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Lau CY, Yeung CS, Tse HY, Luk HL, Yu CY, Yuen CB, Phillips DL, Leu SY. Macrocyclic porphyrin photocatalysts without metal chelation: A novel pathway for complete degradation of tough halophenols with longwave visible LED light source. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 478:135342. [PMID: 39126850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Halophenols are toxic and persistent pollutants in water environments which poses harm to various organisms. Due to their high stability and long residence time, ultraviolet radiation, heavy metals and oxidizing agents have been largely adopted on treating these compounds. However, these treatment methods could pose toxicity or hazardous risks to the marine environment and plant operators. In this study, a water-soluble porphyrin photocatalyst was synthesized and introduced for halophenol treatment using UV-free LED white light. The porphyrin catalyst is a macrocyclic ring consisting of pyrroles linked with methine bridges, the highly conjugated ring provided the superior functionality of visible light absorption. Surprisingly, over 99 % degradation of halophenols and over 90 % dehalogenation have been achieved without metal chelation, even higher than those of transition metal porphyrins with inclusion of Fe3+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Mn2+. Ring-opening reactions were confirmed with the formation of carboxylic acids; dicarboxylic acids like acrylic acid, and malonic acid; while fumaric acid was the main product. Total organic carbon results indicated no CO2 produced during the reaction. Triplet absorbance and scavenger studies also indicated that singlet oxygen and conduction band electrons are the main radical species for halophenol degradation. The 100-fold singlet emission quenching over triplet absorption quenching indicated that the excited electrons tend to be transferred via singlet state. This concept brings along new approaches detoxifying halophenol-related wastewater without UV, metals and other additives, which is more environmentally-friendly and sheds light to the conversion of toxic materials into useful chemical precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yin Lau
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Rd., Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Chi Shun Yeung
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Rd., Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Ho-Yin Tse
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Rd., Hung Hom, Hong Kong; Center for Green Chemistry & Green Engineering at Yale, 370 Prospect St, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale School of the Environment, 195 Prospect St, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hoi Ling Luk
- Department of Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chung Yin Yu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Rd., Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - Chun Bong Yuen
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Rd., Hung Hom, Hong Kong
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, HKU-CAS Joint Laboratory on New Materials, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Shao-Yuan Leu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Rd., Hung Hom, Hong Kong; Research Institute for Sustainable Urban Development (RISUD), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong.
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2
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Zhu J, Wang R, Ma Z, Zuo W, Zhu M. Unleashing the Power of PET-RAFT Polymerization: Journey from Porphyrin-Based Photocatalysts to Combinatorial Technologies and Advanced Bioapplications. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:1371-1390. [PMID: 38346318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of photoinduced energy/electron transfer-reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (PET-RAFT) not only revolutionized the field of photopolymerization but also accelerated the development of porphyrin-based photocatalysts and their analogues. The continual expansion of the monomer family compatible with PET-RAFT polymerization enhances the range of light radiation that can be harnessed, providing increased flexibility in polymerization processes. Furthermore, the versatility of PET-RAFT polymerization extends beyond its inherent capabilities, enabling its integration with various technologies in diverse fields. This integration holds considerable promise for the advancement of biomaterials with satisfactory bioapplications. As researchers delve deeper into the possibilities afforded by PET-RAFT polymerization, the collaborative efforts of individuals from diverse disciplines will prove invaluable in unleashing its full potential. This Review presents a concise introduction to the fundamental principles of PET-RAFT, outlines the progress in photocatalyst development, highlights its primary applications, and offers insights for future advancements in this technique, paving the way for exciting innovations and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ruili Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Weiwei Zuo
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
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3
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Imato K, Hino T, Kaneda N, Imae I, Shida N, Inagi S, Ooyama Y. Wireless Electrochemical Gel Actuators. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305067. [PMID: 37858925 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Soft actuators generate motion in response to external stimuli and are indispensable for soft robots, particularly future miniature robots with complex structure and motion. Similarly to conventional hard robots, electricity is suitable for the stimulation. However, previous electrochemical soft actuators require a tethered connection to a power supply, limiting their size, structure, and motion. Here, wireless electrochemical soft actuators composed of hydrogels and driven by bipolar electrochemistry are reported. Viologen, which dimerizes by one-electron reduction and dissociates by one-electron oxidation, is incorporated in the side chains of the gel networks and works as a reversible cross-link. Wireless and reversible electrochemical actuation of the hydrogels, i.e., muscle-like shrinking and swelling, is demonstrated at microscopic and even macroscopic scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Imato
- Applied Chemistry Program Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Taichi Hino
- Applied Chemistry Program Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Naoki Kaneda
- Applied Chemistry Program Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Ichiro Imae
- Applied Chemistry Program Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
| | - Naoki Shida
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, 240-8501, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Yousuke Ooyama
- Applied Chemistry Program Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
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4
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Zhang Y, Li R, Trick TC, Nosiglia MA, Palmquist MS, Wong ML, Dorsainvil JM, Tran SL, Danielson MK, Barnes JC. Saltwater-Induced Rapid Gelation of Photoredox-Responsive Mucomimetic Hydrogels. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2307356. [PMID: 38124527 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Shear-thinning hydrogels represent an important class of injectable soft materials that are often used in a wide range of biomedical applications. Creation of new shear-thinning materials often requires that factors such as viscosity, injection rate/force, and needle gauge be evaluated to achieve efficient delivery, while simultaneously protecting potentially sensitive cargo. Here, a new approach to establishing shear-thinning hydrogels is reported where a host-guest cross-linked network initially remains soluble in deionized water but is kinetically trapped as a viscous hydrogel once exposed to saltwater. The shear-thinning properties of the hydrogel is then "switched on" in response to heating or exposure to visible light. These hydrogels consist of polynorbornene-based bottlebrush copolymers with porphyrin- and oligoviologen-containing side chains that are cross-linked through the reversible formation of β-cyclodextrin-adamantane inclusion complexes. The resultant viscous hydrogels display broad adhesive properties across polar and nonpolar substrates, mimicking that of natural mucous and thus making it easier to distribute onto a wide range of surfaces. Additional control over the hydrogel's mechanical properties (storage/loss moduli) and performance (adhesion) is achieved post-injection using a low-energy (blue light) photoinduced electron-transfer process. This work envisions these injectable copolymers and multimodal hydrogels can serve as versatile next-generation biomaterials capable of light-based mechanical manipulation post-injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Ruihan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Tarryn C Trick
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Mark A Nosiglia
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Mark S Palmquist
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Mason L Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | | | - Sheila L Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Mary K Danielson
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Jonathan C Barnes
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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5
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Taylor JM, Luan H, Lewis JA, Rogers JA, Nuzzo RG, Braun PV. Biomimetic and Biologically Compliant Soft Architectures via 3D and 4D Assembly Methods: A Perspective. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108391. [PMID: 35233865 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in soft material chemistry and enabling methods of 3D and 4D fabrication-emerging programmable material designs and associated assembly methods for the construction of complex functional structures-is highlighted. The underlying advances in this science allow the creation of soft material architectures with properties and shapes that programmably vary with time. The ability to control composition from the molecular to the macroscale is highlighted-most notably through examples that focus on biomimetic and biologically compliant soft materials. Such advances, when coupled with the ability to program material structure and properties across multiple scales via microfabrication, 3D printing, or other assembly techniques, give rise to responsive (4D) architectures. The challenges and prospects for progress in this emerging field in terms of its capacities for integrating chemistry, form, and function are described in the context of exemplary soft material systems demonstrating important but heretofore difficult-to-realize biomimetic and biologically compliant behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay M Taylor
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Materials Research Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 104 South Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Haiwen Luan
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jennifer A Lewis
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 29 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - John A Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Neurological Surgery, Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Ralph G Nuzzo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 600 S Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Surface and Corrosion Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Drottning Kristinasväg 51, Stockholm, 10044, Sweden
| | - Paul V Braun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Materials Research Laboratory, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 104 South Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 600 S Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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6
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Nakanishi W, Yamauchi Y, Nishina Y, Yoshio M, Takeuchi M. Oxidation-degree-dependent moisture-induced actuation of a graphene oxide film. RSC Adv 2022; 12:3372-3379. [PMID: 35425372 PMCID: PMC8979308 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07773b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multilayered films prepared from graphene oxide (GO) subjected to a single oxidation process (1GO) can actuate in response to moisture, whereas those prepared from GO subjected to two oxidation processes (2GO) lose this ability. To elucidate the origin of this difference, the structures and properties of various multilayered films and their contents were analyzed. According to atomic force microscopy images, the lateral size of the GO monolayer in 2GO (2.0 ± 0.4 μm) was smaller than that in 1GO (3.2 ± 0.4 μm), although this size difference did not affect actuation. Scanning electron microscopy images of the cross sections of both films showed fine multilayered structures and X-ray diffraction measurements showed the moisture sensitive reversible change in the interlayer distances for both films. Both films adsorbed 30 wt% moisture in 60 s with different water contents at the bottom moist sides and top air sides of the films. Nanoindentation experiments showed hardness values (1GO: 156 ± 67 MPa; 2GO: 189 ± 97 MPa) and elastic modulus values (1GO: 4.7 ± 1.7 GPa; 2GO: 5.8 ± 3.2 GPa) typical of GO, with no substantial difference between the films. On the contrary, the 1GO film bent when subjected to a weight equal to its own weight, whereas the 2GO film did not. Such differences in the macroscopic hardness of GO films can affect their moisture-induced actuation ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waka Nakanishi
- Molecular Design and Function Group, National Institute for Materials Science 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0047 Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yamauchi
- Molecular Design and Function Group, National Institute for Materials Science 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0047 Japan
| | - Yuta Nishina
- Research Core for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Okayama University 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Masafumi Yoshio
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0047 Japan.,Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku Sapporo Hokkaido 060-8628 Japan
| | - Masayuki Takeuchi
- Molecular Design and Function Group, National Institute for Materials Science 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0047 Japan .,Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University Sendai 980-8579 Japan
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7
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Delawder AO, Palmquist MS, Dorsainvil JM, Colley ND, Saak TM, Gruschka MC, Li X, Li L, Zhang Y, Barnes JC. Iterative step-growth synthesis and degradation of unimolecular polyviologens under mild conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1358-1361. [PMID: 34989373 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06912h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An iterative step-growth addition method was used to expedite the gram-scale synthesis of main-chain polyviologens by several days, while also producing the longest main-chain polyviologen (i.e., 26 viologen subunits) reported to date. Facile degradation using inorganic and organic aqueous bases was also demonstrated for a representative oligoviologen (6V-Me·12Cl), a polyviologen (26V-Me·52Cl), and oligoviologen-crosslinked hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail O Delawder
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | - Mark S Palmquist
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | - Jovelt M Dorsainvil
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | - Nathan D Colley
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | - Tiana M Saak
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | - Max C Gruschka
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | - Xuesong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | - Yipei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | - Jonathan C Barnes
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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8
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Palmquist MS, Gruschka MC, Dorsainvil JM, Delawder AO, Saak TM, Danielson MK, Barnes JC. Electrostatic loading and photoredox-based release of molecular cargo from oligoviologen-crosslinked microparticles. Polym Chem 2022; 13:2115-2122. [PMID: 36188127 PMCID: PMC9518833 DOI: 10.1039/d2py00249c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although on-demand cargo release has been demonstrated in a wide range of microparticle platforms, many existing methods lack specific loading interactions and/or undergo permanent damage to the microparticle to release...
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Palmquist
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Max C Gruschka
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Jovelt M Dorsainvil
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Abigail O Delawder
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Tiana M Saak
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Mary K Danielson
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Jonathan C Barnes
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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9
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Mommer S, Sokołowski K, Olesińska M, Huang Z, Scherman OA. Supramolecular Encapsulation of Redox-Active Monomers to Enable Free-Radical Polymerisation. Chem Sci 2022; 13:8791-8796. [PMID: 35975157 PMCID: PMC9350630 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02072f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended polymeric structures based on redox-active species are of great interest in emerging technologies related to energy conversion and storage. However, redox-active monomers tend to inhibit radical polymerisation processes and hence, increase polydispersity and reduce the average molecular weight of the resultant polymers. Here, we demonstrate that styrenic viologens, which do not undergo radical polymerisation effectively on their own, can be readily copolymerised in the presence of cucurbit[n]uril (CB[n]) macrocycles. The presented strategy relies on pre-encapsulation of the viologen monomers within the molecular cavities of the CB[n] macrocycle. Upon polymerisation, the molecular weight of the resultant polymer was found to be an order of magnitude higher and the polydispersity reduced 5-fold. The mechanism responsible for this enhancement was unveiled through comprehensive spectroscopic and electrochemical studies. A combination of solubilisation/stabilisation of reduced viologen species as well as protection of the parent viologens against reduction gives rise to the higher molar masses and reduced polydispersities. The presented study highlights the potential of CB[n]-based host–guest chemistry to control both the redox behavior of monomers as well as the kinetics of their radical polymerisation, which will open up new opportunities across myriad fields. Extended polymeric structures based on redox-active species are of great interest in emerging technologies related to energy conversion and storage.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mommer
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Kamil Sokołowski
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Magdalena Olesińska
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Zehuan Huang
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Oren A Scherman
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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Danielson MK, Chen J, Vaclavek AK, Colley ND, Alli AH, Loomis RA, Barnes JC. Photoinduced Electron Transfer and Changes in Surface Free Energy in Polythiophene-Polyviologen Bilayered Thin Films. ACS POLYMERS AU 2021; 2:118-128. [PMID: 36855341 PMCID: PMC9954201 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.1c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bipyridiniums, also known as viologens, are well-documented electron acceptors that are generally easy to synthesize on a large scale and reversibly cycle between three oxidation states (V2+, V•+, and V0). Accordingly, they have been explored in a number of applications that capitalize on their dynamic redox chemistry, such as redox-flow batteries and electrochromic devices. Viologens are also particularly useful in photoinduced electron transfer (PET) processes and therefore are of interest in photovoltaic applications that typically rely on electron-rich donors like polythiophene (PTh). However, the PET mechanism and relaxation dynamics between interfacing PTh and viologen-based thin films has not been well studied as a function of thickness of the acceptor layer. Here, a novel, bilayered thin film composite was fabricated by first spin-coating PTh onto glass slides, followed by spin-coating and curing polyviologen (PV)-based micron-sized films of variable thicknesses (0.5-11.3 μm) on top of the PTh layer. The electron-transfer mechanism and relaxation dynamics from the PTh sublayer into the upper PV film were investigated using femtosecond transient absorption (fTA) spectroscopy and electrochemistry to better understand how the charge-transfer/relaxation lifetimes could be extended using thicker PV acceptor films. The fTA experiments were performed under inert N2 conditions as well as in ambient O2. The latter shortened the lifetimes of the electrons in the PV layer, presumably due to O2 triplet-based trap sites. Contact angle measurements using H2O and MeI were also performed on top of the bilayered films to measure changes in surface free energy that would aid the assessment related to efficiency of the combined processes involving light penetration, photoexcitation, electron mobility, and relaxation from within the bilayered thin films. Insights gained from this work will support the development of future devices that employ viologen-based materials as an alternative electron-acceptor that is both easily processable and scalable.
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12
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Kong Y, Duan J, Liu F, Han L, Li G, Sun C, Sang Y, Wang S, Yi F, Liu H. Regulation of stem cell fate using nanostructure-mediated physical signals. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12828-12872. [PMID: 34661592 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00572c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
One of the major issues in tissue engineering is regulation of stem cell differentiation toward specific lineages. Unlike biological and chemical signals, physical signals with adjustable properties can be applied to stem cells in a timely and localized manner, thus making them a hot topic for research in the fields of biomaterials, tissue engineering, and cell biology. According to the signals sensed by cells, physical signals used for regulating stem cell fate can be classified into six categories: mechanical, light, thermal, electrical, acoustic, and magnetic. In most cases, external macroscopic physical fields cannot be used to modulate stem cell fate, as only the localized physical signals accepted by the surface receptors can regulate stem cell differentiation via nanoscale fibrin polysaccharide fibers. However, surface receptors related to certain kinds of physical signals are still unknown. Recently, significant progress has been made in the development of functional materials for energy conversion. Consequently, localized physical fields can be produced by absorbing energy from an external physical field and subsequently releasing another type of localized energy through functional nanostructures. Based on the above concepts, we propose a methodology that can be utilized for stem cell engineering and for the regulation of stem cell fate via nanostructure-mediated physical signals. In this review, the combined effect of various approaches and mechanisms of physical signals provides a perspective on stem cell fate promotion by nanostructure-mediated physical signals. We expect that this review will aid the development of remote-controlled and wireless platforms to physically guide stem cell differentiation both in vitro and in vivo, using optimized stimulation parameters and mechanistic investigations while driving the progress of research in the fields of materials science, cell biology, and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Jiazhi Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Lin Han
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266200, China.
| | - Gang Li
- Neurological Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Chunhui Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Yuanhua Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Shuhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
| | - Fan Yi
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
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Schmidt M, Franken A, Wilms D, Fehm T, Neubauer HJ, Schmidt S. Selective Adhesion and Switchable Release of Breast Cancer Cells via Hyaluronic Acid Functionalized Dual Stimuli-Responsive Microgel Films. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:6371-6380. [PMID: 35006876 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The detection of tumor cells from liquid biopsy samples is of critical importance for early cancer diagnosis, malignancy assessment, and treatment. In this work, coatings of hyaluronic acid (HA)-functionalized dual-stimuli responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) microgels are used to study the specificity of breast cancer cell binding and to assess cell friendly release mechanisms for further diagnostic procedures. The microgels are established by straightforward precipitation polymerization with amine bearing comonomers and postfunctionalization with a UV-labile linker that covalently binds HA to the microgel network. Well-defined microgel coatings for cell binding are established via simple physisorption and annealing. The HA-presenting PNIPAM microgel films are shown to specifically adhere CD44 expressing breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7), where an increase in adhesion correlates with higher CD44 expression and HA functionalization. Upon cooling below the lower critical solution temperature of PNIPAM microgels, the cells could be released; however, 10-30% of the cells still remained on the surface even after prolonged cooling and mild mechanical agitation. A complete cell release is achieved after applying the light stimulus by short UV treatment cleaving HA units from the microgels. Owing to the comparatively straightforward preparation procedures, such dual-responsive microgel films could be considered for the effective capture, release, and diagnostics of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Schmidt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - André Franken
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Life Science Center, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Merowingerplatz 1A, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dimitri Wilms
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tanja Fehm
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Life Science Center, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Merowingerplatz 1A, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hans J Neubauer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Life Science Center, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Merowingerplatz 1A, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stephan Schmidt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Sagara T, Tahara H. Redox of Viologen for Powering and Coloring. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2375-2388. [PMID: 34036724 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Viologen is among the most attractive and easiest-to-use organic redox active group in many functional molecular assemblies. It plays crucial roles as an electron transfer mediator in the artificial photo-energy conversion systems and electron-transfer protein assemblies and as a building block of supramolecules. Its features include electrochemically reversible redox activity and stability. Strong blue color and tendency to dimerization of the one-electron reduced form, viologen mono-radical mono-cation, are remarkable. In this Account, we describe the use of viologen to give a powered movement of small molecules and motion of millimetre-sized macroscopic soft-matters and the use of viologen ionic liquid as electrochromic materials. Attractivities of the use of viologen units for powering and coloring are demonstrated and discussed. In particular, we highlight driving of mechanical movements by π-π stacking dimerization, incorporation in a hydrogel to attain highly deformable material, induction of 2D phase transformation, and sharp color change of very thin ionic liquid layer in a compartment-less electrochromic display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamasa Sagara
- Division of Chemistry and Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
| | - Hironobu Tahara
- Division of Chemistry and Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan
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