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Gunture, Lee TY. Biomass-derived multiatom-doped carbon dots for water sensing based on excited state intraparticle proton transfer in organic solvents. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 323:124841. [PMID: 39089070 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
The presence of trace water impurities in organic solvents can significantly influence chemical reactions and product quality; thus, the accurate detection of water content in these solvents is a critical requirement for industrial applications. Accordingly, an eco-friendly, effective, and economical sensor for detecting trace quantities of miscible water in organic solvents is required for industrial applications. In this study, we synthesized biomass-derived multi-atom-doped carbon dots (MACDs) as fluorescent probes and employed them for the detection of trace amounts of water impurities in several water-miscible organic solvents. The MACDs exhibited stable dual-color fluorescence emission under ultraviolet light irradiation and red and blue emissions in organic solvents and water. The fluorescence quantum yield was approximately 11 %, which indicates an excited intraparticle proton transfer response due to an increase in the water content within a wide response range from 0 % to 100 % (v/v) in organic solvents. The intensity of the red emission signal at 670 nm gradually decreased with an increase in the water content in the organic solvent. The MACDs could detect water with an instant response time of 55 s, a high sensitivity, and low limits of detection of 0.08 %, 1.36 %, 0.03 %, 0.04 %, 0.12 %, and 0.05 % (v/v) in ethanol, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, methanol, isopropanol, and tetrahydrofuran, respectively. Hence, biomass-derived MACDs can serve as efficient and eco-friendly water sensors in organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunture
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Convergence System Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yoon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Convergence System Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; Department of Technology Education, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Shen K, Xia L, Jiao K, Pan F, Xiang B, Zhou W, Shou Y, Gao X, Hu S, Fang H, Xia C, Jiang X, Gao X, Li C, Sun P, Lu G, Fan H, Sun T. Characterization techniques for tobacco and its derivatives: a systematic review. Front Chem 2024; 12:1402502. [PMID: 39036657 PMCID: PMC11257895 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1402502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Biomass and its derivatives have broad applications in the fields of bio-catalysis, energy storage, environmental remediation. The structure and components of biomass, which are vital parameters affecting corresponding performances of derived products, need to be fully understood for further regulating the biomass and its derivatives. Herein, tobacco is taken as an example of biomass to introduce the typical characterization techniques in unraveling the structural information, chemical components, and properties of biomass and its derivatives. Firstly, the structural information, chemical components and application for biomass are summarized. Then the characterization techniques together with the resultant structural information and chemical components are introduced. Finally, to promote a wide and deep study in this field, the perspectives and challenges concerning structure and composition charaterization in biomass and its derivatives are put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Shen
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liwei Xia
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kaixuan Jiao
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fanda Pan
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Boka Xiang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuedian Shou
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuefeng Gao
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shihao Hu
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haoyu Fang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chen Xia
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinru Jiang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Gao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cuiyu Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Sun
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guangzheng Lu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hu Fan
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Zhejiang Industrial Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tulai Sun
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Zhao Z, Luo Q, Chu S, Wen Q, Yu Z, Xu J, Xu W, Yi M. Preparation and in vivo imaging of NIR-emissive carbonized polymer dots derived from biomass olive leaves with a quantum yield of 71.4. RSC Adv 2023; 13:15182-15189. [PMID: 37213343 PMCID: PMC10193381 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01378b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The conversion of biomass materials into high value-added chemicals is receiving more and more attention. Herein, biomass olive leaves are converted into carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) through a simple hydrothermal reaction. The CPDs show near infrared light emission properties, and the absolute quantum yield reaches a record breaking value of 71.4% under the excitation wavelength of 413 nm. Detailed characterization determines that CPDs only contain three elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which is very different from most carbon dots which contain nitrogen atoms. Subsequently, NIR fluorescence imaging both in vitro and in vivo is performed to test their feasibility as fluorescence probes. The metabolic pathways of CPDs in the living body are inferred by studying the bio-distribution of CPDs in major organs. Their outstanding advantage is expected to further broaden the application field of this material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhao
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical College of Taizhou University Taizhou 318000 Zhejiang China
| | - Qin Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Tenth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University (Dongguan People's Hospital) Dongguan 523018 China
| | - Shengjing Chu
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Qinghui Wen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Tenth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University (Dongguan People's Hospital) Dongguan 523018 China
| | - Zhiqiang Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Tenth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University (Dongguan People's Hospital) Dongguan 523018 China
| | - Jijun Xu
- Gansu Institute for Drug Control Lanzhou 730070 China
| | - Weibing Xu
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Muhua Yi
- Department of Pathology, The Tenth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University (Dongguan People's Hospital) Dongguan 523018 China
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Solikhin A, Syamani FA, Hastati DY, Budiman I, Purnawati R, Mubarok M, Yanti H, Fachruddin A, Saad S, Jaenab S, Badrudin U, Kurniawan T. Review on lignocellulose valorization for nanocarbon and its composites: Starting from laboratory studies to business application. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 239:124082. [PMID: 36965566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
This study concerns a scoping and literature review of nanocarbon and its composites with details on specific propositions, including nanocarbon history, nanocarbon types, and lignocellulose nanocarbon types, properties, applications, toxicity, regulation, and business model for commercialization. The review brings novelties, comprehensively expounding on laboratory studies and industrial applications of biomass or lignocellulose materials-derived nanocarbon and its composites. Since its first discovery in the form of Buckyball in 1985, nanocarbon has brought interest to scientists and industries for applications. From the previous studies, it is discovered that many types of nanocarbon are sourced from lignocellulose materials. With their excellent properties of nanomaterials, nanocarbon has been harnessed for such as reinforcing and filler agents for nanocomposites or direct use of individual nanocarbon for specific purposes. However, the toxicological properties of nanocarbon have delivered a level of concern in its use and application. In addition, with the radically growing increase in the use of nanocarbon, policies have been enacted in several countries that rule on the use of nanocarbon. The business model for the commercialization of lignocellulose-based nanocarbon was also proposed in this study. This study can showcase the importance of both individual nanocarbon and nanocarbon-based composites for industrial implementations by considering their synthesis, properties, application, country legislations/regulations, and business model. The studies also can be the major references for researchers to partner with industries and governments in investing in lignocellulose-sourced nanocarbon potential research, development, and policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achmad Solikhin
- Indonesian Green Action Forum, Bogor, West Java 16680, Indonesia; Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia, DKI Jakarta 12110, Indonesia.
| | - Firda Aulya Syamani
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, West Java 16911, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Yuni Hastati
- College of Vocational Studies, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, West Java 16128, Indonesia
| | - Ismail Budiman
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor, West Java 16911, Indonesia
| | - Renny Purnawati
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Papua, Manokwari, Papua Barat 98314, Indonesia
| | - Mahdi Mubarok
- Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, West Java 16680, Indonesia
| | - Hikma Yanti
- Faculty of Forestry, Tanjungpura University, Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat 78124, Indonesia
| | - Achmad Fachruddin
- Creavill Consultant, Bantul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta 55184, Indonesia
| | - Sahriyanti Saad
- Faculty of Forestry, Hasannudin University, South Sulawesi 90245, Indonesia
| | - Siti Jaenab
- Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, West Java 16680, Indonesia
| | - Ubad Badrudin
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Pekalongan, Pekalongan, Central Java 51115, Indonesia
| | - Tegar Kurniawan
- Sultan Agung Islamic University, Semarang, Central Java 50112, Indonesia
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Yu X, Lei X, Zhu Y, Zhao Q. Dendrimer-functionalized hydrothermal nanosized carbonaceous spheres as superior anion exchangers for ion chromatographic separation. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:239. [PMID: 35639192 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05324-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyamidamine (PAMAM) dendrimer-functionalized hydrothermal nanosized carbonaceous spheres (HNCSs) were prepared and utilized as latexes for agglomerated anion exchange chromatography (AEC) stationary phase. The high-concentration and scalable production of monodisperse HNCSs (73-98 nm) was accomplished via the polyquaternium-7-assisted hydrothermal carbonization of fructose. The novel PAMAM-based quaternizations of HNCSs were designed by the amidation with PAMAM and epoxy-amine addition reaction with glycidol in aqueous solution. The mild functionalization condition leads to well-kept morphology of HNCSs, which forms one even latex layer on the sulfonated surface of polystyrene-divinylbenzene microbeads for the construction of AEC packing. Under isocratic elution, seven common inorganic anions and five organic acids were baseline separated in 9 min on prepared packing with efficiencies of 54,000-79,800 plates m-1 and asymmetry factor (As) of 1.02-1.12. The obtained separation efficiency, peak symmetry, and analysis time were superior to reported or typical commercial counterparts. The quick separation of polarizable anions in 7 min and carbohydrates in 5 min could also be carried out with symmetrical peaks (As: 1.00-1.18) and high efficiencies (49,700-62,100 N/m). Favorable stability and reproducibility were proved by continuous flushing and injection. The constructed packings were further applied to the determination of thiosulfate and sulfate in water reducer, galacturonic acid in Angelica polysaccharide hydrolysate, and fluoride samples in 4 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fuchun Campus, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 260 Baichuan Street, Hangzhou, 311402, China
| | - Xujing Lei
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fuchun Campus, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 260 Baichuan Street, Hangzhou, 311402, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Xixi Campus, Zhejiang University, 148 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, 310028, China
| | - Qiming Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fuchun Campus, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 260 Baichuan Street, Hangzhou, 311402, China.
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Malavika JP, Shobana C, Sundarraj S, Ganeshbabu M, Kumar P, Selvan RK. Green synthesis of multifunctional carbon quantum dots: An approach in cancer theranostics. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 136:212756. [PMID: 35929302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have gained significant growing attention in the recent past due to their peculiar characteristics including smaller size, high surface area, photoluminescence, chemical stability, facile synthesis and functionalization possibilities. They are carbon nanostructures having less than 10 nm size with fluorescent properties. In recent years, the scientific community is curiously adopting biomass precursors for the preparation of CQDs over the chemical compounds. These biomass sources are sustainable, eco-friendly, inexpensive, widely available and convert waste into valuable materials. Hence in our work the fundamental understating of diverse fabrication methodologies of CQDs, and the types of raw materials employed in recent times, are all examined and correlated comprehensively. Their unique combination of remarkable properties, together with the ease with which they can be fabricated, makes CQDs as promising materials for applications in diverse biomedical fields, in particular for bio-imaging, targeted drug delivery and phototherapy for cancer treatment. The mechanism for luminescence is of considerable significance for leading the synthesis of CQDs with tunable fluorescence emission. Therefore, it is aimed to explore and provide an updated review on (i) the recent progress on the different synthesis methods of biomass-derived CQDs, (ii) the contribution of surface states or functional groups on the luminescence origin and (iii) its potential application for cancer theranostics, concentrating on their fluorescence properties. Finally, we explored the challenges in modification for the synthesis of CQDs from biomass derivatives and the future scope of CQDs in phototherapy for cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalaja Prasad Malavika
- Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College (Autonomous), G. N. Mills, Coimbatore 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chellappan Shobana
- Department of Zoology, Kongunadu Arts and Science College (Autonomous), G. N. Mills, Coimbatore 641 029, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Shenbagamoorthy Sundarraj
- Department of Zoology, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous), Sivakasi - 626 124, Virudhunagar District, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Mariappan Ganeshbabu
- Department of Physics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ponnuchamy Kumar
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
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Chen Z, Zhuang J, Pang J, Liu Z, Zhang P, Deng H, Zhang L, Zhuang B. Application of a cationic amylose derivative loaded with single-walled carbon nanotubes for gene delivery therapy and photothermal therapy of colorectal cancer. J Biomed Mater Res A 2022; 110:1052-1061. [PMID: 34994069 PMCID: PMC9302136 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are cylindrical graphitic helix molecules that exhibit superb mechanical and physical properties. Many polymers, such as polyethylene glycol and glycated chitosan, have been used to modify SWNTs to enhance the stability and biocompatibility of delivery systems; thus, a novel modification for SWNTs with amylose derivatives containing poly(L-lysine) dendrons (ADP@SWNT) is developed. Infrared spectra analysis, 1 H NMR analysis, circular dichroism spectra analysis and thermogravimetric analysis are used to characterize and confirm complex formation. The aqueous dispersion stability, cytotoxicity, gene transfection efficiency and photothermal effect of the complex are studied in vitro and in vivo. Results suggest that the ADP@SWNT complex is successfully synthesized with good water dispersion stability and pDNA transfection capacity. ADP@SWNT/TNFα inhibits tumor growth and metastasis both in vivo and in vitro, and the anti-tumor effect is enhanced by NIR irradiation, suggesting its high potential for application in tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zechang Chen
- Department of General Surgery & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal TumorNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Junbo Zhuang
- The First School of Clinical MedicineSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jiadong Pang
- Institute of Polymer Science, Department of Polymer and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Zehao Liu
- Department of General Surgery & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal TumorNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Penghao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal TumorNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Haijun Deng
- Department of General Surgery & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal TumorNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Liming Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Science, Department of Polymer and Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringSun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Baoxiong Zhuang
- Department of General Surgery & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Gastrointestinal TumorNanfang Hospital, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Tumor-Targeted Fluorescence Imaging and Mechanisms of Tumor Cell-Derived Carbon Nanodots. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14010193. [PMID: 35057086 PMCID: PMC8778872 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
An ideal cancer diagnostic probe should possess precise tumor-targeted accumulation with negligible sojourn in normal tissues. Herein, tumor cell-derived carbon nanodots (C-CNDU87 and C-CNDHepG2) about 3~7 nm were prepared by a solvothermal method with stable fluorescence and negligible cytotoxicity. More interestingly, due to the differences in gene expression of cancers, C-CND structurally mimicked the corresponding precursors during carbonization in which carbon nanodots were functionalized with α-amino and carboxyl groups with different densities on their edges. With inherent homology and homing effect, C-CND were highly enriched in precursor tumor tissues. Mechanistic studies showed that under the mediation of the original configuration of α-amino and carboxyl groups, C-CND specifically bound to the large neutral amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1, overexpressed in cancer cells), achieving specific tumor fluorescence imaging. This work provided a new vision about tumor cell architecture-mimicked carbon nanodots for tumor-targeted fluorescence imaging.
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Wang C, Liu Z, Wang Q, Guo J, Zhao Q, Lu Y. MnO2@polypyrrole composite with hollow microsphere structure for electrode material of supercapacitors. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Mahle R, Kumbhakar P, Nayar D, Narayanan TN, Kumar Sadasivuni K, Tiwary CS, Banerjee R. Current advances in bio-fabricated quantum dots emphasising the study of mechanisms to diversify their catalytic and biomedical applications. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:14062-14080. [PMID: 34549221 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01529j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs), owing to their single atom-like electronic structure due to quantum confinement, are often referred to as artificial atoms. This unique physical property results in the diverse functions exhibited by QDs. A wide array of applications have been achieved by the surface functionalization of QDs, resulting in exceptional optical, antimicrobial, catalytic, cytotoxic and enzyme inhibition properties. Ordinarily, traditionally prepared QDs are subjected to post synthesis functionalization via a variety of methods, such as ligand exchange or covalent and non-covalent conjugation. Nevertheless, solvent toxicity, combined with the high temperature and pressure conditions during the preparation of QDs and the low product yield due to multiple steps in the functionalization, limit their overall use. This has driven scientists to investigate the development of greener, environmental friendly and cost-effective methods that can circumvent the complexity and strenuousness associated with traditional processes of bio-functionalization. In this review, a detailed analysis of the methods to bio-prepare pre-functionalized QDs, with elucidated mechanisms, and their application in the areas of catalysis and biomedical applications has been conducted. The environmental and health and safety aspects of the bio-derived QDs have been briefly discussed to unveil the future of nano-commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reddhy Mahle
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Partha Kumbhakar
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Divya Nayar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | | | | | - Chandra Sekhar Tiwary
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
| | - Rintu Banerjee
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
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