1
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Arbe A, Alegría A, Colmenero J, Bhaumik S, Ntetsikas K, Hadjichristidis N. Microscopic Evidence for the Topological Transition in Model Vitrimers. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1595-1601. [PMID: 37947419 PMCID: PMC10666534 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the glass transition, vitrimers undergo a topological transition from viscoelastic liquid to viscoelastic solid behavior when the network rearrangements facilitated by dynamic bond exchange reactions freeze. The microscopic observation of this transition is elusive. Model polyisoprene vitrimers based on imine dynamic covalent bonds were synthesized by reaction of α,ω-dialdehyde-functionalized polyisoprenes and a tris(2-aminoethyl)amine. In these dynamic networks nanophase separation of polymer and reactive groups leads to the emergence of a relevant length scale characteristic for the network structure. We exploited the scattering sensitivity to structural features at different length scales to determine how dynamical and topological arrests affect correlations at segmental and network levels. Chains expand obeying the same expansion coefficient throughout the entire viscoelastic region, i.e., both in the elastomeric regime and in the liquid regime. The onset of liquid-like behavior is only apparent at the mesoscale, where the scattering reveals the reorganization of the network triggered by bond exchange events. The such determined "microscopic" topological transition temperature is compared with the outcome of "conventional" methods, namely viscosimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. We show that using proper thermal (aging-like) protocols, this transition is also nicely revealed by the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arantxa Arbe
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CFM) (CSIC−UPV/EHU) −
Materials Physics Center (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Angel Alegría
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CFM) (CSIC−UPV/EHU) −
Materials Physics Center (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento
de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química
y Tecnología (UPV/EHU), Apartado 1072, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Juan Colmenero
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CFM) (CSIC−UPV/EHU) −
Materials Physics Center (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Departamento
de Polímeros y Materiales Avanzados: Física, Química
y Tecnología (UPV/EHU), Apartado 1072, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Saibal Bhaumik
- Polymer
Synthesis Laboratory, Chemistry Program, Physical Science and Engineering
Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah
University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Konstantinos Ntetsikas
- Polymer
Synthesis Laboratory, Chemistry Program, Physical Science and Engineering
Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah
University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- Polymer
Synthesis Laboratory, Chemistry Program, Physical Science and Engineering
Division, KAUST Catalysis Center, King Abdullah
University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Yan T, Balzer AH, Herbert KM, Epps TH, Korley LTJ. Circularity in polymers: addressing performance and sustainability challenges using dynamic covalent chemistries. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5243-5265. [PMID: 37234906 PMCID: PMC10208058 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00551h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The circularity of current and future polymeric materials is a major focus of fundamental and applied research, as undesirable end-of-life outcomes and waste accumulation are global problems that impact our society. The recycling or repurposing of thermoplastics and thermosets is an attractive solution to these issues, yet both options are encumbered by poor property retention upon reuse, along with heterogeneities in common waste streams that limit property optimization. Dynamic covalent chemistry, when applied to polymeric materials, enables the targeted design of reversible bonds that can be tailored to specific reprocessing conditions to help address conventional recycling challenges. In this review, we highlight the key features of several dynamic covalent chemistries that can promote closed-loop recyclability and we discuss recent synthetic progress towards incorporating these chemistries into new polymers and existing commodity plastics. Next, we outline how dynamic covalent bonds and polymer network structure influence thermomechanical properties related to application and recyclability, with a focus on predictive physical models that describe network rearrangement. Finally, we examine the potential economic and environmental impacts of dynamic covalent polymeric materials in closed-loop processing using elements derived from techno-economic analysis and life-cycle assessment, including minimum selling prices and greenhouse gas emissions. Throughout each section, we discuss interdisciplinary obstacles that hinder the widespread adoption of dynamic polymers and present opportunities and new directions toward the realization of circularity in polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwei Yan
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Plastics Innovation (CPI), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
| | - Alex H Balzer
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Plastics Innovation (CPI), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
| | - Katie M Herbert
- Center for Plastics Innovation (CPI), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
| | - Thomas H Epps
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Plastics Innovation (CPI), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Research in Soft matter and Polymers (CRiSP), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
| | - LaShanda T J Korley
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Plastics Innovation (CPI), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
- Center for Research in Soft matter and Polymers (CRiSP), University of Delaware Newark 19716 Delaware USA
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3
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Sarkar R, Majumdar S, Kuil S, Mallens J, van der Tol JJB, Sijbesma RP, Heuts JPA, Palmans ARA. Dynamic covalent networks with tunable dynamicity by mixing acylsemicarbazides and thioacylsemicarbazides. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20230068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramkrishna Sarkar
- Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 Eindhoven 5600 MB The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kanpur Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Soumabrata Majumdar
- Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 Eindhoven 5600 MB The Netherlands
| | - Sierd Kuil
- Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 Eindhoven 5600 MB The Netherlands
| | - Jorg Mallens
- Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 Eindhoven 5600 MB The Netherlands
| | - Joost J. B. van der Tol
- Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 Eindhoven 5600 MB The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 Eindhoven 5600 MB The Netherlands
| | - Johan P. A. Heuts
- Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 Eindhoven 5600 MB The Netherlands
| | - Anja R. A. Palmans
- Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry & Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology P.O. Box 513 Eindhoven 5600 MB The Netherlands
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4
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Purwanto NS, Chen Y, Wang T, Torkelson JM. Rapidly synthesized, self-blowing, non-isocyanate Polyurethane network foams with reprocessing to bulk networks via hydroxyurethane dynamic chemistry. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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5
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Lv G, Li X, Jensen E, Soman B, Tsao YH, Evans CM, Cahill DG. Dynamic Covalent Bonds in Vitrimers Enable 1.0 W/(m K) Intrinsic Thermal Conductivity. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guangxin Lv
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Xiaoru Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Elynn Jensen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Bhaskar Soman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yu-Hsuan Tsao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Christopher M. Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - David G. Cahill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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6
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Soman B, Schweizer KS, Evans CM. Fragile Glass Formation and Non-Arrhenius Upturns in Ethylene Vitrimers Revealed by Dielectric Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Soman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Kenneth S. Schweizer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Christopher M. Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
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7
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Zhang V, Kang B, Accardo JV, Kalow JA. Structure-Reactivity-Property Relationships in Covalent Adaptable Networks. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:22358-22377. [PMID: 36445040 PMCID: PMC9812368 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polymer networks built out of dynamic covalent bonds offer the potential to translate the control and tunability of chemical reactions to macroscopic physical properties. Under conditions at which these reactions occur, the topology of covalent adaptable networks (CANs) can rearrange, meaning that they can flow, self-heal, be remolded, and respond to stimuli. Materials with these properties are necessary to fields ranging from sustainability to tissue engineering; thus the conditions and time scale of network rearrangement must be compatible with the intended use. The mechanical properties of CANs are based on the thermodynamics and kinetics of their constituent bonds. Therefore, strategies are needed that connect the molecular and macroscopic worlds. In this Perspective, we analyze structure-reactivity-property relationships for several classes of CANs, illustrating both general design principles and the predictive potential of linear free energy relationships (LFERs) applied to CANs. We discuss opportunities in the field to develop quantitative structure-reactivity-property relationships and open challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Boyeong Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Joseph V Accardo
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Julia A Kalow
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
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8
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Upgrade SBS into vitrimers with excellent mechanical and physical properties. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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9
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Abstract
We describe the full rheology profile of vitrimers, from small deformation (linear) to large deformation (non-linear) viscoelastic behaviour, providing concise analytical expressions to assist the experimental data analysis, and also clarify the emerging insights and rheological concepts in the subject. We identify the elastic-plastic transition at a time scale comparable to the life-time of the exchangeable bonds in the vitrimer network, and propose a new method to deduce material parameters using the Master Curves. At large plastic creep, we describe the strain thinning when the material is subjected to a constant stress or force, and suggest another method to characterize the material parameters from the creep curves. We also investigate partial vitrimers including a permanent sub-network and an exchangeable sub-network where the bond exchange occurs. In creep, such materials can exhibit either strain thinning or strain thickening, depending on applied load, and present the phase diagram of this response. Rheology studies on vitrimers have mostly focused on their linear viscoelasticity under small deformations. Here, the authors develop a full rheological understanding of vitrimer response that spans between small deformation and large-deformation regime, and across 22 decades of effective frequency, providing clear and concise analytical expressions to assist the experimental data analysis and propose a method to deduce material parameters using Master Curves.
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10
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Perego A, Lazarenko D, Cloitre M, Khabaz F. Microscopic Dynamics and Viscoelasticity of Vitrimers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Perego
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Daria Lazarenko
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Michel Cloitre
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials, ESPCI Paris, CNRS, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Fardin Khabaz
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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11
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Barsoum DN, Kirinda VC, Kang B, Kalow JA. Remote-Controlled Exchange Rates by Photoswitchable Internal Catalysis of Dynamic Covalent Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:10168-10173. [PMID: 35640074 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The transesterification rate of boronate esters with diols is tunable over 14 orders of magnitude. Rate acceleration is achieved by internal base catalysis, which lowers the barrier for proton transfer. Here we report a photoswitchable internal catalyst that tunes the rate of boronic ester/diol exchange over 4 orders of magnitude. We employed an acylhydrazone molecular photoswitch, which forms a thermally stable but photoreversible intramolecular H-bond, to gate the activity of the internal base catalyst in 8-quinoline boronic ester. The photoswitch is bidirectional and can be cycled repeatedly. The intramolecular H-bond is found to be essential to the design of this photoswitchable internal catalyst, as protonating the quinoline with external sources of acid has little effect on the exchange rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Barsoum
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Viraj C Kirinda
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Boyeong Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Julia A Kalow
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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12
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Hu S, Chen X, Bin Rusayyis MA, Purwanto NS, Torkelson JM. Reprocessable polyhydroxyurethane networks reinforced with reactive polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) and exhibiting excellent elevated temperature creep resistance. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Porath L, Huang J, Ramlawi N, Derkaloustian M, Ewoldt RH, Evans CM. Relaxation of Vitrimers with Kinetically Distinct Mixed Dynamic Bonds. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Porath
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Junrou Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nabil Ramlawi
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Maryanne Derkaloustian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Randy H. Ewoldt
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Christopher M. Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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14
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Porath L, Soman B, Jing BB, Evans CM. Vitrimers: Using Dynamic Associative Bonds to Control Viscoelasticity, Assembly, and Functionality in Polymer Networks. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:475-483. [PMID: 35575320 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Vitrimers have been investigated in the past decade for their promise as recyclable, reprocessable, and self-healing materials. In this Viewpoint, we focus on some of the key open questions that remain regarding how the molecular-scale chemistry impacts macroscopic physical chemistry. The ability to design temperature-dependent complex viscoelastic spectra with independent control of viscosity and modulus based on knowledge of the dynamic bond and polymer chemistry is first discussed. Next, the role of dynamic covalent chemistry on self-assembly is highlighted in the context of crystallization and nanophase separation. Finally, the ability of dynamic bond exchange to manipulate molecular transport and viscoelasticity is discussed in the context of various applications. Future directions leveraging dynamic covalent chemistry to provide insights regarding fundamental polymer physics as well as imparting functionality into polymers are discussed in all three of these highlighted areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Porath
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
| | - Bhaskar Soman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
| | - Brian B. Jing
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
| | - Christopher M. Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
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15
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Oba Y, Kimura T, Hayashi M, Yamamoto K. Correlation between Self-Assembled Nanostructures and Bond Exchange Properties for Polyacrylate-Based Vitrimer-like Materials with a Trans- N-Alkylation Bond Exchange Mechanism. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Oba
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduated School of Engineering,Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kimura
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduated School of Engineering,Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Mikihiro Hayashi
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduated School of Engineering,Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Yamamoto
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduated School of Engineering,Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
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16
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Boronic Acid Esters and Anhydrates as Dynamic Cross-Links in Vitrimers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040842. [PMID: 35215755 PMCID: PMC8962972 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing environmental awareness imposes on polymer scientists the development of novel materials that show a longer lifetime and that can be easily recycled. These challenges were largely met by vitrimers, a new class of polymers that merges properties of thermoplastics and thermosets. This is achieved by the incorporation of dynamic covalent bonds into the polymer structure, which provides high stability at the service temperature, but enables the processing at elevated temperatures. Numerous types of dynamic covalent bonds have been utilized for the synthesis of vitrimers. Amongst them, boronic acid-based linkages, namely boronic acid esters and boroxines, are distinguished by their quick exchange kinetics and the possibility of easy application in various polymer systems, from commercial thermoplastics to low molecular weight thermosetting resins. This review covers the development of dynamic cross-links. This review is aimed at providing the state of the art in the utilization of boronic species for the synthesis of covalent adaptable networks. We mainly focus on the synthetic aspects of boronic linkages-based vitrimers construction. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives are provided.
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17
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Liu J, Li J, Luo Z, Zhou Y. Mapping Crosslinking
Reaction‐Structure‐Property
Relationship in Polyether‐based Vinylogous Urethane Vitrimers. AIChE J 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Jin‐Jin Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Zheng‐Hong Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yin‐Ning Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai P. R. China
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18
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Zhao S, Yang H, Wang D, Russell TP. A simple, efficient route to modify the properties of epoxy dynamic polymer networks. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:382-389. [PMID: 34897356 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01402a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A simple and efficient strategy to modify epoxy dynamic polymer networks (DPNs) is presented. The introduction of the flexible epoxidized form of naturally occurring soybean oil (ESO) into epoxy DPNs markedly improves their mechanical properties, stress relaxation rate and malleability. Specifically, at 7.5 wt% ESO loading, the elongation at break of the as-produced epoxy-ESO DPNs was increased from 10% to 108%, the stress relaxation time decreased from 6100 s to 2570 s at 120 °C, and the reprocessing temperature was reduced by 26 °C, which is advantageous for expanding the scope of applications of these materials, especially for reducing the energy consumption during reprocessing. At this composition, the epoxy-ESO DPNs also showed excellent self-healing, welding and chemical degradation properties. This work provides a novel pathway to fabricate epoxy-based DPNs with high performance in an energy-conserving manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhen Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Hongkun Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Dong Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Thomas P Russell
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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19
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Lv G, Soman B, Shan N, Evans CM, Cahill DG. Effect of Linker Length and Temperature on the Thermal Conductivity of Ethylene Dynamic Networks. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:1088-1093. [PMID: 35549079 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic covalent networks are a class of polymers containing exchangeable bonds. The influence of the thermodynamics and kinetics of dynamic bond exchange on the thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of dynamic networks is important for understanding how they differ from thermoplastics and thermosets. In this work, a series of ethylene dynamic networks are synthesized from benzene diboronic acid and alkane diols with different precise ethylene linker lengths. The thermal conductivity of these ethylene dynamic networks at 40 °C decreases from 0.19 to 0.095 W/(m K) when the ethylene linker length increases from 4 to 12 carbons. The thermal conductivity also has a strong temperature dependence, decreasing by a factor of 3 over the temperature range from -80 °C to 100 °C. The minimum thermal conductivity model predicts these trends of the thermal conductivity with variations in ethylene linker length and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxin Lv
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Bhaskar Soman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Naisong Shan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Christopher M. Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - David G. Cahill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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20
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Samanta S, Kim S, Saito T, Sokolov AP. Polymers with Dynamic Bonds: Adaptive Functional Materials for a Sustainable Future. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:9389-9401. [PMID: 34324809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric materials play critical role in many current technologies. Among them, adaptive polymeric materials with dynamic (reversible) bonds exhibit unique properties and provide exciting opportunities for various future technologies. Dynamic bonds enable structural rearrangements in polymer networks in specific conditions. Replacement of a few covalent bonds by dynamic bonds can enhance polymeric properties, e.g., strongly improve the toughness and the adhesive properties of polymers. Moreover, they provide recyclability and enable new properties, such as self-healing and shape memory effects. We briefly overview new developments in the field of polymers with dynamic bonds and current understanding of their dynamic properties. We further highlight several examples of unique properties of polymers with dynamic bonds and provide our perspectives for them to be used in many current and future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subarna Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Sungjin Kim
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Tomonori Saito
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Alexei P Sokolov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
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21
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Perego A, Khabaz F. Effect of bond exchange rate on dynamics and mechanics of vitrimers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Perego
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron Ohio USA
| | - Fardin Khabaz
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering The University of Akron Akron Ohio USA
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular, and Corrosion Engineering The University of Akron Akron Ohio USA
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22
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Wu S, Yang H, Xu WS, Chen Q. Thermodynamics and Reaction Kinetics of Symmetric Vitrimers Based on Dioxaborolane Metathesis. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shilong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Huanhuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Wen-Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Quan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin Street 5625, Changchun 130022, China
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23
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Porath LE, Evans CM. Importance of Broad Temperature Windows and Multiple Rheological Approaches for Probing Viscoelasticity and Entropic Elasticity in Vitrimers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Porath
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Christopher M. Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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24
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Ishibashi JSA, Pierce IC, Chang AB, Zografos A, El-Zaatari BM, Fang Y, Weigand SJ, Bates FS, Kalow JA. Mechanical and Structural Consequences of Associative Dynamic Cross-Linking in Acrylic Diblock Copolymers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S. A. Ishibashi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ian C. Pierce
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Alice B. Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Aristotelis Zografos
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Bassil M. El-Zaatari
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Steven J. Weigand
- Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Frank S. Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Julia A. Kalow
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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