directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bellotti
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Huan-Ming Huang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210Shanghai, China
| | - Teresa Faber
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 36, 48149Münster, Germany
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10
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Bastidas Ángel AY, Campos PRO, Alberto EE. Synthetic application of chalcogenonium salts: beyond sulfonium. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:223-236. [PMID: 36503911 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01822e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The application of chalcogenonium salts in organic synthesis has grown enormously in the past decades since the discovery of the methyltransferase enzyme cofactor S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), featuring a sulfonium center as the reactive functional group. Chalcogenonium salts can be employed as alkylating agents, sources of ylides and carbon-centered radicals, partners for metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions and organocatalysts. Herein, we will focus the discussion on heavier chalcogenonium salts (selenonium and telluronium), presenting their utility in synthetic organic transformations and, whenever possible, drawing comparisons in terms of reactivity and selectivity with the respective sulfonium analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Y Bastidas Ángel
- Grupo de Síntese e Catálise Orgânica - GSCO, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Philipe Raphael O Campos
- Grupo de Síntese e Catálise Orgânica - GSCO, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo E Alberto
- Grupo de Síntese e Catálise Orgânica - GSCO, Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG, 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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11
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Diversification of pharmaceutical molecules via late-stage C(sp2)–H functionalization. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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12
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Meng H, Liu MS, Shu W. Organothianthrenium salts: synthesis and utilization. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13690-13707. [PMID: 36544727 PMCID: PMC9710214 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04507a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Organothianthrenium salts are a class of compounds containing a positively charged sulfur atom and a neutral sulfur atom. Over the past years, organothianthrenium salts have been emerging as attractive precursors for a myriad of transformations to forge new C-C and C-X bonds due to their unique structural characteristics and chemical behaviors. The use of the thianthrenation strategy selectively transforms C-H, C-O, and other chemical bonds into organothianthrenium salts in a predictable manner, providing a straightforward alternative for regioselective functionalizations for arenes, alkenes, alkanes, alcohols, amines and so on through diverse reaction mechanisms under mild conditions. In this review, the preparation of different organothianthrenium salts is summarized, including aryl, alkenyl and alkyl thianthrenium salts. Moreover, the utilization of organothianthrenium salts in different catalytic processes and their synthetic potentials are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Meng
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen 518055GuangdongP. R. China
| | - Ming-Shang Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen 518055GuangdongP. R. China
| | - Wei Shu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen 518055GuangdongP. R. China
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13
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Ye Y, Zhu J, Xie H, Huang Y. Rhodium‐Catalyzed Divergent Arylation of Alkenylsulfonium Salts with Arylboroxines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212522. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ye
- College of Materials Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology Ministry of Education Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhu
- College of Materials Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology Ministry of Education Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 P. R. China
| | - Haijiao Xie
- Hangzhou Yanqu Information Technology Co., Ltd. Hangzhou Zhejiang 310003 P. R. China
| | - Yinhua Huang
- College of Materials Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology Ministry of Education Hangzhou Normal University Hangzhou 311121 P. R. China
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14
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Zhu J, Ye Y, Huang Y. Palladacycle-Catalyzed Olefinic C–P Cross-Coupling of Alkenylsulfonium Salts with Diarylphosphines to Access Alkenylphosphines. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhu
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Ye
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinhua Huang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, People’s Republic of China
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15
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Michigami K, Mita T, Sato Y. Catalytic Carbonyl Allylation Using Terminal Alkenes as Nucleophiles. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2022. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.80.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Michigami
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Tsuyoshi Mita
- Institution for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery, Hokkaido University
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16
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Yan DM, Xu SH, Qian H, Gao PP, Bi MH, Xiao WJ, Chen JR. Photoredox-Catalyzed and Copper(II) Salt-Assisted Radical Addition/Hydroxylation Reaction of Alkenes, Sulfur Ylides, and Water. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Yan
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Shuang-Hua Xu
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Hao Qian
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Pan-Pan Gao
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Ming-Hang Bi
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Wen-Jing Xiao
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
| | - Jia-Rong Chen
- CCNU-uOttawa Joint Research Centre, Key Laboratory of Pesticides & Chemical Biology Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang 453007, China
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17
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Büchler J, Malca SH, Patsch D, Voss M, Turner NJ, Bornscheuer UT, Allemann O, Le Chapelain C, Lumbroso A, Loiseleur O, Buller R. Algorithm-aided engineering of aliphatic halogenase WelO5* for the asymmetric late-stage functionalization of soraphens. Nat Commun 2022; 13:371. [PMID: 35042883 PMCID: PMC8766452 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-27999-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization of natural products offers an elegant route to create novel entities in a relevant biological target space. In this context, enzymes capable of halogenating sp3 carbons with high stereo- and regiocontrol under benign conditions have attracted particular attention. Enabled by a combination of smart library design and machine learning, we engineer the iron/α-ketoglutarate dependent halogenase WelO5* for the late-stage functionalization of the complex and chemically difficult to derivatize macrolides soraphen A and C, potent anti-fungal agents. While the wild type enzyme WelO5* does not accept the macrolide substrates, our engineering strategy leads to active halogenase variants and improves upon their apparent kcat and total turnover number by more than 90-fold and 300-fold, respectively. Notably, our machine-learning guided engineering approach is capable of predicting more active variants and allows us to switch the regio-selectivity of the halogenases facilitating the targeted analysis of the derivatized macrolides’ structure-function activity in biological assays. The late-stage functionalization of unactivated carbon–hydrogen bonds is a difficult but important task, which has been met with promising but limited success through synthetic organic chemistry. Here the authors use machine learning to engineer WelO5* halogenase variants, which led to regioselective chlorination of inert C–H bonds on a representative polyketide that is a non-natural substrate for the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Büchler
- Competence Center for Biocatalysis, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland.,School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Sumire Honda Malca
- Competence Center for Biocatalysis, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - David Patsch
- Competence Center for Biocatalysis, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland.,Institute of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Moritz Voss
- Competence Center for Biocatalysis, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas J Turner
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Manchester, M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme Catalysis, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Oliver Allemann
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, 4332, Stein, Switzerland.,Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Hegenheimermattweg 91, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | - Alexandre Lumbroso
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, 4332, Stein, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Loiseleur
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, 4332, Stein, Switzerland.
| | - Rebecca Buller
- Competence Center for Biocatalysis, Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Einsiedlerstrasse 31, 8820, Wädenswil, Switzerland.
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18
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Li Q, Huang J, Cao Z, Zhang J, Wu J. Photoredox-catalyzed reaction of thianthrenium salts, sulfur dioxide and hydrazines. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00768a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A photoredox-catalyzed reaction of thianthrenium salts, hydrazines and DABCO·(SO2)2 is accomplished, providing diverse arenesulfonohydrazides in moderate to good yields under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangwei Li
- School of Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jiapian Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Zenghui Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Jie Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, 1139 Shifu Avenue, Taizhou 318000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
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19
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Li M, Liu S, Bao H, Li Q, Deng YH, Sun TY, Wang L. Photoinduced Metal-Free Borylation of Aryl Halides Catalysed by in situ Formed Donor-Acceptor Complex. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4909-4914. [PMID: 35655877 PMCID: PMC9067585 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00552b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoboron compounds are very important building blocks which can be applied in medicinal, biological and industrial fields. However, direct borylation in a metal free manner has been very rarely reported. Herein, we described the successful direct borylation of haloarenes under mild, operationally simple, catalyst-free conditions, promoted by irradiation with visible light. Mechanistic experiments and computational investigations indicate the formation of an excited donor–acceptor complex with a −3.12 V reduction potential, which is a highly active reductant and can facilitate single-electron-transfer (SET) with aryl halides to produce aryl radical intermediates. A two-step one-pot method was developed for site selective aromatic C–H bond borylation. The protocol's good functional group tolerance enables the functionalization of a variety of biologically relevant compounds, representing a new application of aryl radicals merged with photochemistry. We reported a facile metal-free conversion of aryl halides to the corresponding boronic esters catalysed by an in situ formed donor–acceptor complex. A two-step one-pot method was also developed for site selective aromatic C–H bond borylation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Manhong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University No. 66, Gongchang Road Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Siqi Liu
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen 518132 P. R. China
| | - Haoshi Bao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University No. 66, Gongchang Road Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Qini Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University No. 66, Gongchang Road Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
| | - Yi-Hui Deng
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen 518132 P. R. China
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Tian-Yu Sun
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory Shenzhen 518132 P. R. China
| | - Leifeng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University No. 66, Gongchang Road Shenzhen 518107 P. R. China
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20
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Belen’kii LI, Gazieva GA, Evdokimenkova YB, Soboleva NO. The literature of heterocyclic chemistry, Part XX, 2020. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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21
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Xu SH, Yan DM, Rao L, Jiang M, Wu YL, Xiao WJ, Chen JR. Photocatalytic selective 1,2-hydroxyacylmethylation of 1,3-dienes with sulfur ylides as source of alkyl radicals. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00383j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Exploration of the zwitterionic property of sulfur ylides has long been known as a flexible strategy in a wide range of chemical transformations for different ring-sized construction. By contrast, their...
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22
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Babu KN, Massarwe F, Shioukhi I, Masarwa A. Sequential Selective C-H and C(sp 3 )- + P Bond Functionalizations: An Entry to Bioactive Arylated Scaffolds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26199-26209. [PMID: 34618394 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphonium salts containing C(sp3 )-+ P bonds are among the most utilized reagents in organic synthesis for constructing C-C double bonds. However, their use as C-selective electrophilic groups is rare. Here, we explore an efficient and general transition-metal-free method for sequential chemo- and regioselective C-H and C(sp3 )-+ P bond functionalizations. In the present study, C-H alkylation resulting in the synthesis of benzhydryl triarylphosphonium salts was achieved by one-pot, four-component cross-coupling reactions of simple and commercially available starting materials. The utility of the resulting phosphonium salt building blocks was demonstrated by the chemoselective post-functionalization of benzylic C(sp3 )-+ PPh3 groups to achieve aminations, thiolations, and arylations. In this way, benzhydrylamines, benzhydrylthioethers, and triarylmethanes, structural motifs that are present in many pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, are readily accessed. These include the synthesis of two anticancer agents from simple materials in only two to three steps. Additionally, a protocol for late-stage functionalization of bioactive drugs has been developed using benzhydrylphosphonium salts. This new approach should provide novel transformations for application in both academic and pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Naresh Babu
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Fedaa Massarwe
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Israa Shioukhi
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Ahmad Masarwa
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
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23
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Babu KN, Massarwe F, Shioukhi I, Masarwa A. Sequential Selective C−H and C(sp
3
)−
+
P Bond Functionalizations: An Entry to Bioactive Arylated Scaffolds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Naresh Babu
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 9190401 Israel
| | - Fedaa Massarwe
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 9190401 Israel
| | - Israa Shioukhi
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 9190401 Israel
| | - Ahmad Masarwa
- Institute of Chemistry The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem 9190401 Israel
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24
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Fricke PJ, Dolewski RD, McNally A. Four‐Selective Pyridine Alkylation via Wittig Olefination of Dearomatized Pyridylphosphonium Ylides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Fricke
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - Ryan D. Dolewski
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
| | - Andrew McNally
- Department of Chemistry Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523 USA
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25
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Fricke PJ, Dolewski RD, McNally A. Four-Selective Pyridine Alkylation via Wittig Olefination of Dearomatized Pyridylphosphonium Ylides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21283-21288. [PMID: 34343390 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Methods to synthesize alkylated pyridines are valuable because these structures are prevalent in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. We have developed a distinct approach to construct 4-alkylpyridines using dearomatized pyridylphosphonium ylide intermediates in a Wittig olefination-rearomatization sequence. Pyridine N-activation is key to this strategy, and N-triazinylpyridinium salts enable coupling between a wide variety of substituted pyridines and aldehydes. The alkylation protocol is viable for late-stage functionalization, including methylation of pyridine-containing drugs. This approach represents an alternative to metal-catalyzed sp2 -sp3 cross-coupling reactions and Minisci-type processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Fricke
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Ryan D Dolewski
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Andrew McNally
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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26
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Son J. Sustainable manganese catalysis for late-stage C-H functionalization of bioactive structural motifs. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1733-1751. [PMID: 34386100 PMCID: PMC8329386 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The late-stage C–H functionalization of bioactive structural motifs is a powerful synthetic strategy for accessing advanced agrochemicals, bioimaging materials, and drug candidates, among other complex molecules. While traditional late-stage diversification relies on the use of precious transition metals, the utilization of 3d transition metals is an emerging approach in organic synthesis. Among the 3d metals, manganese catalysts have gained increasing attention for late-stage diversification due to the sustainability, cost-effectiveness, ease of operation, and reduced toxicity. Herein, we summarize recent manganese-catalyzed late-stage C–H functionalization reactions of biologically active small molecules and complex peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongwoo Son
- Department of Chemistry, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, South Korea.,Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Graduate Program), Dong-A University, Busan 49315, South Korea
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27
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Lasso JD, Castillo-Pazos DJ, Li CJ. Green chemistry meets medicinal chemistry: a perspective on modern metal-free late-stage functionalization reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:10955-10982. [PMID: 34382989 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00380a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The progress of drug discovery and development is paced by milestones reached in organic synthesis. In the last decade, the advent of late-stage functionalization (LSF) reactions has represented a valuable breakthrough. Recent literature has defined these reactions as the chemoselective modification of complex molecules by means of C-H functionalization or the manipulation of endogenous functional groups. Traditionally, these diversifications have been accomplished by organometallic means. However, the presence of metals carries disadvantages related to their cost, environmental hazard and health risks. Fundamentally, green chemistry directives can help minimize such hazards through the development of metal-free LSF methodologies. In this review, we expand the current discussion on metal-free LSF reactions by providing an overview of C(sp2)-H, and C(sp3)-H functionalizations, as well as the utilization of heteroatom-containing functional groups as chemical handles. Selected topics such as metal-free cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) reactions, organocatalysis, electrochemistry and photochemistry are also discussed. By writing the first review on metal-free LSF methodologies, we aim to highlight current advances in the field with examples that reveal specific challenges and solutions, as well as future research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D Lasso
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Durbis J Castillo-Pazos
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada.
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28
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Greenwood JW, Boyle BT, McNally A. Pyridylphosphonium salts as alternatives to cyanopyridines in radical-radical coupling reactions. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10538-10543. [PMID: 34447547 PMCID: PMC8356814 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02324a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Radical couplings of cyanopyridine radical anions represent a valuable technology for functionalizing pyridines, which are prevalent throughout pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials. Installing the cyano group, which facilitates the necessary radical anion formation and stabilization, is challenging and limits the use of this chemistry to simple cyanopyridines. We discovered that pyridylphosphonium salts, installed directly and regioselectively from C–H precursors, are useful alternatives to cyanopyridines in radical–radical coupling reactions, expanding the scope of this reaction manifold to complex pyridines. Methods for both alkylation and amination of pyridines mediated by photoredox catalysis are described. Additionally, we demonstrate late-stage functionalization of pharmaceuticals, highlighting an advantage of pyridylphosphonium salts over cyanopyridines. Cyanopyridines form dearomatized radical anions upon single-electron reduction and participate in photoredox coupling reactions. Pyridylphosphonium salts replicate that reactivity with a broader scope and increase the utility of these processes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob W Greenwood
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Benjamin T Boyle
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
| | - Andrew McNally
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523 USA
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29
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Bugaenko DI, Yurovskaya MA, Karchava AV. From Pyridine- N-oxides to 2-Functionalized Pyridines through Pyridyl Phosphonium Salts: An Umpolung Strategy. Org Lett 2021; 23:6099-6104. [PMID: 34269594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of pyridine-N-oxides with Ph3P under the developed conditions provide an unprecedented route to (pyridine-2-yl)phosphonium salts. Upon activation with DABCO, these salts readily serve as functionalized 2-pyridyl nucleophile equivalents. This umpolung strategy allows for the selective C2 functionalization of the pyridine ring with electrophiles, avoiding the generation and use of unstable organometallic reagents. The protocol operates at ambient temperature and tolerates sensitive functional groups, enabling the synthesis of otherwise challenging compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry I Bugaenko
- Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia
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30
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Late-stage C–H functionalization offers new opportunities in drug discovery. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:522-545. [PMID: 37117588 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00300-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the landscape of molecular synthesis has gained major impetus by the introduction of late-stage functionalization (LSF) methodologies. C-H functionalization approaches, particularly, set the stage for new retrosynthetic disconnections, while leading to improvements in resource economy. A variety of innovative techniques have been successfully applied to the C-H diversification of pharmaceuticals, and these key developments have enabled medicinal chemists to integrate LSF strategies in their drug discovery programmes. This Review highlights the significant advances achieved in the late-stage C-H functionalization of drugs and drug-like compounds, and showcases how the implementation of these modern strategies allows increased efficiency in the drug discovery process. Representative examples are examined and classified by mechanistic patterns involving directed or innate C-H functionalization, as well as emerging reaction manifolds, such as electrosynthesis and biocatalysis, among others. Structurally complex bioactive entities beyond small molecules are also covered, including diversification in the new modalities sphere. The challenges and limitations of current LSF methods are critically assessed, and avenues for future improvements of this rapidly expanding field are discussed. We, hereby, aim to provide a toolbox for chemists in academia as well as industrial practitioners, and introduce guiding principles for the application of LSF strategies to access new molecules of interest.
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31
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Ye Y, Zhu J, Huang Y. Diverse C-P Cross-Couplings of Arylsulfonium Salts with Diarylphosphines via Selective C-S Bond Cleavage. Org Lett 2021; 23:2386-2391. [PMID: 33688733 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Diverse C-P cross-couplings of arylthianthrenium salts with diarylphosphines producing various triarylphosphines via highly selective C-S bond cleavage are reported. In the absence of catalyst, the reaction of arylthianthrenium salts with diarylphosphines undergoes phosphinative ring opening exclusively via the cleavage of an endocyclic C-S bond of a thianthrene skeleton. The use of a palladacycle catalyst under otherwise the same conditions enables the phosphination via the cleavage of an exocyclic C-S bond with significantly higher speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ye
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yinhua Huang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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32
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Li L, Zhong X, Xu J, Gao H, Zhou Z, Yi W. Synthesis of Difluorinated Dihydrobenzo[
de
]chromenes via Rh(III)‐Catalysed C‐H Couplings of 1‐Naphthols with
Gem
‐Difluoromethylene Alkynes. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong 511436 People‘s Republic of China
| | - Xiuhua Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong 511436 People‘s Republic of China
| | - Jiali Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong 511436 People‘s Republic of China
| | - Hui Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong 511436 People‘s Republic of China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong 511436 People‘s Republic of China
| | - Wei Yi
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & the Fifth Affiliated Hospital Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou Guangdong 511436 People‘s Republic of China
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33
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Wu J, Qian B, Lu L, Yang H, Shang Y, Zhang J. Access to the C2 C–H olefination, alkylation and deuteration of indoles by rhodium( iii) catalysis: an opportunity for diverse syntheses. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00133g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A concise approach for a diversity-oriented synthesis via regioselective C2 C–H olefination, alkylation, and deuteration of indoles by Rh(iii) catalysis is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids (Ministry of Education)
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecular Based Materials
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Anhui Normal University
- Wuhu 241002
| | - Baiyang Qian
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids (Ministry of Education)
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecular Based Materials
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Anhui Normal University
- Wuhu 241002
| | - Lili Lu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids (Ministry of Education)
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecular Based Materials
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Anhui Normal University
- Wuhu 241002
| | - Haitao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids (Ministry of Education)
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecular Based Materials
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Anhui Normal University
- Wuhu 241002
| | - Yongjia Shang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids (Ministry of Education)
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecular Based Materials
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Anhui Normal University
- Wuhu 241002
| | - Jitan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids (Ministry of Education)
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Molecular Based Materials
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Anhui Normal University
- Wuhu 241002
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34
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Xie R, Zhu J, Huang Y. Cu-Catalyzed highly selective silylation and borylation of alkenylsulfonium salts. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00922b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A Cu-catalyzed highly selective silylation and borylation of alkenylsulfonium salts under mild conditions is reported providing various alkenylsilanes and alkenylboranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xie
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yinhua Huang
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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35
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Bian M, Mawjuda H, Gao H, Xu H, Zhou Z, Yi W. Lossen Rearrangement vs C-N Reductive Elimination Enabled by Rh(III)-Catalyzed C-H Activation/Selective Lactone Ring-Opening: Chemodivergent Synthesis of Quinolinones and Dihydroisoquinolinones. Org Lett 2020; 22:9677-9682. [PMID: 33274634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented Rh(III)-catalyzed cascade C-H activation/Lossen rearrangement of aromatic amides with methyleneoxetanones has been realized along with a tunable C-N bond reductive elimination/trans esterification, giving divergent access to quinolinones and dihydroisoquinolinones via selective ring-opening of the four-membered lactone unit. Combined computational and experimental mechanistic studies defined the solvent-involved distinguished reaction paths, the origin of the observed chemodivergence, as well as the role of the substituent attached at the oxidizing directing group in tuning the reaction outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Bian
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Hamdulla Mawjuda
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Hui Gao
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Huiying Xu
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Wei Yi
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
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