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Lee VY, Gapurenko OA. Pyramidanes: newcomers to the anti-van't Hoff-Le Bel family. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10067-10086. [PMID: 37551825 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02757k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
In this feature article, an overview of the chemistry of pyramidanes, as a novel class of main group element clusters, is given. A general introduction sets the scene, briefly presenting the non-classical pyramidal geometry of tetracoordinate carbon, as opposed to the classical tetrahedral configuration. Pyramidanes, as the simplest organic compounds possessing a pyramidal carbon atom, are then discussed from both computational and experimental viewpoints, to show the theoretical predictions on the stability and thus the feasibility of pyramidanes has finally culminated in the isolation of the first stable representatives of the pyramidane family featuring heavy main group elements at the apex of the square pyramid. Synthetic strategies towards pyramidanes, as well as their peculiar structural features, non-classical bonding situations, and specific reactivity, are presented and discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Ya Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Olga A Gapurenko
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, Rostov on Don 344090, Russian Federation.
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2
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Peluzo BMTC, Makoś MZ, Moura RT, Freindorf M, Kraka E. Linear versus Bent Uranium(II) Metallocenes─A Local Vibrational Mode Study. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37478353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Uranium metallocenes have recently attracted attention driven by their use as catalysts in organometallic synthesis. In addition to bent U(IV) and U(III), an U(II) metallocene [(η5-C5i Pr5)2U] was synthesized with an unusual linear Cp-U-Cp angle. In this work, we investigated 22 U(II) metallocenes, (i) assessing the intrinsic strength of the U-ring interactions in these complexes with a novel bond strength measure based on our local vibrational mode analysis and (ii) systematically exploring what makes these U(II) metallocenes bent. We included relativistic effects through the NESCau Hamiltonian and complemented the local mode analysis with natural bonding orbital (NBO) and quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) data. Our study led to the following results: (i) reduction of bulky U-ring ligand substituents does not lead to bent complexes for alkyl substituents (iPr and iBu) in contrast to SiMe3 ring substituents, which are all bent. (ii) The most bent complexes are [(η5-C5H4SiMe3)2U] (130°) and [η5-P5H5)2U] (143°). (iii) Linear complexes showed one hybridized NBO with s/d character, while bent structures were characterized by s/d/f mixing. (iv) We did not observe a correlation between the strength of the U-ring interaction and the amount of the ring-U-ring bend; the strongest interaction was found for [η5-Cp)2U] and the weakest for [η5-P5H5)2U]. In conclusion, our results provide a foundation for the design of U(II) metallocenes with specific physicochemical properties and increased reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara M T C Peluzo
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Małgorzata Z Makoś
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Renaldo T Moura
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Center of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, Areia 58397-000, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Marek Freindorf
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
| | - Elfi Kraka
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group (CATCO), Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, 3215 Daniel Avenue, Dallas, Texas 75275-0314, United States
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3
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Price AN, Gupta AK, de Jong WA, Arnold PL. Tris(carbene)borates; alternatives to cyclopentadienyls in organolanthanide chemistry. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:5433-5437. [PMID: 37070223 PMCID: PMC10222825 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00718a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of the tris-carbene anion phenyltris(3-alkyl-imidazoline-2-yliden-1-yl)borate, [C3Me]- ligand, is initiated for f-block metal cations. Neutral, molecular complexes of the form Ln(C3)2I are formed for cerium(III), while a separated ion pair [Ln(C3)2]I forms for ytterbium(III). DFT/QTAIM computational analyses of the complexes and related tridentate tris(pyrazolyl)borate (Tp) - supported analogs demonstrates the anticipated strength of the σ donation and confirms greater covalency in the metal-carbon bonds of the [C3Me]- complexes in comparison with those in the TpMe,Me complexes. The DFT calculations demonstrate the crucial role of THF solvent in accurately reproducing the contrasting molecular and ion-pair geometries observed experimentally for the Ce and Yb complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy N Price
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA
| | - Ankur K Gupta
- Applied Mathematics and Computational Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Wibe A de Jong
- Applied Mathematics and Computational Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Polly L Arnold
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1460, USA
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Tsoureas N, Rajeshkumar T, Townrow OPE, Maron L, Layfield RA. Thorium- and Uranium-Mediated C-H Activation of a Silyl-Substituted Cyclobutadienyl Ligand. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:20629-20635. [PMID: 36484644 PMCID: PMC9768750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyclobutadienyl complexes of the f-elements are a relatively new yet poorly understood class of sandwich and half-sandwich organometallic compounds. We now describe cyclobutadienyl transfer reactions of the magnesium reagent [(η4-Cb'''')Mg(THF)3] (1), where Cb'''' is tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)cyclobutadienyl, toward thorium(IV) and uranium(IV) tetrachlorides. The 1:1 stoichiometric reactions between 1 and AnCl4 proceed with intact transfer of Cb'''' to give the half-sandwich complexes [(η4-Cb'''')AnCl(μ-Cl)3Mg(THF)3] (An = Th, 2; An = U, 3). Using a 2:1 reaction stoichiometry produces [Mg2Cl3(THF)6][(η4-Cb'''')An(η3-C4H(SiMe3)3-κ-(CH2SiMe2)(Cl)] (An = Th, [Mg2Cl3(THF)6][4]; An = U [Mg2Cl3(THF)6][5]), in which one Cb'''' ligand has undergone cyclometalation of a trimethylsilyl group, resulting in the formation of an An-C σ-bond, protonation of the four-membered ring, and an η3-allylic interaction with the actinide. Complex solution-phase dynamics are observed with multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for both sandwich complexes. A computational analysis of the reaction mechanism leading to the formation of 4 and 5 indicates that the cyclobutadienyl ligands undergo C-H activation across the actinide center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Tsoureas
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University
of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K.
| | - Thayalan Rajeshkumar
- Laboratoire
de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets, Institut
National des Sciences Appliquées, Toulouse Cedex 4 31077, France
| | - Oliver P. E. Townrow
- Chemistry
Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K.
| | - Laurent Maron
- Laboratoire
de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets, Institut
National des Sciences Appliquées, Toulouse Cedex 4 31077, France,
| | - Richard A. Layfield
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University
of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K.,
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Durrant JP, Day BM, Tang J, Mansikkamäki A, Layfield RA. Dominance of Cyclobutadienyl Over Cyclopentadienyl in the Crystal Field Splitting in Dysprosium Single-Molecule Magnets. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200525. [PMID: 35108431 PMCID: PMC9302998 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Replacing a monoanionic cyclopentadienyl (Cp) ligand in dysprosium single-molecule magnets (SMMs) with a dianionic cyclobutadienyl (Cb) ligand in the sandwich complexes [(η4 -Cb'''')Dy(η5 -C5 Me4 t Bu)(BH4 )]- (1), [(η4 -Cb'''')Dy(η8 -Pn† )K(THF)] (2) and [(η4 -Cb'''')Dy(η8 -Pn† )]- (3) leads to larger energy barriers to magnetization reversal (Cb''''=C4 (SiMe3 )4 , Pn† =1,4-di(tri-isopropylsilyl)pentalenyl). Short distances to the Cb'''' ligands and longer distances to the Cp ligands in 1-3 are consistent with the crystal field splitting being dominated by the former. Theoretical analysis shows that the magnetic axes in the ground Kramers doublets of 1-3 are oriented towards the Cb'''' ligands. The theoretical axiality parameter and the relative axiality parameter Z and Zrel are introduced to facilitate comparisons of the SMM performance of 1-3 with a benchmark SMM. Increases in Z and Zrel when Cb''' replaces Cp signposts a route to SMMs with properties that could surpass leading systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Durrant
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Sussex FalmerBrightonBN1 9QRUK
| | - Benjamin M. Day
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Sussex FalmerBrightonBN1 9QRUK
| | - Jinkui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource UtilizationChangchunInstitute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun130022P.R. China
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Durrant JP, Day BM, Tang J, Mansikkamäki A, Layfield RA. Dominance of Cyclobutadienyl Over Cyclopentadienyl in the Crystal Field Splitting in Dysprosium Single‐Molecule Magnets. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James P. Durrant
- Department of Chemistry University of Sussex Falmer Brighton BN1 9QR UK
| | - Benjamin M. Day
- Department of Chemistry University of Sussex Falmer Brighton BN1 9QR UK
| | - Jinkui Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P.R. China
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7
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Murillo J, Bhowmick R, Harriman KLM, Gomez-Torres A, Wright J, Meulenberg RW, Miró P, Metta-Magaña A, Murugesu M, Vlaisavljevich B, Fortier S. Actinide arene-metalates: ion pairing effects on the electronic structure of unsupported uranium-arenide sandwich complexes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13360-13372. [PMID: 34777754 PMCID: PMC8528047 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03275e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Addition of [UI2(THF)3(μ-OMe)]2·THF (2·THF) to THF solutions containing 6 equiv. of K[C14H10] generates the heteroleptic dimeric complexes [K(18-crown-6)(THF)2]2[U(η6-C14H10)(η4-C14H10)(μ-OMe)]2·4THF (118C6·4THF) and {[K(THF)3][U(η6-C14H10)(η4-C14H10)(μ-OMe)]}2 (1THF) upon crystallization of the products in THF in the presence or absence of 18-crown-6, respectively. Both 118C6·4THF and 1THF are thermally stable in the solid-state at room temperature; however, after crystallization, they become insoluble in THF or DME solutions and instead gradually decompose upon standing. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals 118C6·4THF and 1THF to be structurally similar, possessing uranium centres sandwiched between bent anthracenide ligands of mixed tetrahapto and hexahapto ligation modes. Yet, the two complexes are distinguished by the close contact potassium-arenide ion pairing that is seen in 1THF but absent in 118C6·4THF, which is observed to have a significant effect on the electronic characteristics of the two complexes. Structural analysis, SQUID magnetometry data, XANES spectral characterization, and computational analyses are generally consistent with U(iv) formal assignments for the metal centres in both 118C6·4THF and 1THF, though noticeable differences are detected between the two species. For instance, the effective magnetic moment of 1THF (3.74 μB) is significantly lower than that of 118C6·4THF (4.40 μB) at 300 K. Furthermore, the XANES data shows the U LIII-edge absorption energy for 1THF to be 0.9 eV higher than that of 118C6·4THF, suggestive of more oxidized metal centres in the former. Of note, CASSCF calculations on the model complex {[U(η6-C14H10)(η4-C14H10)(μ-OMe)]2}2− (1*) shows highly polarized uranium–arenide interactions defined by π-type bonds where the metal contributions are primarily comprised by the 6d-orbitals (7.3 ± 0.6%) with minor participation from the 5f-orbitals (1.5 ± 0.5%). These unique complexes provide new insights into actinide–arenide bonding interactions and show the sensitivity of the electronic structures of the uranium atoms to coordination sphere effects. Use of Chatt metal-arene protocols with uranium leads to the synthesis of the first well-characterized, unsupported actinide–arenide sandwich complexes. The electronic structures of the actinide centres show a key sensitivity to ion pairing effects.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Murillo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso El Paso Texas 79968 USA
| | - Rina Bhowmick
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Dakota Vermillion South Dakota 57069 USA
| | - Katie L M Harriman
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Alejandra Gomez-Torres
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso El Paso Texas 79968 USA
| | - Joshua Wright
- Department of Physics, Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago Illinois 60616 USA
| | - Robert W Meulenberg
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Frontier Institute for Research in Sensor Technologies, University of Maine Orono Maine 04469 USA
| | - Pere Miró
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Dakota Vermillion South Dakota 57069 USA
| | - Alejandro Metta-Magaña
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso El Paso Texas 79968 USA
| | - Muralee Murugesu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Bess Vlaisavljevich
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Dakota Vermillion South Dakota 57069 USA
| | - Skye Fortier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso El Paso Texas 79968 USA
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