1
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Hoq J, Bloch ED. Solvent-free mechanochemistry for the preparation of mixed-ligand cuboctahedral porous coordination cages. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 38887799 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01936a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates post-synthetic ligand exchange in a series of copper(II) and chromium(II) cuboctahedral cages of the formula M24(R-bdc)24 through solvent-free mechanochemistry for the preparation of mixed-ligand cages. While solvent-based ligand exchange does not proceed when the cages are insoluble or when they are dissolved in non-coordinating solvents, solvent-free mechanochemistry can be used to prepare a number of mixed-ligand cages featuring a variety of functional groups regardless of cage solubility. We further extend this strategy to intercage ligand exchange reactions where the solid-state reaction of cages proceeds in just ten minutes while corresponding solvent-based reactions require more than one week of reaction time. The results highlight mechanochemically-facilitated ligand exchange as an exceptionally facile and efficient method for the production of mixed-ligand cuboctahedral cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahidul Hoq
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
| | - Eric D Bloch
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
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2
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Tateishi T, Troyano J, Tokuda S, Craig GA, Krause S, López-Olvera A, Ibarra IA, Furukawa S. Statistical Distribution of Binary Ligands within Rhodium-Organic Octahedra Tunes Microporosity in Their Assemblies. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:6571-6575. [PMID: 38572833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Structure-porosity relationships for metal-organic polyhedra (MOPs) are hardly investigated because they tend to be amorphized after activation, which inhibits crystallographic characterization. Here, we show a mixed-ligand strategy to statistically distribute two distinct carbazole-type ligands within rhodium-based octahedral MOPs, leading to systematic tuning of the microporosity in the resulting amorphous solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Tateishi
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Javier Troyano
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Shun Tokuda
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Gavin A Craig
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Simon Krause
- Nanochemistry department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alfredo López-Olvera
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica y Reactividad de Superficies (LaFReS), Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, CU, Del Coyoacán, 04510 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Ilich A Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica y Reactividad de Superficies (LaFReS), Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, CU, Del Coyoacán, 04510 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Shuhei Furukawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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3
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Dey A, Dworzak MR, Korathotage KDP, Ghosh M, Hoq J, Montone CM, Yap GPA, Bloch ED. Increasing the stability of calixarene-capped porous cages through coordination sphere tuning. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:4005-4009. [PMID: 38314611 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03365a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Chemically and thermally stable permanently porous coordination cages are appealing candidates for separations, catalysis, and as the porous component of new porous liquids. However, many of these applications have not turned to microporous cages as a result of their poor solubility and thermal or hydrolytic stability. Here we describe the design and modular synthesis of iron and cobalt cages where the carboxylate groups of the bridging ligands of well-known calixarene capped coordination cages have been replaced with more basic triazole units. The resultingly higher M-L bond strengths afford highly stable cages that are amenable to modular synthetic approaches and potential functionalization or modification. Owing to the robust nature of these cages, they are highly processable and are isolable in various physical states with tunable porosity depending on the solvation methods used. As the structural integrity of the cages is maintained upon high activation temperatures, apparent losses in porosity can be mediated by resolvation and crystallization or precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishek Dey
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Michael R Dworzak
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | | | - Munmun Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Jahidul Hoq
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
| | - Christine M Montone
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
| | - Glenn P A Yap
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
| | - Eric D Bloch
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
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4
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Doñagueda Suso B, Wang Z, Kennedy AR, Fletcher AJ, Furukawa S, Craig GA. Improving the gas sorption capacity in lantern-type metal-organic polyhedra by a scrambled cage method. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2857-2866. [PMID: 38404369 PMCID: PMC10882442 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06140j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of multivariate metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is a well-known method for increasing the complexity of porous frameworks. In these materials, the structural differences of the ligands used in the synthesis are sufficiently subtle that they can each occupy the same site in the framework. However, multivariate or ligand scrambling approaches are rarely used in the synthesis of porous metal-organic polyhedra (MOPs) - the molecular equivalent of MOFs - despite the potential to retain a unique intrinsic pore from the individual cage while varying the extrinsic porosity of the material. Herein we directly synthesise scrambled cages across two families of lantern-type MOPs and find contrasting effects on their gas sorption properties. In one family, the scrambling approach sees a gradual increase in the BET surface area with the maximum and minimum uptakes associated with the two pure homoleptic cages. In the other, the scrambled materials display improved surface areas with respect to both of the original, homoleptic cages. Through analysis of the gas sorption isotherms, we attribute this effect to the balance of micro- and mesoporosity within the materials, which varies as a result of the scrambling approach. The gas uptake of the materials presented here underscores the tunability of cages that springs from their combination of intrinsic, extrinsic, micro- and meso-porosities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zaoming Wang
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Alan R Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Ashleigh J Fletcher
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XJ UK
| | - Shuhei Furukawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Gavin A Craig
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL UK
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5
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Doñagueda Suso B, Legrand A, Weetman C, Kennedy AR, Fletcher AJ, Furukawa S, Craig GA. Porous Metal-Organic Cages Based on Rigid Bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-7-ene Type Ligands: Synthesis, Structure, and Gas Uptake Properties. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300732. [PMID: 37022280 PMCID: PMC10947411 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Three new ligands containing a bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-7-ene-2,3,5,6-tetracarboxydiimide unit have been used to assemble lantern-type metal-organic cages with the general formula [Cu4 L4 ]. Functionalisation of the backbone of the ligands leads to distinct crystal packing motifs between the three cages, as observed with single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The three cages vary in their gas sorption behaviour, and the capacity of the materials for CO2 is found to depend on the activation conditions: softer activation conditions lead to superior uptake, and one of the cages displays the highest BET surface area found for lantern-type cages so far.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandre Legrand
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS)Kyoto UniversityiCeMS Research Building Yoshida, Sakyo-kuKyotoJapan
- Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide (UCCS)Université de LilleCNRSCentrale LilleUniversité d'ArtoisUMR 818159000LilleFrance
| | - Catherine Weetman
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Ashleigh J. Fletcher
- Department of Chemical and Process EngineeringUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XJUK
| | - Shuhei Furukawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS)Kyoto UniversityiCeMS Research Building Yoshida, Sakyo-kuKyotoJapan
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological ChemistryKyoto UniversityiCeMS Research Building Yoshida, Sakyo-kuKyotoJapan
| | - Gavin A. Craig
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowG1 1XLUK
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6
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Zhu L, Yang X, Sun JK. Cooperative cage hybrids enabled by electrostatic marriage. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:6020-6023. [PMID: 37186246 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00779k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A cage hybrid (C-Cage-PB) was developed by electrostatic complexation of a quaternary ammonium cage (C-Cage+) and an anionic inorganic Prussian blue (PB-). Given the unique synergy of the two parts, such a cage hybrid can be used as a promising platform for the efficient removal of toxic compounds in wastewater through adsorption, delivery or catalytic degradation via a Fenton oxidation reaction. In addition, C-Cage-PB can encapsulate Pd clusters, which amplifies the function of the hybrid for enhanced catalytic performance in the sequential degradation of toxic organic compounds and heavy metal pollution in wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, P. R. China.
| | - Xinchun Yang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering/Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Jian-Ke Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, P. R. China.
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7
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Metallic–Organic Cages (MOCs) with Heterometallic Character: Flexibility-Enhancing MOFs. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13020317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The dichotomy between metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and metal–organic cages (MOCs) opens up the research spectrum of two fields which, despite having similarities, both have their advantages and disadvantages. Due to the fact that they have cavities inside, they also have applicability in the porosity sector. Bloch and coworkers within this evolution from MOFs to MOCs manage to describe a MOC with a structure of Cu2 paddlewheel Cu4L4 (L = bis(pyrazolyl)methane) with high precision thanks to crystallographic analyses of X-ray diffraction and also SEM-EDX. Then, also at the same level of concreteness, they were able to find the self-assembly of Pd(II)Cl2 moieties on the available nitrogen donor atoms leading to a [Cu4(L(PdCl2))4] structure. Here, calculations of the DFT density functional allow us to reach an unusual precision given the magnitude and structural complexity, explaining how a pyrazole ring of each bis(pyprazolyl)methane ligand must rotate from an anti to a syn conformation, and a truncation of the MOC structure allows us to elucidate, in the absence of the MOC constraint and its packing in the crystal, that the rotation is almost barrierless, as well as also explain the relative stability of the different conformations, with the anti being the most stable conformation. Characterization calculations with Mayer bond orders (MBO) and noncovalent interaction (NCI) plots discern what is important in the interaction of this type of cage with PdCl2 moieties, also CuCl2 by analogy, as well as simple molecules of water, since the complex is stable in this solvent. However, the L ligand is proved to not have the ability to stabilize an H2O molecule.
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8
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Antonio A, Dworzak MR, Korman KJ, Yap GPA, Bloch ED. Anion Binding as a Strategy for the Synthesis of Porous Salts. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022; 34:10823-10831. [PMID: 36590703 PMCID: PMC9799027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c01476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Porous salts have recently emerged as a promising new class of ultratunable permanently microporous solids. These adsorbents, which were first reported as ionic solids based on porous cations and anions, can be isolated from a wide variety of charged, permanently porous coordination cages. A challenge in realizing the full tunability of such systems, however, lies in the fact that the majority of coordination cages for which surface areas have been reported are comprised of charge-balanced inorganic and organic building blocks that result in neutral cages. As such, most reported permanently porous coordination cages cannot be used as reagents in the synthesis of porous salts. Here, we show that the facile reaction of TBAX (TBA+ = tetra-n-butylammonium; X = F- and Cl-) with molybdenum paddlewheel-based coordination cages of the M4L4 and M24L24 lantern and cuboctahedra structure types, respectively, affords charged cages by virtue of coordination of halide anions to the internal and/or external metal sites on these structures, as confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. At a practical level, the TBAX/cage reactions, which are fully reversible upon isolation of the cage with the appropriate solvent, solubilize otherwise rigorously insoluble cages. This method significantly increases the solution processability of these highly porous solids. Toward the formation of new porous salts, halide binding also serves to incorporate charge on neutral cages and make them amenable to simple salt metathesis reactions to afford new porous salts based on anions and cations with intrinsic porosity. A combination of diffraction methods and a suite of spectroscopic tools confirms speciation of the isolated solids, which represent a new class of highly tunable porous salts. Ultimately, this work represents a roadmap for the preparation of new porous solids and showcases the utility and broad applicability of anion binding as a strategy for the synthesis of porous salts.
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9
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10
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Yong MT, Linder-Patton OM, Bloch WM. Assembly of a Heterometallic Cu(II)-Pd(II) Cage by Post-assembly Metal Insertion. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:12863-12869. [PMID: 35920858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Porous structures based on multi-metallic motifs are receiving growing interest, but their general preparation still remains a challenge. Here, we report the self-assembly and structure of a CuII metal-organic cage (MOC) that is functionalized with free bis(pyrazolyl)methane sites. The homometallic Cu4L4 cage is isolated as a water-stable crystalline solid, and its formation is dependent on metal-ligand stoichiometry and the pre-organization of the Cu2 paddlewheel. We show by X-ray diffraction and SEM-EDX that PdII chloride can be quantitatively inserted into the free chelating sites of the MOC to yield a [Cu4(L(PdCl2))4] structure. Moreover, the solvent employed in the metalation dictates the solid-state isomerism of the heterometallic cage─a further handle to control the MOC's structural diversity and permanent porosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Tieng Yong
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Oliver M Linder-Patton
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Witold M Bloch
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.,Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
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11
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Antonio AM, Korman KJ, Deegan MM, Taggart GA, Yap GPA, Bloch ED. Utilization of a Mixed-Ligand Strategy to Tune the Properties of Cuboctahedral Porous Coordination Cages. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:4609-4617. [PMID: 35263080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ligand functionalization has been thoroughly leveraged to alter the properties of paddlewheel-based coordination cages where, in the case of ligand-terminated cages, functional groups are positioned on the periphery of synthesized cages. While these groups can be used to optimize solubility, porosity, crystal packing, thermal stability toward desolvation, reactivity, or optical activity, optimization of multiple properties can be challenging given their interconnected nature. For example, installation of functional groups to increase the solubility of porous cages typically has the effect of decreasing their porosity and stability toward thermal activation. Here we show that mixed-ligand cages can potentially address these issues as the benefits of various functional groups can be combined into one mixed-ligand cage. We further show that although ligand exchange reactions can be employed to obtain mixed ligand copper(II)-based cages, direct synthesis of mixed-ligand products is necessary for molybdenum(II) paddlewheel-based cages as these substitutionally inert clusters are resistant to ligand exchange. We ultimately show that highly soluble, highly porous, and thermally stable cuboctahedral cages are isolable by this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Antonio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Kyle J Korman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Meaghan M Deegan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Garrett A Taggart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Glenn P A Yap
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Eric D Bloch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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12
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Dworzak M, Rowland CA, Yap GPA, Bloch ED. Controlling phase in low-nuclearity calixarene-capped porous coordination cages with ligand functionalization. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00861k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Porosity in low-nuclearity coordination cages is relatively rare as cages with larger pore sizes are usually targeted as a way to increase gas adsorption capabilities in this promising class of...
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13
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Gosselin AJ, Antonio AM, Korman KJ, Deegan MM, Yap GPA, Bloch ED. Elaboration of Porous Salts. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14956-14961. [PMID: 34498853 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A large library of novel porous salts based on charged coordination cages was synthesized via straightforward salt metathesis reactions. For these, solutions of salts of oppositely charged coordination cages are mixed to precipitate MOF-like permanently porous products where metal identity, pore size, ligand functional groups, and surface area are highly tunable. For most of these materials, the constituent cages combine in the ratios expected based on their charge. Additional studies focused on the rate of salt metathesis or reaction stoichiometry as variables to tune particle size or product composition, respectively. It is expected that the design principles outlined here will be widely applicable for the synthesis of new porous salts based on a variety of charged porous molecular precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aeri J Gosselin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Alexandra M Antonio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Kyle J Korman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Meaghan M Deegan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Glenn P A Yap
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Eric D Bloch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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14
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Nguyen BN, Thoburn JD, Grommet AB, Howe DJ, Ronson TK, Ryan HP, Bolliger JL, Nitschke JR. Coordination Cages Selectively Transport Molecular Cargoes Across Liquid Membranes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:12175-12180. [PMID: 34337947 PMCID: PMC8397303 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chemical purifications are critical processes across many industries, requiring 10-15% of humanity's global energy budget. Coordination cages are able to catch and release guest molecules based upon their size and shape, providing a new technological basis for achieving chemical separation. Here, we show that aqueous solutions of FeII4L6 and CoII4L4 cages can be used as liquid membranes. Selective transport of complex hydrocarbons across these membranes enabled the separation of target compounds from mixtures under ambient conditions. The kinetics of cage-mediated cargo transport are governed by guest binding affinity. Using sequential transport across two consecutive membranes, target compounds were isolated from a mixture in a size-selective fashion. The selectivities of both cages thus enabled a two-stage separation process to isolate a single compound from a mixture of physicochemically similar molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John D. Thoburn
- Randolph-Macon
College, Department of Chemistry, Ashland, Virginia 23005, United States
| | - Angela B. Grommet
- University
of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Duncan J. Howe
- University
of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Tanya K. Ronson
- University
of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Hugh P. Ryan
- University
of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Jeanne L. Bolliger
- University
of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
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15
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Dworzak MR, Deegan MM, Yap GPA, Bloch ED. Synthesis and Characterization of an Isoreticular Family of Calixarene-Capped Porous Coordination Cages. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:5607-5616. [PMID: 33784080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Functionalization of permanently porous coordination cages has been used to tune phase, surface area, stability, and solubility in this promising class of adsorbents. For many cages, however, these properties are intricately tied together, and installation of functional groups, for example, to increase solubility often leads to a decrease in surface area. Calixarene-capped cages offer the advantage in that they are cluster-terminated cages whose solid-state packing, and thus surface area, is typically governed by the nature of the capping ligand rather than the bridging ligand. In this work we investigate the influence of ligand functionalization on two series of isoreticular Ni(II)- and Co(II)-based calixarene-capped cages. The two types of materials described are represented as octahedral and rectangular prismatic coordination cages and can be synthesized in a modular manner, allowing for the substitution of dicarboxylate bridging ligands and the introduction of functional groups in specific locations on the cage. We ultimately show that highly soluble cages can be obtained while still having access to high surface areas for many of the isolated phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Dworzak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Meaghan M Deegan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Glenn P A Yap
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Eric D Bloch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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