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Chen Q, Zhu K. Advancements and strategic approaches in catenane synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5677-5703. [PMID: 38659402 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00499f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Catenanes, a distinctive category of mechanically interlocked molecules composed of intertwined macrocycles, have undergone significant advancements since their initial stages characterized by inefficient statistical synthesis methods. Through the aid of molecular recognition processes and principles of self-assembly, a diverse array of catenanes with intricate structures can now be readily accessed utilizing template-directed synthetic protocols. The rapid evolution and emergence of this field have catalyzed the design and construction of artificial molecular switches and machines, leading to the development of increasingly integrated functional systems and materials. This review endeavors to explore the pivotal advancements in catenane synthesis from its inception, offering a comprehensive discussion of the synthetic methodologies employed in recent years. By elucidating the progress made in synthetic approaches to catenanes, our aim is to provide a clearer understanding of the future challenges in further advancing catenane chemistry from a synthetic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chen
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Kelong Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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Chetot T, Marocco Stuardi F, Forot A, Ducreux M, Baudouin A, Chefdeville E, Perret F, Vial L, Leclaire J. Switching between Nonisoenergetic Dynamic Covalent Reactions Using Host-Guest Chemistry. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13580-13587. [PMID: 38687470 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
CO2 reacts with simple amines in the presence of water to generate dynamic combinatorial libraries of majority (i.e., ammonium carbamates) and minority (i.e., ammonium carbonates) nonisoenergetic covalent adducts. Over the past two decades, our laboratory has reported on a new class of cavitands, namely, dyn[n]arenes, from which a polyanionic macrocycle is a highly efficient receptor for linear polyammoniums that forms [2]pseudorotaxanes in water at neutral pH. Herein, we demonstrate that the formation of [2]pseudorotaxanes shifts the equilibrium of CO2 capture by polyamines in water toward the quasi-exclusive formation of carbonate adducts, providing the first example of a switch between two competitive and reversible covalent processes triggered by host-guest interactions. In addition, this supramolecular approach to CO2 capture exhibits enhanced capture efficiency by increasing the state of protonation of complexed vs uncomplexed polyamines. Altogether, we report here that a templating approach can divert the outcome of two reversible covalent chemistries involving nucleophilic additions and acid-base reactions, challenging therefore the common knowledge that noncovalent and covalent bonds operate in separate energy frames.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titouan Chetot
- CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ICBMS UMR5246, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Adrien Forot
- CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ICBMS UMR5246, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Maxime Ducreux
- CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ICBMS UMR5246, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne Baudouin
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CCRMN, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Florent Perret
- CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ICBMS UMR5246, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laurent Vial
- CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ICBMS UMR5246, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Julien Leclaire
- CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ICBMS UMR5246, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
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Barlow SR, Akien GR, Evans NH. Hydrogen bond templated synthesis of catenanes and rotaxanes from a single isophthalic acid derivative. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:402-414. [PMID: 36525263 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob02019j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen bond templated [2]catenanes and [2]rotaxanes have been synthesized using azide precursors derived from a single isophthalic acid derivative precursor. The interlocked molecules were prepared using either stoichiometric or near stoichiometric amounts of macrocycle and CuAAC "click" precursors, with yields of up to 70% for the mechanical bond formation step. Successful preparation of the interlocked structures was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, with detail of co-conformational behaviour being elucidated by a range of 1H NMR spectroscopic experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Barlow
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK.
| | - Geoffrey R Akien
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK.
| | - Nicholas H Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YB, UK.
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Feng HN, Sun Z, Chen S, Zhang ZH, Li Z, Zhong Z, Sun T, Ma Y, Zhang L. A Star of David [2]catenane of single handedness. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Roy I, David AHG, Das PJ, Pe DJ, Stoddart JF. Fluorescent cyclophanes and their applications. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:5557-5605. [PMID: 35704949 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00352b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
With the serendipitous discovery of crown ethers by Pedersen more than half a century ago and the subsequent introduction of host-guest chemistry and supramolecular chemistry by Cram and Lehn, respectively, followed by the design and synthesis of wholly synthetic cyclophanes-in particular, fluorescent cyclophanes, having rich structural characteristics and functions-have been the focus of considerable research activity during the past few decades. Cyclophanes with remarkable emissive properties have been investigated continuously over the years and employed in numerous applications across the field of science and technology. In this Review, we feature the recent developments in the chemistry of fluorescent cyclophanes, along with their design and synthesis. Their host-guest chemistry and applications related to their structure and properties are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
| | - Arthur H G David
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
| | - Partha Jyoti Das
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
| | - David J Pe
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA.
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA. .,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.,Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310021, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou, 311215, China
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Au-Yeung HY, Deng Y. Distinctive features and challenges in catenane chemistry. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3315-3334. [PMID: 35432874 PMCID: PMC8943846 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05391d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
From being an aesthetic molecular object to a building block for the construction of molecular machines, catenanes and related mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) continue to attract immense interest in many research areas. Catenane chemistry is closely tied to that of rotaxanes and knots, and involves concepts like mechanical bonds, chemical topology and co-conformation that are unique to these molecules. Yet, because of their different topological structures and mechanical bond properties, there are some fundamental differences between the chemistry of catenanes and that of rotaxanes and knots although the boundary is sometimes blurred. Clearly distinguishing these differences, in aspects of bonding, structure, synthesis and properties, between catenanes and other MIMs is therefore of fundamental importance to understand their chemistry and explore the new opportunities from mechanical bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yu Au-Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Yulin Deng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
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Wang D, Zhang L, Zhao Y. Template-Free Synthesis of an Interlocked Covalent Organic Molecular Cage. J Org Chem 2022; 87:2767-2772. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danbo Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266000 Qingdao, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266000 Qingdao, China
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266000 Qingdao, China
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Vial L, Perret F, Leclaire J. Dyn[
n
]arenes: Versatile Platforms To Study the Interplay between Covalent and Noncovalent Bonds. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Vial
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires UMR 5246 CNRS Univ. Lyon Université Lyon 1 CPE INSA 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Florent Perret
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires UMR 5246 CNRS Univ. Lyon Université Lyon 1 CPE INSA 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Julien Leclaire
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires UMR 5246 CNRS Univ. Lyon Université Lyon 1 CPE INSA 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne France
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur H. G. David
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston Illinois 60208 United States
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University Evanston Illinois 60208 United States
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310021 China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou 311215 China
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