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Wang J, Jiang Z, Yin JF, Zhao H, Dong Q, Li K, Zhong W, Liu D, Yuan J, Yin P, Li Y, Lin Y, Chen M, Wang P. Strain-Induced Heteromorphosis Multi-Cavity Cages: Tension-Driven Self-Expansion Strategy for Controllable Enhancement of Complexity in Supramolecular Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317674. [PMID: 38055187 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Coordinative supramolecular cages with adjustable cavities have found extensive applications in various fields, but the cavity modification strategies for multi-functional structures are still challenging. Here, we present a tension-driven self-expansion strategy for construction of multi-cavity cages with high structural complexity. Under the regulation of strain-induced capping ligands, unprecedented heteromorphosis triple-cavity cages S2 /S4 were obtained based on a metallo-organic ligand (MOL) scaffold. The heteromorphosis cages exhibited significant higher cavity diversity than the homomorphous double-cavity cages S1 /S3 ; all of the cages were thoroughly characterized through various analytical techniques including (1D and 2D) NMR, ESI-MS, TWIM-MS, AFM, and SAXS analyses. Furthermore, the encapsulation of porphyrin in the cavities of these multi-cavity cages were investigated. This research opens up new possibilities for the architecture of heteromorphosis supramolecular cages via precisely controlled "scaffold-capping" assembly with preorganized ligands, which could have potential applications in the development of multifunctional structures with higher complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Zhilong Jiang
- Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jia-Fu Yin
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology & State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - He Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Qiangqiang Dong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Kaixiu Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Wanying Zhong
- Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Die Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, 453007, China
| | - Panchao Yin
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology & State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yiming Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Yifan Lin
- Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Mingzhao Chen
- Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Pingshan Wang
- Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
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2
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Kasprzak A, Zuchowska A, Romanczuk P, Kowalczyk A, Grudzinski IP, Malkowska A, Nowicka AM, Sakurai H. Oxidation-derived anticancer potential of sumanene-ferrocene conjugates. Dalton Trans 2023; 53:56-64. [PMID: 38078478 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03810f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
An effective synthetic protocol towards the oxidation of sumanene-ferrocene conjugates bearing one to four ferrocene moieties has been established. The oxidation protocol was based on the transformation of FeII from ferrocene to FeIII-containing ferrocenium cations by means of the treatment of the title organometallic buckybowls with a mild oxidant. Successful isolation of these ferrocenium-tethered sumanene derivatives 5-7 gave rise to the biological evaluation of the first, buckybowl-based anticancer agents, as elucidated by in vitro assays with human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MDA-MB-231) and embryotoxicity trials in zebrafish embryos supported with in silico toxicology studies. The designed ferrocenium-tethered sumanene derivatives featured attractive properties in terms of their use in cancer treatments in humans. The tetra-ferrocenium sumanene derivative 7 featured especially beneficial biological features, elucidated by low (<40% for 10 μM) viabilities of MDA-MB-231 cancer cells together with a 1.4-1.7-fold higher viability of normal cells (human mammary fibroblasts, HMF) for respective concentrations. Compound 7 featured significant cytotoxicity against cancer cells thanks to the presence of sumanene and ferrocenium moieties; the latter motif also provided the selectivity of anticancer action. The biological properties of 7 were also improved in comparison with those of native building blocks, which suggested the effects of the presence of the sumanene skeleton towards the anticancer action of this molecule. Ferrocenium-tethered sumanene derivatives exhibited potential towards the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), responsible for biological damage to the cancer cells, with the most efficient generation of the tetra-ferrocenium sumanene derivative 7. Derivative 7 also did not show any embryotoxicity in zebrafish embryos at the tested concentrations, which supports its potential as an effective and cancer-specific anticancer agent. In silico computational analysis also showed no chromosomal aberrations and no mutation with AMES tests for the compound 7 tested with and without microsomal rat liver fractions, which supports its further use as a potent drug candidate in detailed anticancer studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Kasprzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego Str. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Zuchowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego Str. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Pawel Romanczuk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego Str. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agata Kowalczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura Str. 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ireneusz P Grudzinski
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha Str. 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Malkowska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha Str. 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna M Nowicka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura Str. 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hidehiro Sakurai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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3
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Guchhait C, Suriyaa V, Sahu N, Sarkar SD, Adhikari B. Ferrocene: an exotic building block for supramolecular assemblies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14482-14496. [PMID: 37997157 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03659f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Ferrocene (Fc), a classical organometallic complex, has found potential applications in ligand design, catalysis, and analytical, biological, medicinal and materials chemistry. In recent years, the use of Fc as a building block in supramolecular chemistry has emerged. The molecular shape, size, and hydrophobicity of Fc make it an ideal guest for a variety of macrocyclic host molecules to form stable host-guest complexes. The vertical distance (3.3 Å) between two cyclopentadienyl rings and molecular "ball bearing" property in Fc support the formation of intramolecular π-π stacking, H-bonding and metallophilic interactions between two appropriate substituents in 1,n'-disubstituted ferrocenes. Along with these molecular features, the rigidity along with rotational flexibility, redox reversibility and oxidation-triggered tunable hydrophobicity of Fc have led to its use as an exotic building block for the development of a wide range of supramolecular assemblies such as smart molecular receptors, intricate metal-organic assemblies, supramolecular polymers, and gels including out-of-equilibrium assemblies and metal nanoparticle assemblies. This review highlights the concepts behind the design and development of these assemblies, where the Fc unit has a direct and defined role in their formation and function. The use of Fc in supramolecular assembly is still a relatively young field and set to be the subject of increasing research interest towards the development of fascinating supramolecular structures with tailored properties and programmable functions towards applications in materials and biological sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrakanta Guchhait
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
| | - Vembanan Suriyaa
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
| | - Nihar Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
| | - Sovik Dey Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
| | - Bimalendu Adhikari
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
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4
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Toyama K, Tanaka Y, Yoshizawa M. A Redox-Responsive Ferrocene-Based Capsule Displaying Unusual Encapsulation-Induced Charge-Transfer Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308331. [PMID: 37407426 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
A ferrocene-based capsule is spontaneously and quantitatively formed in water by the assembly of bent amphiphiles carrying two ferrocene units. The disassembly and assembly of the new organometallic capsule, with a well-defined and highly condensed ferrocene core, are demonstrated by chemical redox stimuli in a fully reversible fashion under ambient conditions. In contrast to previously reported multiferrocene assemblies, only the present capsule efficiently encapsulates typical organic/inorganic dyes as well as electron-accepting molecules in water. As a result, unusual host-guest charge-transfer (CT) interactions, displaying relatively wide absorption bands in the visible to near-infrared region (λ=650-1350 nm), are observed upon the encapsulation of acceptors (i.e., chloranil and TCNQ). The resultant encapsulation-induced CT interactions can be released by a redox stimulus through the disassembly of the capsule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Toyama
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Yuya Tanaka
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Michito Yoshizawa
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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5
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Tremlett WDJ, Söhnel T, Crowley JD, Wright LJ, Hartinger CG. Ferrocene-Derived Palladium(II)-Based Metallosupramolecular Structures: Synthesis, Guest Interaction, and Stimulus-Responsiveness Studies. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:3616-3628. [PMID: 36791401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Using ferrocene-based ligand systems, a series of heterobimetallic architectures of the general formula [PdmLn]x+ were designed with the aim of installing an opening and closing mechanism that would allow the release and binding of guest molecules. Palladium complex formation was achieved through coordination to pyridyl groups, and using 2-, 3-, and 4-pyridyl derivatives provided access to defined PdL, PdL2, and Pd2L4 structures, respectively. The supramolecular complexes were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis, and for some examples density functional theory calculations and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. 1H NMR spectroscopy was used to investigate disassembly and reassembly of the metallosupramolecular structures. The former was induced by cleavage of the relatively labile Pd-Npyridyl bonds with the introduction of the competing ligands N,N'-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) and Cl- (using tetrabutylammonium chloride) to yield [Pd(DMAP)4]2+ and [PdCl4]2-, respectively. The process was found to be reversible for several of the heterodimetallic compounds, with the addition of H+ or Ag+ triggering complex reassembly. Guest binding studies with several architectures revealed interactions with the anionic guests p-toluenesulfonate and octyl sulfate, but not with neutral molecules. Furthermore, the release of guests was reversibly induced with Cl- ions as a stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D J Tremlett
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Tilo Söhnel
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - James D Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - L James Wright
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Christian G Hartinger
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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6
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Kunde T, Pausch T, Guńka PA, Krzyżanowski M, Kasprzak A, Schmidt BM. Fast, solvent-free synthesis of Ferrocene-containing Organic Cages via dynamic covalent chemistry in the solid state. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2877-2883. [PMID: 35382473 PMCID: PMC8905640 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06372c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, solvent-free synthetic protocol towards the synthesis of organic self-assembled macromolecules has been established. By employing mechanochemistry using glassware readily available to every organic chemist, we were able to...
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kunde
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 D-40225 Düsseldorf Germany http://www.bmschmidtlab.de
| | - Tobias Pausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 D-40225 Düsseldorf Germany http://www.bmschmidtlab.de
| | - Piotr A Guńka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego Str. 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Maurycy Krzyżanowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego Str. 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Artur Kasprzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego Str. 3 00-664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Bernd M Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 D-40225 Düsseldorf Germany http://www.bmschmidtlab.de
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7
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Li S, Liu C, Chen Q, Jiang F, Yuan D, Sun QF, Hong M. Adaptive coordination assemblies based on a flexible tetraazacyclododecane ligand for promoting carbon dioxide fixation. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9016-9022. [PMID: 36091216 PMCID: PMC9365242 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03093d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordination hosts based on flexible ligands have received increasing attention due to their inherent adaptive cavities that often show induced-fit guest binding and catalysis like enzymes. Herein, we report the controlled self-assembly of a series of homo/heterometallic coordination hosts (Me4enPd)2n(ML)n [n = 2/3; M = Zn(ii)/Co(ii)/Ni(ii)/Cu(ii)/Pd(ii)/Ag(i); Me4en: N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine] with different shapes (tube/cage) from a flexible tetraazacyclododecane-based pyridinyl ligand (L) and cis-blocking Me4enPd(ii) units. While the Ag(i)-metalated ligand (AgL) gave rise to the formation of a (Me4enPd)4(ML)2-type cage, all other M(ii) ions led to isostructural (Me4enPd)6(ML)3-type tubular complexes. Structural transformations between cages and tubes could be realized through transmetalation of the ligand. The buffering effect on the ML panels endows the coordination tubes with remarkable acid–base resistance, which makes the (Me4enPd)6(ZnL)3 host an effective catalyst for the CO2 to CO32− conversion. Control experiments suggested that the integration of multiple active Zn(ii) sites on the tubular host and the perfect geometry match between CO32− and the cavity synergistically promoted such a conversion. Our results provide an important strategy for the design of adaptive coordination hosts to achieve efficient carbon fixation. A series of coordination hosts were prepared and their applications in CO2 fixation were studied.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaochuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Caiping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Qihui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Feilong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Daqiang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Qing-Fu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Maochun Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Structure Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
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8
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Blackburn PT, Mansoor IF, Dutton KG, Tyryshkin AM, Lipke MC. Accessing three oxidation states of cobalt in M 6L 3 nanoprisms with cobalt-porphyrin walls. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11342-11345. [PMID: 34642705 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04860k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nanocages with porphyrin walls are common, but studies of such structures hosting redox-active metals are rare. Pt2+-linked M6L3 nanoprisms with cobalt-porphyrin walls were prepared and their redox properties were evaluated electrochemically and chemically, leading to the first time that cobalt-porphyrin nanocages have been characterized in CoI, CoII, and CoIII states.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Thomas Blackburn
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
| | - Iram F Mansoor
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
| | - Kaitlyn G Dutton
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
| | - Alexei M Tyryshkin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
| | - Mark C Lipke
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
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9
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Mansoor IF, Dutton KG, Rothschild DA, Remsing RC, Lipke MC. Uptake, Trapping, and Release of Organometallic Cations by Redox-Active Cationic Hosts. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16993-17003. [PMID: 34596386 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The host-guest chemistry of metal-organic nanocages is typically driven by thermodynamically favorable interactions with their guests such that uptake and release of guests can be controlled by switching this affinity on or off. Herein, we achieve this effect by reducing porphyrin-walled cationic nanoprisms 1a12+ and 1b12+ to zwitterionic states that rapidly uptake organometallic cations Cp*2Co+ and Cp2Co+, respectively. Cp*2Co+ binds strongly (Ka = 1.3 × 103 M-1) in the neutral state 1a0 of host 1a12+, which has its three porphyrin walls doubly reduced and its six (bipy)Pt2+ linkers singly reduced (bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine). The less-reduced states of the host 1a3+ and 1a9+ also bind Cp*2Co+, though with lower affinities. The smaller Cp2Co+ cation binds strongly (Ka = 1.7 × 103 M-1) in the 3e- reduced state 1b9+ of the (tmeda)Pt2+-linked host 1b12+ (tmeda = N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine). Upon reoxidation of the hosts with Ag+, the guests become trapped to provide unprecedented metastable cation-in-cation complexes Cp*2Co+@1a12+ and Cp2Co+@1b12+ that persist for >1 month. Thus, dramatic kinetic effects reveal a way to confine the guests in thermodynamically unfavorable environments. Experimental and DFT studies indicate that PF6- anions kinetically stabilize Cp*2Co+@1a12+ through electrostatic interactions and by influencing conformational changes of the host that open and close its apertures. However, when Cp*2Co+@1a12+ was prepared using ferrocenium (Fc+) instead of Ag+ to reoxidize the host, dissociation was accelerated >200× even though neither Fc+ nor Fc have any observable affinity for 1a12+. This finding shows that metastable host-guest complexes can respond to subtler stimuli than those required to induce guest release from thermodynamically favorable complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iram F Mansoor
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Kaitlyn G Dutton
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Daniel A Rothschild
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Richard C Remsing
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Mark C Lipke
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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10
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Kasprzak A, Kasprzak N, Kowalczyk A, Nowicka AM. Ferrocenylated 1,3,5-triphenylbenzenes for the electrochemical detection of various cations or anions. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:8426-8433. [PMID: 34037029 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01287h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Three diverse 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene derivatives bearing three ferrocene units (Fc1-Fc3) were used for the construction of electrochemical sensors for the detection of various cations or anions. The obtained derivatives contained imine (Fc1 and Fc2) or amide bonds (Fc3) between 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene and ferrocene skeletons, which further influenced the ability of the as-synthesized ferrocenylated molecules to recognize cations (Cu(ii), Pb(ii), Cr(iii) and Fe(iii); compounds Fc1 and Fc2) or monovalent anions (Br-, I-, ClO4-, NO3-, CH3COO-, and H2PO4-; compound Fc3). In the case of cation recognition, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) experiments revealed that the Fc1 receptor was characterized by much better sensitivity compared to the Fc2 receptor and the limit of detection (LOD) values ranged from 0.5 to 1.8 μM. Similarly, such very low LOD values (0.7-1.5 μM) were also found in the case of anion recognition by the Fc3 receptor. Importantly, the advantage of the tested Fc receptors is also their long-term stability (sensors were stable at least for 2 months).
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Kasprzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego Str. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Natalia Kasprzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura Str. 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agata Kowalczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura Str. 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna M Nowicka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura Str. 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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11
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Martín Díaz AE, Lewis JEM. Structural Flexibility in Metal-Organic Cages. Front Chem 2021; 9:706462. [PMID: 34336791 PMCID: PMC8317845 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.706462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic cages (MOCs) have emerged as a diverse class of molecular hosts with potential utility across a vast spectrum of applications. With advances in single-crystal X-ray diffraction and economic methods of computational structure optimisation, cavity sizes can be readily determined. In combination with a chemist's intuition, educated guesses about the likelihood of particular guests being bound within these porous structures can be made. Whilst practically very useful, simple rules-of-thumb, such as Rebek's 55% rule, fail to take into account structural flexibility inherent to MOCs that can allow hosts to significantly adapt their internal cavity. An often unappreciated facet of MOC structures is that, even though relatively rigid building blocks may be employed, conformational freedom can enable large structural changes. If it could be exploited, this flexibility might lead to behavior analogous to the induced-fit of substrates within the active sites of enzymes. To this end, in-roads have already been made to prepare MOCs incorporating ligands with large degrees of conformational freedom. Whilst this may make the constitution of MOCs harder to predict, it has the potential to lead to highly sophisticated and functional synthetic hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James E. M. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Kosińska AI, Nisiewicz MK, Nowicka AM, Kasprzak A. Electrochemical Recognition of Aromatic Species with Ferrocenylated 1,3,5-Triazine- or 1,3,5-Triphenylbenzene-Containing Highly Organized Molecules. Chempluschem 2021; 86:820-826. [PMID: 34102030 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Two ferrocenylated organized molecules comprising 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene (Fc-1) or 2,4,6-triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine skeletons (Fc-2) were used for the first time as receptor layers for the electrochemical recognition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. While our group recently reported the synthesis of Fc-1, herein the facile synthesis of its 2,4,6-triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine-containing structural analog (Fc-2) is presented. Although the synthesis of Fc-2 was found to be challenging, we achieved a very high yield (89 %) under mild conditions using an acid-catalyzed imine-bond formation reaction in 1,4-dioxane:toluene solvent system. Title compounds were comprehensively characterized with various analytical techniques, including spectroscopic (NMR, FT-IR, FT-Raman spectroscopy) methods, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), microscopic (SEM) and electrochemical (CV) analyses. Fc-1 and Fc-2 were also used for the construction of the first-of-a-kind recognition layers (electrochemical sensors) dedicated to the recognition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Fully constructed innovative sensors enabled the efficient recognition of analytes since the limit of detection (LOD) values were not higher than 2.9 μM. Comparative studies between the working parameters of electrochemical sensors comprising Fc-1 or Fc-2 were also included in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra I Kosińska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego Str. 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika K Nisiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego Str. 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura Str. 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna M Nowicka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura Str. 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Kasprzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego Str. 3, 00-664, Warsaw, Poland
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Mishra I, Bhol M, Kalimuthu P, Sathiyendiran M. Emerging Spacers-Based Ligands for Supramolecular Coordination Complexes. CHEM REC 2021; 21:594-614. [PMID: 33615668 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The design and self-assembly of supramolecular coordination complexes (SCCs) i. e., discrete cyclic metalloarchitectures such as cycles, cages, mesocates, and helicates with desired size, shape, and properties have been increasing exponentially owing to their potential applications in molecular sensors, molecular cargos, molecular recognition, and catalysis. The introduction of the organic motifs and metal complexes as a spacer provides functionality to the metalloarchitecture. This review mainly focusses on newly evolving spacer based ligands employed to yield simple to high-order metallosupramolecular assemblies using straight-forward approaches. The new spacers including corannulene, organic cyclic framework, bicyclic organic motifs, aliphatic chain, metalloligands, triarylboron, BODIPY, azaphosphatrane, phosphine, and thio/selenophosphates offer a great set of properties and in-built functionalities to the metalloarchitectures which are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Mishra
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500 046, India
| | - Mamina Bhol
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500 046, India
| | - Palanisamy Kalimuthu
- Department of Chemistry, The Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to be University), Gandhigram, 624 302, Tamil Nadu, India
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Vasdev RAS, Findlay JA, Turner DR, Crowley JD. Self-Assembly of a Redox Active, Metallosupramolecular [Pd 3 L 6 ] 6+ Complex Using a Rotationally Flexible Ferrocene Ligand. Chem Asian J 2020; 16:39-43. [PMID: 33251757 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202001277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A new ferrocene-containing [Pd3 (L4EFc )6 ]6+ (X- )6 (C ⋅ BF4 and C ⋅ SbF6 where X=BF4 - or SbF6 - ) self-assembled double-walled triangle has been synthesized from the known, rotationally flexible, 1,1'-bis(4-pyridylethynyl)ferrocene ligand (L4EFc ), and characterized by 1 H, 13 C and diffusion ordered (DOSY) NMR spectroscopies, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS), X-ray crystallography and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The molecular structures confirmed that double-walled triangle cage systems (C ⋅ BF4 and C ⋅ SbF6 ) were generated. C ⋅ BF4 was shown to interact with the anionic guest, p-toluenesulfonate. CV experiments revealed that the triangles were redox active, however addition of the guest did not influence the redox potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roan A S Vasdev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, New Zealand
| | - James A Findlay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, New Zealand
| | - David R Turner
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - James D Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, New Zealand
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