1
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Tarzia A, Wolpert EH, Jelfs KE, Pavan GM. Systematic exploration of accessible topologies of cage molecules via minimalistic models. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12506-12517. [PMID: 38020374 PMCID: PMC10646940 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03991a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cages are macrocyclic structures with an intrinsic internal cavity that support applications in separations, sensing and catalysis. These materials can be synthesised via self-assembly of organic or metal-organic building blocks. Their bottom-up synthesis and the diversity in building block chemistry allows for fine-tuning of their shape and properties towards a target property. However, it is not straightforward to predict the outcome of self-assembly, and, thus, the structures that are practically accessible during synthesis. Indeed, such a prediction becomes more difficult as problems related to the flexibility of the building blocks or increased combinatorics lead to a higher level of complexity and increased computational costs. Molecular models, and their coarse-graining into simplified representations, may be very useful to this end. Here, we develop a minimalistic toy model of cage-like molecules to explore the stable space of different cage topologies based on a few fundamental geometric building block parameters. Our results capture, despite the simplifications of the model, known geometrical design rules in synthetic cage molecules and uncover the role of building block coordination number and flexibility on the stability of cage topologies. This leads to a large-scale and systematic exploration of design principles, generating data that we expect could be analysed through expandable approaches towards the rational design of self-assembled porous architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tarzia
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Torino Italy
| | - Emma H Wolpert
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Kim E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Giovanni M Pavan
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Torino Italy
- Department of Innovative Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Polo Universitario Lugano Campus Est, Via la Santa 1 6962 Lugano-Viganello Switzerland
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2
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Xu M, Sun B, Poole DA, Bobylev EO, Jing X, Wu J, He C, Duan C, Reek JNH. Broadening the catalytic region from the cavity to windows by M 6L 12 nanospheres in cyclizations. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11699-11707. [PMID: 37920339 PMCID: PMC10619639 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02998k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular cages have received tremendous attention as they can contain catalysts that exhibit confinement effects in the cavity, leading to excellent performances. Herein, we report an example wherein the catalytic region is extended from the cage cavity to the windows, and investigate its confinement effect by utilizing the Pd6LAu12 cage that contains rigidly fixed and isolated gold complexes at the windows. Pd6LAu12 exhibit three features of particular interest while assessing their properties in gold-catalyzed cyclization reactions. First, the catalysts experience a cage effect as they display higher reactivity and selectivity compared to the monomeric analogue, as a result of substrate pre-organization at the windows. Second, the metal complexes are physically separated by the cage structure, preventing the formation of less active dinuclear gold complexes making it more stable under hydrous conditions. Third, the cage windows present the characteristics of enzymatic catalysis via Michaelis-Menten-type mechanism analysis. This contribution presents an alternative way to engineer supramolecular catalysts through extending the catalytic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Bin Sun
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 Amsterdam 1098 XH The Netherlands
| | - David A Poole
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 Amsterdam 1098 XH The Netherlands
| | - Eduard O Bobylev
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 Amsterdam 1098 XH The Netherlands
| | - Xu Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Jinguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Cheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Joost N H Reek
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 Amsterdam 1098 XH The Netherlands
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3
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Bobylev EO, Poole DA, de Bruin B, Reek JNH. M 6L 12 Nanospheres with Multiple C 70 Binding Sites for 1O 2 Formation in Organic and Aqueous Media. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15633-15642. [PMID: 35977385 PMCID: PMC9437924 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Singlet oxygen is a potent oxidant with major applications
in organic
synthesis and medicinal treatment. An efficient way to produce singlet
oxygen is the photochemical generation by fullerenes which exhibit
ideal thermal and photochemical stability. In this contribution we
describe readily accessible M6L12 nanospheres
with unique binding sites for fullerenes located at the windows of
the nanospheres. Up to four C70 can be associated with
a single nanosphere, presenting an efficient method for fullerene
extraction and application. Depending on the functionality located
on the outside of the sphere, they act as vehicles for 1O2 generation in organic or in aqueous media using white
LED light. Excellent productivity in 1O2 generation
and consecutive oxidation of 1O2 acceptors using
C70⊂[Pd6L12], C60⊂[Pd6L12] or fullerene soot extract
was observed. The methodological design principles allow preparation
and application of highly effective multifullerene binding spheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard O Bobylev
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - David A Poole
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Joost N H Reek
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
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4
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Kondinski A, Menon A, Nurkowski D, Farazi F, Mosbach S, Akroyd J, Kraft M. Automated Rational Design of Metal-Organic Polyhedra. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11713-11728. [PMID: 35731954 PMCID: PMC9264355 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic polyhedra (MOPs) are hybrid organic-inorganic nanomolecules, whose rational design depends on harmonious consideration of chemical complementarity and spatial compatibility between two or more types of chemical building units (CBUs). In this work, we apply knowledge engineering technology to automate the derivation of MOP formulations based on existing knowledge. For this purpose we have (i) curated relevant MOP and CBU data; (ii) developed an assembly model concept that embeds rules in the MOP construction; (iii) developed an OntoMOPs ontology that defines MOPs and their key properties; (iv) input agents that populate The World Avatar (TWA) knowledge graph; and (v) input agents that, using information from TWA, derive a list of new constructible MOPs. Our result provides rapid and automated instantiation of MOPs in TWA and unveils the immediate chemical space of known MOPs, thus shedding light on new MOP targets for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Kondinski
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.
| | - Angiras Menon
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.
| | - Daniel Nurkowski
- CMCL
Innovations, Sheraton House, Castle Park, Cambridge CB3 0AX, U.K.
| | - Feroz Farazi
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.
| | - Sebastian Mosbach
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.
| | - Jethro Akroyd
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.
| | - Markus Kraft
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.
- CMCL
Innovations, Sheraton House, Castle Park, Cambridge CB3 0AX, U.K.
- CARES, Cambridge Centre for Advanced Research and Education
in Singapore, 1 Create
Way, CREATE Tower, #05-05, Singapore 138602
- School
of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459
- The
Alan Turing Institute, 2QR, John Dodson House, 96 Euston Road, London NW1 2DB, U.K.
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5
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Piskorz TK, Martí-Centelles V, Young TA, Lusby PJ, Duarte F. Computational Modeling of Supramolecular Metallo-organic Cages-Challenges and Opportunities. ACS Catal 2022; 12:5806-5826. [PMID: 35633896 PMCID: PMC9127791 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Self-assembled
metallo-organic
cages have emerged as promising
biomimetic platforms that can encapsulate whole substrates akin to
an enzyme active site. Extensive experimental work has enabled access
to a variety of structures, with a few notable examples showing catalytic
behavior. However, computational investigations of metallo-organic
cages are scarce, not least due to the challenges associated with
their modeling and the lack of accurate and efficient protocols to
evaluate these systems. In this review, we discuss key molecular principles
governing the design of functional metallo-organic cages, from the
assembly of building blocks through binding and catalysis. For each
of these processes, computational protocols will be reviewed, considering
their inherent strengths and weaknesses. We will demonstrate that
while each approach may have its own specific pitfalls, they can be
a powerful tool for rationalizing experimental observables and to
guide synthetic efforts. To illustrate this point, we present several
examples where modeling has helped to elucidate fundamental principles
behind molecular recognition and reactivity. We highlight the importance
of combining computational and experimental efforts to speed up supramolecular
catalyst design while reducing time and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz K. Piskorz
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Vicente Martí-Centelles
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Tom A. Young
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Lusby
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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6
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Khobotov‐Bakishev A, Hernández‐López L, von Baeckmann C, Albalad J, Carné‐Sánchez A, Maspoch D. Metal-Organic Polyhedra as Building Blocks for Porous Extended Networks. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104753. [PMID: 35119223 PMCID: PMC9008419 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic polyhedra (MOPs) are a subclass of coordination cages that can adsorb and host species in solution and are permanently porous in solid-state. These characteristics, together with the recent development of their orthogonal surface chemistry and the assembly of more stable cages, have awakened the latent potential of MOPs to be used as building blocks for the synthesis of extended porous networks. This review article focuses on exploring the key developments that make the extension of MOPs possible, highlighting the most remarkable examples of MOP-based soft materials and crystalline extended frameworks. Finally, the article ventures to offer future perspectives on the exploitation of MOPs in fields that still remain ripe toward the use of such unorthodox molecular porous platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akim Khobotov‐Bakishev
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyCampus UAB, BellaterraBarcelona08193Spain
| | - Laura Hernández‐López
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyCampus UAB, BellaterraBarcelona08193Spain
| | - Cornelia von Baeckmann
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyCampus UAB, BellaterraBarcelona08193Spain
| | - Jorge Albalad
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyCampus UAB, BellaterraBarcelona08193Spain
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and Department of ChemistryThe University of AdelaideNorth TerraceAdelaideSouth Australia5000Australia
| | - Arnau Carné‐Sánchez
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyCampus UAB, BellaterraBarcelona08193Spain
| | - Daniel Maspoch
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2)CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyCampus UAB, BellaterraBarcelona08193Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA)Pg. Lluís Companys 23Barcelona08010Spain
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7
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Tarzia A, Jelfs KE. Unlocking the computational design of metal-organic cages. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3717-3730. [PMID: 35229861 PMCID: PMC8932387 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00532h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic cages are macrocyclic structures that can possess an intrinsic void that can hold molecules for encapsulation, adsorption, sensing, and catalysis applications. As metal-organic cages may be comprised from nearly any combination of organic and metal-containing components, cages can form with diverse shapes and sizes, allowing for tuning toward targeted properties. Therefore, their near-infinite design space is almost impossible to explore through experimentation alone and computational design can play a crucial role in exploring new systems. Although high-throughput computational design and screening workflows have long been known as powerful tools in drug and materials discovery, their application in exploring metal-organic cages is more recent. We show examples of structure prediction and host-guest/catalytic property evaluation of metal-organic cages. These examples are facilitated by advances in methods that handle metal-containing systems with improved accuracy and are the beginning of the development of automated cage design workflows. We finally outline a scope for how high-throughput computational methods can assist and drive experimental decisions as the field pushes toward functional and complex metal-organic cages. In particular, we highlight the importance of considering realistic, flexible systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tarzia
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Kim E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
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8
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Poole III DA, Bobylev EO, Mathew S, Reek JNH. Entropy directs the self-assembly of supramolecular palladium coordination macrocycles and cages. Chem Sci 2022; 13:10141-10148. [PMID: 36128226 PMCID: PMC9430592 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03154j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-assembly of palladium-based cages is frequently rationalized via the cumulative enthalpy (ΔH) of bonds between coordination nodes (M, i.e., Pd) and ligand (L) components. This focus on enthalpic rationale limits the complete understanding of the Gibbs free energy (ΔG) for self-assembly, as entropic (ΔS) contributions are overlooked. Here, we present a study of the M2linL3 intermediate species (M = dinitrato(N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine)palladium(ii), linL = 4,4′-bipyridine), formed during the synthesis of triangle-shaped (M3linL3) and square-shaped (M4linL4) coordination macrocycles. Thermochemical analyses by variable temperature (VT) 1H-NMR revealed that the M2linL3 intermediate exhibited an unfavorable (relative) ΔS compared to M3linL3 (triangle, ΔTΔS = +5.22 kcal mol−1) or M4linL4 (square, ΔTΔS = +2.37 kcal mol−1) macrocycles. Further analysis of these constructs with molecular dynamics (MD) identified that the self-assembly process is driven by ΔG losses facilitated by increases in solvation entropy (ΔSsolv, i.e., depletion of solvent accessible surface area) that drives the self-assembly from “open” intermediates toward “closed” macrocyclic products. Expansion of our computational approach to the analysis of self-assembly in PdnbenL2n cages (benL = 4,4'-(5-ethoxy-1,3-phenylene)dipyridine), demonstrated that ΔSsolv contributions drive the self-assembly of both thermodynamic cage products (i.e., Pd12benL24) and kinetically-trapped intermediates (i.e., Pd8cL16). These studies demonstrate that ΔS drives the self-assembly of supramolecular palladium-based coordination macrocycles and cages. As this ΔS contribution arises from solvation, these findings broadly reflect the thermodynamic drive of self-assembly to form compact structures.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Poole III
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular, and Bioinspired Catalysis Group, van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E. O. Bobylev
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular, and Bioinspired Catalysis Group, van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S. Mathew
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular, and Bioinspired Catalysis Group, van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J. N. H. Reek
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular, and Bioinspired Catalysis Group, van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Tarzia A, Lewis JEM, Jelfs KE. High‐Throughput Computational Evaluation of Low Symmetry Pd
2
L
4
Cages to Aid in System Design**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tarzia
- Department of Chemistry Molecular Sciences Research Hub Imperial College London White City Campus, Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - James E. M. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry Molecular Sciences Research Hub Imperial College London White City Campus, Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Kim E. Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry Molecular Sciences Research Hub Imperial College London White City Campus, Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
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10
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Tarzia A, Lewis JEM, Jelfs KE. High-Throughput Computational Evaluation of Low Symmetry Pd 2 L 4 Cages to Aid in System Design*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20879-20887. [PMID: 34254713 PMCID: PMC8518684 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Unsymmetrical ditopic ligands can self-assemble into reduced-symmetry Pd2 L4 metallo-cages with anisotropic cavities, with implications for high specificity and affinity guest-binding. Mixtures of cage isomers can form, however, resulting in undesirable system heterogeneity. It is paramount to be able to design components that preferentially form a single isomer. Previous data suggested that computational methods could predict with reasonable accuracy whether unsymmetrical ligands would preferentially self-assemble into single cage isomers under constraints of geometrical mismatch. We successfully apply a collaborative computational and experimental workflow to mitigate costly trial-and-error synthetic approaches. Our rapid computational workflow constructs unsymmetrical ligands and their Pd2 L4 cage isomers, ranking the likelihood for exclusively forming cis-Pd2 L4 assemblies. From this narrowed search space, we successfully synthesised four new, low-symmetry, cis-Pd2 L4 cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Tarzia
- Department of ChemistryMolecular Sciences Research HubImperial College LondonWhite City Campus, Wood LaneLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - James E. M. Lewis
- Department of ChemistryMolecular Sciences Research HubImperial College LondonWhite City Campus, Wood LaneLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - Kim E. Jelfs
- Department of ChemistryMolecular Sciences Research HubImperial College LondonWhite City Campus, Wood LaneLondonW12 0BZUK
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11
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Bobylev EO, Poole DA, de Bruin B, Reek JNH. How to Prepare Kinetically Stable Self-assembled Pt 12 L 24 Nanocages while Circumventing Kinetic Traps. Chemistry 2021; 27:12667-12674. [PMID: 34155700 PMCID: PMC8456849 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular coordination-based self-assembled nanostructures have been widely studied, and currently various applications are being explored. For several applications, the stability of the nanostructure is of key importance, and this strongly depends on the metal used in the self-assembly process. Herein, design strategies and synthetic protocols to access desirable kinetically stable Pt12 L24 nanospheres are reported, and it is demonstrated that these are stable under conditions under which the palladium counterparts decompose. Descriptors previously used for palladium nanospheres are insufficient for platinum analogues, as the stronger metal-ligand bond results in a mixture of kinetically trapped structures. We report that next to the dihedral angle, the rigidity of the ditopic ligand is also a key parameter for the controlled formation of Pt12 L24 nanospheres. Catalytic amounts of coordinating additives to labilise the platinum-pyridyl bond to some extent are needed to selectively form Pt12 L24 assemblies. The formed Pt12 L24 nanospheres were demonstrated to be stable in the presence of chloride, amines and acids, unlike the palladium analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard O. Bobylev
- Supramolecular and Homogeneous Catalysis Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - David A. Poole
- Supramolecular and Homogeneous Catalysis Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Supramolecular and Homogeneous Catalysis Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Joost N. H. Reek
- Supramolecular and Homogeneous Catalysis Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 9041098 XHAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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12
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Bobylev EO, Poole Iii DA, de Bruin B, Reek JNH. Selective formation of Pt 12L 24 nanospheres by ligand design. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7696-7705. [PMID: 34168821 PMCID: PMC8188466 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01295a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular self-assemblies are used across various fields for different applications including their use as containers for catalysts, drugs and fluorophores. M12L24 spheres are among the most studied, as they offer plenty of space for functionalization, yielding systems with unique properties in comparison to their single components. Detailed studies on the formation of M12L24 structures using palladium cornerstones (that have generally dynamic coordination chemistry) aided in the development of synthetic protocols. The more robust platinum-based systems received thus far much less attention. The general use of platinum-based assemblies remains elusive as parameters and design principles of the ligand building blocks are not fully established. As platinum-based nanospheres are more robust due to the kinetically more stable nitrogen-platinum bond, we studied the sphere formation process in detail in order to develop descriptors for the formation of platinum-based nanospheres. In a systematic study, using time-dependent mass spectrometry, 1H-NMR and DOSY NMR, we identified new kinetically trapped intermediates during the formation of Pt12L24 spheres and we developed key parameters for selective formation of Pt12L24 spheres. Molecular mechanics calculations and experimental result support the importance of charge and steric bulk placed at the endo-site of the ditopic linker for selective sphere formation. Applicability of these principles is demonstrated by employing various ditopic ligands with different bend-angles for the synthesis of a range of Pt2L4, Pt3L6, Pt4L8 and Pt12L24 polyhedra with platinum cornerstones in excellent yields, thus paving the way for future applications of well-defined robust platinum nanospheres of different shapes and sizes with the general composition Pt n L2n .
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard O Bobylev
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - David A Poole Iii
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Joost N H Reek
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
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