1
|
Sumura T, Nagao M, Matsumoto H, Masuda T, Takai M, Miura Y. Detailed Study of the Interactions between Glycopolymers in the Presence of Metal Ions through Quartz Crystal Microbalance Method. Biomacromolecules 2024. [PMID: 39235997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Polymer self-assemblies driven by enthalpic interactions, such as hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions, exhibit distinct properties compared to those driven by hydrophobic interactions. Carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions, which are observed in physiological phenomena, also fall under enthalpic interactions. Our group previously reported on self-assemblies of methacrylate-type glycopolymers carrying mannose units in the presence of calcium ions; however, a detailed study of these interactions was lacking. In this work, we investigated the interactions between glycopolymers using the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) method. Our quantitative analysis revealed that the interactions between the glycopolymers were influenced by the carbohydrate structures in the side chains, the types of divalent metal ions, and the structures of the polymer main chains. Notably, the strongest interaction was observed in the combination of methacrylate-type glycopolymers carrying mannose units and calcium ions, demonstrating their potential as a driving force for polymer self-assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Sumura
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masanori Nagao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hikaru Matsumoto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tsukuru Masuda
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Madoka Takai
- Department of Bioengineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Miura
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Beach M, Nayanathara U, Gao Y, Zhang C, Xiong Y, Wang Y, Such GK. Polymeric Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5505-5616. [PMID: 38626459 PMCID: PMC11086401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
The recent emergence of nanomedicine has revolutionized the therapeutic landscape and necessitated the creation of more sophisticated drug delivery systems. Polymeric nanoparticles sit at the forefront of numerous promising drug delivery designs, due to their unmatched control over physiochemical properties such as size, shape, architecture, charge, and surface functionality. Furthermore, polymeric nanoparticles have the ability to navigate various biological barriers to precisely target specific sites within the body, encapsulate a diverse range of therapeutic cargo and efficiently release this cargo in response to internal and external stimuli. However, despite these remarkable advantages, the presence of polymeric nanoparticles in wider clinical application is minimal. This review will provide a comprehensive understanding of polymeric nanoparticles as drug delivery vehicles. The biological barriers affecting drug delivery will be outlined first, followed by a comprehensive description of the various nanoparticle designs and preparation methods, beginning with the polymers on which they are based. The review will meticulously explore the current performance of polymeric nanoparticles against a myriad of diseases including cancer, viral and bacterial infections, before finally evaluating the advantages and crucial challenges that will determine their wider clinical potential in the decades to come.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian
A. Beach
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Umeka Nayanathara
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Yanting Gao
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Changhe Zhang
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Yijun Xiong
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Yufu Wang
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Georgina K. Such
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Synthesis and thermoresponsive behavior of double hydrophilic graft copolymer based on poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) and poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline). Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
4
|
Okuno Y, Nishimura T, Sasaki Y, Akiyoshi K. Glycopeptoid nanospheres: glycosylation-induced coacervation of poly(sarcosine). NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:3707-3710. [PMID: 36133351 PMCID: PMC9470024 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00218c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Conjugation of maltopentaose to water-soluble homo-poly(sarcosine) induced self-association and formed nanospheres (-150 nm) in water although homo-poly(sarcosine) was water-soluble and did not form any aggregates. Fluorescent probe experiments showed that the spheres were non-ionic glycopeptoid coacervate-like particles with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains inside.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yota Okuno
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, 3-3-35, Yamanote-cho Suita City Osaka Japan
| | - Tomoki Nishimura
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida Nagano 386-8567 Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sasaki
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Kazunari Akiyoshi
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Kyoto Daigaku-Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Affiliation(s)
- Martina H. Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lema MA, Nava-Medina IB, Cerullo AR, Abdelaziz R, Jimenez SM, Geldner JB, Abdelhamid M, Kwan CS, Kharlamb L, Neary MC, Braunschweig AB. Scalable Preparation of Synthetic Mucins via Nucleophilic Ring-Opening Polymerization of Glycosylated N-Carboxyanhydrides. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A. Lema
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Chemistry, City College of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Ilse B. Nava-Medina
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Antonio R. Cerullo
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
- The PhD program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Radwa Abdelaziz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Stephanie M. Jimenez
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Jacob B. Geldner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Mohamed Abdelhamid
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Chak-Shing Kwan
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Lily Kharlamb
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- The PhD program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Michelle C. Neary
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Adam B. Braunschweig
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Ave, New York, New York 10065, United States
- The PhD program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, New York 10016, United States
- The PhD program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, New York 10016, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Masuda T, Takai M. Design of biointerfaces composed of soft materials using controlled radical polymerizations. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:1473-1485. [PMID: 35044413 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02508b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Soft interface materials have an immense potential for the improvement of biointerfaces, which are the interface of biological and artificially designed materials. Controlling the chemical and physical structures of the interfaces at the nanometer level plays an important role in understanding the mechanism of the functioning and its applications. Controlled radical polymerization (CRP) techniques, including atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization, have been developed in the field of precision polymer chemistry. It allows the formation of well-defined surfaces such as densely packed polymer brushes and self-assembled nanostructures of block copolymers. More recently, a novel technique to prepare polymers containing biomolecules, called biohybrids, has also been developed, which is a consequence of the advancement of CRP so as to proceed in an aqueous media with oxygen. This review article summarizes recent advances in CRP for the design of biointerfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsukuru Masuda
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Madoka Takai
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Oh T, Uemura T, Nagao M, Hoshino Y, Miura Y. A QCM study of strong carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions of glycopolymers carrying mannosides on substrates. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:2597-2601. [PMID: 34989755 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02344f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates on cell surfaces are known to interact not only with lectins but also with other carbohydrates; the latter process is known as a carbohydrate-carbohydrate interaction. Such interactions are observed in complex oligosaccharides. It would be surprising if these interactions were observed in simple monosaccharides of mannose. In this study, the interaction between glycopolymers carrying monosaccharides of mannose was quantitatively investigated by quartz crystal microbalance measurements. We measured the interactions with glycopolymers carrying mannose, galactose and glucose. Surprisingly, the interaction between the glycopolymers and mannose was much stronger than that between other saccharides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Oh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishiku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Uemura
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishiku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Masanori Nagao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishiku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Yu Hoshino
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishiku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Yoshiko Miura
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishiku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhao T, Terracciano R, Becker J, Monaco A, Yilmaz G, Becer CR. Hierarchy of Complex Glycomacromolecules: From Controlled Topologies to Biomedical Applications. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:543-575. [PMID: 34982551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates bearing a distinct complexity use a special code (Glycocode) to communicate with carbohydrate-binding proteins at a high precision to manipulate biological activities in complex biological environments. The level of complexity in carbohydrate-containing macromolecules controls the amount and specificity of information that can be stored in biomacromolecules. Therefore, a better understanding of the glycocode is crucial to open new areas of biomedical applications by controlling or manipulating the interaction between immune cells and pathogens in terms of trafficking and signaling, which would become a powerful tool to prevent infectious diseases. Even though a certain level of progress has been achieved over the past decade, synthetic glycomacromolecules are still lagging far behind naturally existing glycans in terms of complexity and precision because of insufficient and inefficient synthetic techniques. Currently, specific targeting at a cellular level using synthetic glycomacromolecules is still challenging. It is obvious that multidisciplinary collaborations are essential between different specialized disciplines to enhance the carbohydrate receptor-targeting paradigm for new biomedical applications. In this Perspective, recent developments in the synthesis of sophisticated glycomacromolecules are highlighted, and their biological and biomedical applications are also discussed in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tieshuai Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Terracciano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Jonas Becker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Monaco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Gokhan Yilmaz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - C Remzi Becer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Milewska M, Milewski A, Wandzik I, Stenzel MH. Structurally analogous trehalose and sucrose glycopolymers – comparative characterization and evaluation of their effects on insulin fibrillation. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01517f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive comparative characterization of highly structurally similar, RAFT-prepared trehalose and sucrose glycopolymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Milewska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Andrzej Milewski
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 6, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ilona Wandzik
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Biotechnology Center, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Martina H. Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemistry, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Qin X, Qin L, He J, Wang Q, Li Y, Niu D. A confined crosslinking strategy towards an intelligent organosilica-micellar hybrid drug delivery system. Biomater Sci 2021; 10:524-535. [PMID: 34904973 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01485d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An ideal drug delivery system must have a high level of stability to ensure effective circulation and passive aggregation, good retention performance, and dynamic delivery and treatment monitoring. Thus, the development of a smart drug delivery carrier with both precise drug release and real-time detection remains a challenge. Herein, we propose a confined crosslink protocol to prepare an intelligent hybrid delivery system for auto-fluorescent monitoring, protonation-induced retention and precise drug release. The construction of this system involves the hydrolysis and condensation of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) silanes inside the Pluronic polymer micelles and thereafter a confined Schiff base crosslinking between glutaraldehyde (GA) and residual silane amino groups. The size of the intelligent docetaxel (DTX)-loaded nanosystem changes from ∼25 nm in blood circulation or normal tissues (pH ∼ 7.4) to ∼250 nm in slightly acidic environments (pH ∼ 6.5-7.0) owing to intra-molecular hydrogen bond-induced aggregation and imine cleavage-induced disintegration in the endosome (pH ∼ 5.0-6.2) along with auto-fluorescent monitoring contributing to the high-efficiency chemotherapy. This work provides a new method to construct smart, acid-responsive and fluorescent-guided drug-delivery carrier systems for efficient and safe tumor chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Qin
- Low Dimensional Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Frontier Science Center of the Materials Biology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Limei Qin
- Low Dimensional Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Frontier Science Center of the Materials Biology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Jianping He
- Low Dimensional Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Frontier Science Center of the Materials Biology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Qinghua Wang
- Low Dimensional Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Frontier Science Center of the Materials Biology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Low Dimensional Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Frontier Science Center of the Materials Biology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China. .,Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Dechao Niu
- Low Dimensional Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Frontier Science Center of the Materials Biology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Duan Z, Luo Q, Dai X, Li X, Gu L, Zhu H, Tian X, Zhang H, Gong Q, Gu Z, Luo K. Synergistic Therapy of a Naturally Inspired Glycopolymer-Based Biomimetic Nanomedicine Harnessing Tumor Genomic Instability. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2104594. [PMID: 34554623 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by natural saccharide-protein complexes, a stimuli-responsive biodegradable and branched glycopolymer-pyropheophorbide-a (Ppa) conjugate (BSP) with saccharide units for cancer therapy is constructed. A linear glycopolymeric conjugate (LSP), a branched glycopolymeric conjugate (BShP) from Ppa with long carbon chains, and a branched conjugate (BHSP) based on poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide] (polyHPMA) without saccharide units are prepared as controls. Through structure-activity relationship studies, BSP with a 3D network structure forms stable nanostructures via weak intermolecular interactions, regulating the stacking state of Ppa to improve the singlet oxygen quantum yield and the corresponding photodynamic therapy (PDT) effect. BSP shows high loading of olaparib, and are further coated with tumor cell membranes, resulting in a biomimetic nanomedicine (CM-BSPO). CM-BSPO shows highly efficient tumor targeting and cellular internalization properties. The engulfment of CM-BSPO accompanied with laser irradiation results in a prominent antitumor effect, evidenced by disruption of cell cycles in tumor cells, increased apoptosis and DNA damage, and subsequent inhibition of repair for damaged DNA. The mechanism for the synergistic effect from PDT and olaparib is unveiled at the genetic and protein level through transcriptome analysis. Overall, this biodegradable and branched glycopolymer-drug conjugate could be effectively optimized as a biomimetic nanomedicine for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Duan
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC) Department of Radiology National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Frontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular Network State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
- West China Medical School Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Qiang Luo
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC) Department of Radiology National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Frontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular Network State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
- West China Medical School Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xinghang Dai
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC) Department of Radiology National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Frontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular Network State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
- West China Medical School Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC) Department of Radiology National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Frontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular Network State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
- West China Medical School Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Lei Gu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC) Department of Radiology National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Frontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular Network State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
- West China Medical School Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Hongyan Zhu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC) Department of Radiology National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Frontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular Network State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xiaohe Tian
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC) Department of Radiology National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Frontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular Network State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, and Research Unit of Psychoradiology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Amgen Bioprocessing Centre Keck Graduate Institute Claremont CA 91711 USA
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC) Department of Radiology National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Frontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular Network State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
- West China Medical School Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, and Research Unit of Psychoradiology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Zhongwei Gu
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC) Department of Radiology National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Frontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular Network State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Kui Luo
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC) Department of Radiology National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics Frontiers Science Center for Disease‐Related Molecular Network State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy West China Hospital Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
- West China Medical School Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, and Research Unit of Psychoradiology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Chengdu 610041 China
| |
Collapse
|