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Qiu J, Yuan J, Chu X, Chen S, Zhang J, Peng Z. Correlating Thickness and Phase of Single Co(OH) 2 Micro-Platelets to the Intrinsic Activity of Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2402976. [PMID: 38963321 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Morphology, crystal phase, and its transformation are important structures that frequently determine electrocatalytic activity, but the correlations of intrinsic activity with them are not completely understood. Herein, using Co(OH)2 micro-platelets with well-defined structures (phase, thickness, area, and volume) as model electrocatalysts of oxygen evolution reaction, multiple in situ microscopy is combined to correlate the electrocatalytic activity with morphology, phase, and its transformation. Single-entity morphology and electrochemistry characterized by atomic force microscopy and scanning electrochemical cell microscopy reveal a thickness-dependent turnover frequency (TOF) of α-Co(OH)2. The TOF (≈9.5 s-1) of α-Co(OH)2 with ≈14 nm thickness is ≈95-fold higher than that (≈0.1 s-1) with ≈80 nm. Moreover, this thickness-dependent activity has a critical thickness of ≈30 nm, above which no thickness-dependence is observed. Contrarily, β-Co(OH)2 reveals a lower TOF (≈0.1 s-1) having no significant correlation with thickness. Combining single-entity electrochemistry with in situ Raman microspectroscopy, this thickness-dependent activity is explained by more reversible Co3+/Co2+ kinetics and larger ratio of active Co sites of thinner α-Co(OH)2, accompanied with faster phase transformation and more extensive surface restructuration. The findings highlight the interactions among thickness, ratio of active sites, kinetics of active sites, and phase transformation, and offer new insights into structure-activity relationships at single-entity level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
| | - Jiangmei Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
| | - Xiaoqing Chu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
| | - Shu Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China
- Laboratory of Advanced Spectroelectrochemistry and Li-ion Batteries, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhangquan Peng
- Laboratory of Advanced Spectroelectrochemistry and Li-ion Batteries, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
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2
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Yu M, Sui PF, Tang YF, Zhang T, Liu S, Fu XZ, Luo JL, Liu S. Visualizing Electrochemical CO 2 Conversion via the Emerging Scanning Electrochemical Microscope: Fundamentals, Applications and Perspectives. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2301778. [PMID: 38741551 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
With the rapid development and maturity of electrochemical CO2 conversion involving cathodic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) and anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER), conventional ex situ characterizations gradually fall behind in detecting real-time products distribution, tracking intermediates, and monitoring structural evolution, etc. Nevertheless, advanced in situ techniques, with intriguing merits like good reproducibility, facile operability, high sensitivity, and short response time, can realize in situ detection and recording of dynamic data, and observe materials structural evolution in real time. As an emerging visual technique, scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) presents local electrochemical signals on various materials surface through capturing micro-current caused by reactants oxidation and reduction. Importantly, SECM holds particular potentials in visualizing reactive intermediates at active sites and obtaining instantaneous morphology evolution images to reveal the intrinsic reactivity of active sites. Therefore, this review focuses on SECM fundamentals and its specific applications toward CO2RR and OER, mainly including electrochemical behavior observation on local regions of various materials, target products and onset potentials identification in real-time, reaction pathways clarification, reaction kinetics exploration under steady-state conditions, electroactive materials screening and multi-techniques coupling for a joint utilization. This review undoubtedly provides a leading guidance to extend various SECM applications to other energy-related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulin Yu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Peng-Fei Sui
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Yu-Feng Tang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Xian-Zhu Fu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Jing-Li Luo
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1H9, Canada
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Subiao Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
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3
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Li XR, Meng XZ, Zhang QH, Wu LK, Sun QQ, Deng HQ, Sun SJ, Cao FH. Insight into oxygen reduction activity and pathway on pure titanium using scanning electrochemical microscopy and theoretical calculations. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 643:551-562. [PMID: 36990868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.03.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Unlike noble metals, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) behavior on Ti is more complicated due to its spontaneously formed oxide film. This film results in sluggish ORR kinetics and tends to be reduced within ORR potential region, causing the weak and multi-reaction coupled current. Though Ti is being used in chemical and biological fields, its ORR research is still underexplored. EXPERIMENTS We innovatively employed the modified reactive tip generation-substrate collection (RTG/SC) mode of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) with high efficiency of 97.2 % to quantitatively study the effects of film characteristics, solution environment (pH, anion, dissolved oxygen), and applied potential on the ORR activity and selectivity of Ti. Then, density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) analyses were employed to elucidate its ORR behavior. FINDINGS On highly reduced Ti, film properties dominate ORR behavior with promoted 4e- selectivity. Rapid film regeneration in alkaline/O2-saturated conditions inhibits ORR activity. Besides, ORR is sensitive to anion species in neutral solutions while showing enhanced 4e- reduction in alkaline media. All the improved 4e- selectivities originate from the hydrogen bond/electrostatic stabilization effect, while the decayed ORR activity by Cl- arises from the suppressed O2 adsorption. This work provides theoretical support and possible guidance for ORR research on oxide-covered metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ran Li
- School of Materials, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xian-Ze Meng
- School of Materials, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
| | - Qin-Hao Zhang
- School of Materials, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Lian-Kui Wu
- School of Materials, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Qing-Qing Sun
- School of Materials, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Hai-Qiang Deng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Shu-Juan Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Fa-He Cao
- School of Materials, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China.
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4
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Limani N, Batsa Tetteh E, Kim M, Quast T, Scorsone E, Jousselme B, Schuhmann W, Cornut R. Scrutinizing Intrinsic Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity of a Fe−N−C Catalyst via Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy. ChemElectroChem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202201095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ndrina Limani
- Universite Paris-Saclay CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 France
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 Bochum Germany
| | - Emmanuel Batsa Tetteh
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 Bochum Germany
| | - Moonjoo Kim
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 Bochum Germany
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Thomas Quast
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 Bochum Germany
| | | | - Bruno Jousselme
- Universite Paris-Saclay CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 France
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 Bochum Germany
| | - Renaud Cornut
- Universite Paris-Saclay CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 France
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5
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S. G. Selva J, Sukeri A, Bacil RP, H. P. Serrano S, Bertotti M. Electrocatalysis of the Hydrogen Oxidation Reaction on a Platinum-Decorated Nanoporous Gold Surface Studied by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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6
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Stinson WDH, Brayton KM, Ardo S, Talin AA, Esposito DV. Quantifying the Influence of Defects on Selectivity of Electrodes Encapsulated by Nanoscopic Silicon Oxide Overlayers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:55480-55490. [PMID: 36473158 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulation of electrocatalysts and photocatalysts with semipermeable nanoscopic oxide overlayers that exhibit selective transport properties is an attractive approach to achieve high redox selectivity. However, defects within the overlayers─such as pinholes, cracks, or particle inclusions─may facilitate local high rates of parasitic reactions by creating pathways for facile transport of undesired reactants to exposed active sites. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is an attractive method to determine the influence of defects on macroscopic performance metrics thanks to its ability to measure the relative rates of competing electrochemical reactions with high spatial resolution over the electrode. Here, we report the use of SECM to determine the influence of overlayer defects on the selectivity of silicon oxide (SiOx) encapsulated platinum thin-film electrocatalysts operated under conditions where two competing reactions─the hydrogen evolution and Fe(III) reduction reactions─can occur. After an SECM methodology is described to determine spatially resolved selectivity, representative selectivity maps are correlated with the location of defects that are characterized by optical, electron, and atomic force microscopies. This analysis reveals that certain types of defects in the oxide overlayer are responsible for ∼60-90% of the partial current density toward the undesired Fe(III) reduction reaction. By correcting for defect contributions to Fe(III) reduction rates, true Fe(III) permeability values for the SiOx overlayers were determined to be over an order of magnitude lower than permeabilities determined from analyses that ignore the presence of defects. Finally, different types of defects were studied revealing that defect morphology can have varying influence on both redox selectivity and calculated permeability. This work highlights the need for spatially resolved measurements to evaluate the performance of oxide-encapsulated catalysts and understand their performance limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D H Stinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia Electrochemical Engineering Center, Lenfest Center for Sustainable Energy, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, New York10027, United States
| | - Kelly M Brayton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia Electrochemical Engineering Center, Lenfest Center for Sustainable Energy, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, New York10027, United States
| | - Shane Ardo
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California92697, United States
| | - A Alec Talin
- Materials Physics Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California94550, United States
| | - Daniel V Esposito
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia Electrochemical Engineering Center, Lenfest Center for Sustainable Energy, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, New York10027, United States
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7
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Venegas R, Muñoz-Becerra K, Juillard S, Zhang L, Oñate R, Ponce I, Vivier V, Recio FJ, Sánchez-Sánchez CM. Proving ligand structure-reactivity correlation on multinuclear copper electrocatalysts supported on carbon black for the oxygen reduction reaction. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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8
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Boudet A, Henrotte O, Limani N, El Orf F, Oswald F, Jousselme B, Cornut R. Unraveling the Link between Catalytic Activity and Agglomeration State with Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy. Anal Chem 2022; 94:1697-1704. [PMID: 35020356 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we set up a methodology to investigate the relationship between the catalytic activity and the agglomeration state of platinum group metal-free ORR catalysts. To this end, we have developed a statistical approach based on scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Two catalysts are investigated at very low loadings in order to access their intrinsic activity. Differences in terms of dispersion, stability of the inks, and adherence on the substrate are observed, highlighting the importance of measuring the exact amount and agglomeration state of the materials under study. The agglomeration state of the deposits measured by AFM explains the differences in activity measured by SECM. The performances of the catalysts are compared, and the contributions of the intrinsic activity and the agglomeration state are identified. This work paves the way toward various applications ranging from the benchmarking of new catalysts to the optimization of an ink formulation, for ORR and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Boudet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Olivier Henrotte
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ndrina Limani
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Fatima El Orf
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Frédéric Oswald
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bruno Jousselme
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Renaud Cornut
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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9
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Dürr R, Maltoni P, Tian H, Jousselme B, Hammarström L, Edvinsson T. From NiMoO 4 to γ-NiOOH: Detecting the Active Catalyst Phase by Time Resolved in Situ and Operando Raman Spectroscopy. ACS NANO 2021; 15:13504-13515. [PMID: 34383485 PMCID: PMC8388116 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c04126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Water electrolysis powered by renewable energies is a promising technology to produce sustainable fossil free fuels. The development and evaluation of effective catalysts are here imperative; however, due to the inclusion of elements with different redox properties and reactivity, these materials undergo dynamical changes and phase transformations during the reaction conditions. NiMoO4 is currently investigated among other metal oxides as a promising noble metal free catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction. Here we show that at applied bias, NiMoO4·H2O transforms into γ-NiOOH. Time resolved operando Raman spectroscopy is utilized to follow the potential dependent phase transformation and is collaborated with elemental analysis of the electrolyte, confirming that molybdenum leaches out from the as-synthesized NiMoO4·H2O. Molybdenum leaching increases the surface coverage of exposed nickel sites, and this in combination with the formation of γ-NiOOH enlarges the amount of active sites of the catalyst, leading to high current densities. Additionally, we discovered different NiMoO4 nanostructures, nanoflowers, and nanorods, for which the relative ratio can be influenced by the heating ramp during the synthesis. With selective molybdenum etching we were able to assign the varying X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern as well as Raman vibrations unambiguously to the two nanostructures, which were revealed to exhibit different stabilities in alkaline media by time-resolved in situ and operando Raman spectroscopy. We advocate that a similar approach can beneficially be applied to many other catalysts, unveiling their structural integrity, characterize the dynamic surface reformulation, and resolve any ambiguities in interpretations of the active catalyst phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin
N. Dürr
- Department
of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pierfrancesco Maltoni
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Solid State Physics, Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 35, 751 03 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Haining Tian
- Department
of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bruno Jousselme
- Université
Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Leif Hammarström
- Department
of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tomas Edvinsson
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Solid State Physics, Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 35, 751 03 Uppsala, Sweden
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10
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A Review: Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) for Visualizing the Real-Time Local Catalytic Activity. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11050594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a powerful scanning probe technique for measuring the in situ electrochemical reactions occurring at various sample interfaces, such as the liquid-liquid, solid-liquid, and liquid-gas. The tip/probe of SECM is usually an ultramicroelectrode (UME) or a nanoelectrode that can move towards or over the sample of interest controlled by a precise motor positioning system. Remarkably, electrocatalysts play a crucial role in addressing the surge in global energy consumption by providing sustainable alternative energy sources. Therefore, the precise measurement of catalytic reactions offers profound insights for designing novel catalysts as well as for enhancing their performance. SECM proves to be an excellent tool for characterization and screening catalysts as the probe can rapidly scan along one direction over the sample array containing a large number of different compositions. These features make SECM more appealing than other conventional methodologies for assessing bulk solutions. SECM can be employed for investigating numerous catalytic reactions including the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), water oxidation, glucose oxidation reaction (GOR), and CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) with high spatial resolution. Moreover, for improving the catalyst design, several SECM modes can be applied based on the catalytic reactions under evaluation. This review aims to present a brief overview of the recent applications of electrocatalysts and their kinetics as well as catalytic sites in electrochemical reactions, such as oxygen reduction, water oxidation, and methanol oxidation.
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11
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Zhu H, Jiang D, Zhu JJ. High-resolution imaging of catalytic activity of a single graphene sheet using electrochemiluminescence microscopy. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4794-4799. [PMID: 34163732 PMCID: PMC8179586 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06967a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, the electrocatalytic activity of a single graphene sheet is mapped using electrochemiluminescence (ECL) microscopy with a nanometer resolution. The achievement of this high-spatial imaging relies on the varied adsorption of hydrogen peroxide at different sites on the graphene surface, leading to unsynchronized ECL emission. By shortening the exposure time to 0.2 ms, scattered ECL spots are observed in the ECL image that are not overlaid with the spots in the consecutive images. Accordingly, after stacking all the images into a graph, the ECL intensity of each pixel could be used to reflect the electrocatalytic features of the graphene surface with a resolution of 400 nm. This novel ECL method efficiently avoids the long-standing problem of classic ECL microscopy regarding the overlap of ECL emissions from adjacent regions and enables the nanometer spatial resolution of ECL microscopy for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Dechen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China
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