1
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Cuesta-Galisteo S, Schörgenhumer J, Hervieu C, Nevado C. Dual Nickel/Photoredox-Catalyzed Asymmetric Carbamoylation of Benzylic C(sp 3 )-H Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202313717. [PMID: 38214382 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202313717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Radical-mediated Hydrogen Atom Abstraction of Csp3 -H bonds has become a powerful tool for the asymmetric functionalization of organic feedstocks. Here, we present an asymmetric synthesis of α-aryl amides via carbamoylation of alkylarenes with isocyanates as electrophiles. The synergistic combination of a photoredox and a chiral nickel-catalyst, enables the use of readily available and neutral reagents under mild reaction conditions and provides straightforward access to pharmacologically relevant motifs in enantiomerically pure form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Cuesta-Galisteo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Schörgenhumer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cedric Hervieu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Nevado
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Wang J, Yu R, Nian C, Liao M, Han Z, Sun J, Huang H. Metal-Free C(sp 3)-H Bond Arylation of 3-Methylindole Derivatives via 3-Indole Imine Methides. Org Lett 2023; 25:8478-8483. [PMID: 37966338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Direct arylation of the benzylic C(sp3)-H bond is one of the most straightforward strategies for the construction of multi-aryl methanes, owing to the extraordinary step and atom economy. In this paper, we developed the first metal-free arylation of the C(sp3)-H bond in 3-methylindoles, thereby providing rapid access to a range of diaryl- and triarylmethanes with two indole rings. Mechanistically, 3-indole imine methide serves as the key intermediate. Water plays a crucial role in this process, likely serving as a proton shuttle to facilitate the key 1,3-proton transfer step in this reaction and, thus, enhance the reaction efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, People's Republic of China
| | - Run Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuicui Nian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, People's Republic of China
| | - Maoyan Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyu Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Sun
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, People's Republic of China
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3
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Maity B, Dutta S, Cavallo L. The mechanism of visible light-induced C-C cross-coupling by C sp3-H bond activation. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5373-5387. [PMID: 37464786 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00960a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Csp3-C cross-coupling by activating Csp3-H bonds is a dream reaction for the chemical community, and visible light-induced transition metal-catalysis under mild reaction conditions is considered a powerful tool to achieve it. Advancement of this research area is still in its infancy because of the chemical and technical complexity of this catalysis. Mechanistic studies illuminating the operative reaction pathways can rationalize the increasing amount of experimental catalysis data and provide the knowledge allowing faster and rational advances in the field. This goal requires complementary experimental and theoretical mechanistic studies, as each of them is unfit to clarify the operative mechanisms alone. In this tutorial review we summarize representative experimental and computational mechanistic studies, highlighting weaknesses, strengths, and synergies between the two approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bholanath Maity
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sayan Dutta
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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4
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Uppalabat T, Hassa N, Sawektreeratana N, Leowanawat P, Janthakit P, Nalaoh P, Promarak V, Soorukram D, Reutrakul V, Kuhakarn C. Cascade Oxidative Trifluoromethylthiolation and Cyclization of 3-Alkyl-1-(2-(alkynyl)phenyl)indoles. J Org Chem 2023; 88:5403-5419. [PMID: 37019432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c03045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Persulfate-promoted radical cascade trifluoromethylthiolation and cyclization of 3-alkyl-1-(2-(alkynyl)phenyl)indoles with AgSCF3 were investigated. This protocol provides a novel route to CF3S-substituted indolo[1,2-a]quinoline-7-carbaldehydes and CF3S-substituted indolo[1,2-a]quinoline-7-methanone derivatives via the formation of the C-SCF3 bond and C-C bond and benzylic carbon oxidation in a single step. This reaction can accommodate a broad range of functional groups. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction data confirm the chemical structure of the product. A scale-up experiment and radical inhibition experiments were operated in the reaction system. Photophysical properties of some selected 5-((trifluoromethyl)thio)indolo[1,2-a]quinoline-7-carbaldehydes were studied by UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thikhamporn Uppalabat
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Nattawoot Hassa
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Natthapat Sawektreeratana
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pawaret Leowanawat
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pattarapapa Janthakit
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Phattananawee Nalaoh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Vinich Promarak
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Darunee Soorukram
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Vichai Reutrakul
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Chutima Kuhakarn
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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5
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Ji AY, Thirupathi A, Hwang JY, Kim Y, Han G, Ahn KH, Kang K, Kang EJ. Iron Catalysis of C(sp 3)-H Azidation Using a Heteroarene Radical Cation Strategy. Org Lett 2023; 25:1541-1546. [PMID: 36856660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
The FeIII(phen)3 catalysis of the benzylic C(sp3)-H azidation of indoles has been investigated. The Fe(III) complex can selectively oxidize indoles to form arene radical cations, which are transformed into benzylic C(sp3) radical intermediates. This strategy exhibits a difference in reactivity between N-heteroarenes and benzene, which is difficult to achieve via direct hydrogen abstraction approaches. Various biorelevant azide precursors were constructed, highlighting the utility of this mild first-row transition-metal catalyst system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Young Ji
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Annaram Thirupathi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Joon Young Hwang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Yuri Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Gyuri Han
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyun Ahn
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Kyungtae Kang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
| | - Eun Joo Kang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea
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6
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Ben-Tal Y, Lloyd-Jones GC. Kinetics of a Ni/Ir-Photocatalyzed Coupling of ArBr with RBr: Intermediacy of ArNi II(L)Br and Rate/Selectivity Factors. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15372-15382. [PMID: 35969479 PMCID: PMC9413222 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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The Ni/Ir-photocatalyzed coupling of an aryl bromide
(ArBr) with
an alkyl bromide (RBr) has been analyzed using in situ LED-19F NMR spectroscopy. Four components (light, [ArBr],
[Ni], [Ir]) are found to control the rate of ArBr consumption, but
not the product selectivity, while two components ([(TMS)3SiH], [RBr]) independently control the product selectivity, but not
the rate. A major resting state of nickel has been identified as ArNiII(L)Br, and 13C-isotopic entrainment is used to
show that the complex undergoes Ir-photocatalyzed conversion to products
(Ar-R, Ar-H, Ar-solvent) in competition with the release of ArBr.
A range of competing absorption and quenching effects lead to complex
correlations between the Ir and Ni catalyst loadings and the reaction
rate. Differences in the Ir/Ni Beer–Lambert absorption profiles
allow the rate to be increased by the use of a shorter-wavelength
light source without compromising the selectivity. A minimal kinetic
model for the process allows simulation of the reaction and provides
insights for optimization of these processes in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Ben-Tal
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
| | - Guy C Lloyd-Jones
- EaStChem, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, U.K
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7
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Yu X, Meng QY, Daniliuc CG, Studer A. Aroyl Fluorides as Bifunctional Reagents for Dearomatizing Fluoroaroylation of Benzofurans. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:7072-7079. [PMID: 35315651 PMCID: PMC9052760 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c01735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran scaffold is widely found in natural products and biologically active compounds. Herein, dearomatizing 2,3-fluoroaroylation of benzofurans with aroyl fluorides as bifunctional reagents to access 2,3-difunctionalized dihydrobenzofurans is reported. The reaction that occurs by cooperative NHC/photoredox catalysis provides 3-aroyl-2-fluoro-2,3-dihydrobenzofurans with moderate to good yield and high diastereoselectivity. Cascades proceed via radical/radical cross-coupling of a benzofuran radical cation generated in the photoredox catalysis cycle with a neutral ketyl radical formed through the NHC catalysis cycle. The redox-neutral transformation exhibits broad substrate scope and high functional group compatibility. With anhydrides as bifunctional reagents, dearomatizing aroyloxyacylation of benzofurans is achieved and the strategy can also be applied to N-acylated indoles to afford 3-aroyl-2-fluoro-dihydroindoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoye Yu
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Qing-Yuan Meng
- Institute
of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Constantin G. Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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8
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Pan YL, Gong XM, Hao RR, Zeng SX, Shen ZR, Huang WH. The synthesis of anticancer sulfonated indolo[2,1- a]isoquinoline and benzimidazo[2,1- a]isoquinolin-6(5 H)-ones derivatives via a free radical cascade pathway. RSC Adv 2022; 12:9763-9772. [PMID: 35424925 PMCID: PMC8961271 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06981k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A facile CuBr2 induced radical relay addition/cyclization of activated alkenes with substituted-thiosulfonates has been achieved, leading to a broad range of sulfonated indolo[2,1-a]isoquinolines and benzimidazo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-6(5H)-ones in moderate to good yields. In particular, some compounds exhibit bioactivity against cancer cell lines. This protocol shows advantages of low-cost, base-free, simple operation, and broad functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Lu Pan
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Xiao-Meng Gong
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Rong-Rong Hao
- Hangzhou Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Advanced Medical Technology Institute Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Shen-Xin Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Zheng-Rong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Wen-Hai Huang
- Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College Hangzhou Zhejiang China
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9
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Pan Y, Gong X, Hao R, Zeng S, Xu J, Shen Z, Huang WH. Metal‐free and One‐pot for the Synthesis of the Indolo[2,1‐a]isoquinoline Aldehyde via Free Radical Cascade Pathway followed Direct Hydrolyzation. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- YouLu Pan
- Hangzhou Medical College college of pharmacy Hangzhou, China 016001 CHINA
| | | | - Rongrong Hao
- Hangzhou Medical College college of pharmcy CHINA
| | - Shenxin Zeng
- Hangzhou Medical College college of pharmcy CHINA
| | - Jinghao Xu
- Hangzhou Medical College college of pharmcy CHINA
| | | | - Wen-hai Huang
- Hangzhou Medical College colledge of pharmcy tianmushanlu182 310013 hangzhou CHINA
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10
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Kato T, Maruoka K. Selective functionalization of benzylic C-H bonds of two different benzylic ethers by bowl-shaped N-hydroxyimide derivatives as efficient organoradical catalysts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:1021-1024. [PMID: 34951412 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06425h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient, site-selective benzylic C-H bond amination of two different benzylic ether substrates was described by using bowl-shaped N-hydroxyimide organoradical catalysts with diethyl azodicarboxylate. The synthetic utility of this approach is demonstrated by the subsequent transformation of the amination products into the corresponding aldehydes and alkylhydrazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terumasa Kato
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Keiji Maruoka
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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11
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Yue H, Zhu C, Huang L, Dewanji A, Rueping M. Advances in allylic and benzylic C-H bond functionalization enabled by metallaphotoredox catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:171-184. [PMID: 34882164 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06285a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metallaphoto-catalysis has been established as a robust platform for efficient construction of a range of chemical bonds. Moreover, transformation of native functionalities such as C(sp3)-H bonds to produce functional molecules represents one of the most attractive strategies in organic synthesis. Merging two powerful methodologies, metallaphoto-catalyzed benzylic and allylic C(sp3)-H bond functionalizations provide a series of general and mild approaches for diversification of alkylbenzenes and alkenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Yue
- KAUST Catalysis Center, KCC, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KAUST, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Chen Zhu
- KAUST Catalysis Center, KCC, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KAUST, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Long Huang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Abhishek Dewanji
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Magnus Rueping
- KAUST Catalysis Center, KCC, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KAUST, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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12
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Beutner GL, Simmons EM, Ayers S, Bemis CY, Goldfogel MJ, Joe CL, Marshall J, Wisniewski SR. A Process Chemistry Benchmark for sp 2-sp 3 Cross Couplings. J Org Chem 2021; 86:10380-10396. [PMID: 34255510 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As sp2-sp3 disconnections gain acceptance in the medicinal chemist's toolbox, an increasing number of potential drug candidates containing this motif are moving into the pharmaceutical development pipeline. This raises a new set of questions and challenges around the novel, direct methodologies available for forging these bonds. These questions gain further importance in the context of process chemistry, where the focus is the development of scalable processes that enable the large-scale delivery of clinical supplies. In this paper, we describe our efforts to apply a wide variety of standard, photo-, and electrochemical sp2-sp3 cross-coupling methods to a pharmaceutically relevant intermediate and optimize each through a combination of high throughput and mechanistically guided experimentation. With data regarding the performance, benefits, and limitations of these novel methods, we evaluate them against a more traditional two-step palladium-catalyzed process. This work reveals trends and similarities between these sp2-sp3 bond-forming methods and suggests a path forward for further refinements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Beutner
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Eric M Simmons
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Sloan Ayers
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Christopher Y Bemis
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Matthew J Goldfogel
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Candice L Joe
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Jonathan Marshall
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Steven R Wisniewski
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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