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Li Z, Ma B, Shui S, Tu Z, Peng W, Chen Y, Zhou J, Lan F, Ying B, Wu Y. An integrated platform for decoding hydrophilic peptide fingerprints of hepatocellular carcinoma using artificial intelligence and two-dimensional nanosheets. J Mater Chem B 2024. [PMID: 38995372 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00700j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Hydrophilic peptides (HPs) play a critical role in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the comprehensive and in-depth high-throughput analysis of specific changes in HPs associated with HCC remains unrealized, due to the complex nature of biological fluids and the challenges of mining complex patterns in large data sets. The clinical diagnosis of HCC still lacks a non-destructive and accurate classification method, given the limited specificity of widely used biomarkers. To address these challenges, we have established a multifunctional platform that integrates artificial intelligence computation, hydrophilic interaction extraction of HPs, and MALDI-MS testing. This platform aims to achieve highly sensitive HP fingerprinting for accurate diagnosis of HCC. The method not only facilitates efficient detection of HPs, but also achieves a remarkable 100.00% diagnostic accuracy for HCC in a test cohort, supported by machine learning algorithms. By constructing a panel of HPs with 10 characteristic features, we achieved 98% accuracy in the test cohort for rapid diagnosis and identified 62 HPs deeply involved in pathways related to liver diseases. This integrated strategy provides new research directions for future biomarker studies as well as early diagnosis and individualized treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Bingcun Ma
- Sichuan Institute for Drug Control, Chengdu 610097, China
| | - Shaoxuan Shui
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Zunfang Tu
- Sichuan Institute for Drug Control, Chengdu 610097, China
| | - Weili Peng
- Machine Intelligence Lab, College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Machine Intelligence Lab, College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Fang Lan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Binwu Ying
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Yao Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
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2
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Jiang D, Qi R, Wu S, Li Y, Liu J. Polyoxometalate functionalized magnetic metal-organic framework with multi-affinity sites for efficient enrichment of phosphopeptides. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024:10.1007/s00216-024-05365-y. [PMID: 38839685 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05365-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The reasonable design of metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived nanomaterial has important meaning in increasing the enrichment efficiency in the study of protein phosphorylation. In this work, a polyoxometalate (POM) functionalized magnetic MOF nanomaterial (Fe3O4@MIL-125-POM) was designed and fabricated. The nanomaterial with multi-affinity sites (unsaturated metal sites and metal oxide clusters) was used for the enrichment of phosphopeptides. Fe3O4@MIL-125-POM had high-efficient enrichment performance towards phosphopeptides (selectivity, a mass ratio of bovine serum albumin/α-casein/β-casein at 5000:1:1; sensitivity, 0.1 fmol; satisfactory repeatability, ten times). Furthermore, Fe3O4@MIL-125-POM was employed to enrich phosphopeptides from non-fat milk digests, saliva, serum, and A549 cell lysate. The enrichment results illustrated the great potential of Fe3O4@MIL-125-POM for efficient identification of low-abundance phosphopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Jiang
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Centre of Lithium-Sulfur Battery Energy Storage, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Carbon Nanomaterials, Nano Innovation Institute (NII), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, PR China.
| | - Ruixue Qi
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Centre of Lithium-Sulfur Battery Energy Storage, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Carbon Nanomaterials, Nano Innovation Institute (NII), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, PR China
| | - Siyu Wu
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Centre of Lithium-Sulfur Battery Energy Storage, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Carbon Nanomaterials, Nano Innovation Institute (NII), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, PR China
| | - Yangyang Li
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Centre of Lithium-Sulfur Battery Energy Storage, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Carbon Nanomaterials, Nano Innovation Institute (NII), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, PR China
| | - Jinghai Liu
- Inner Mongolia Engineering Research Centre of Lithium-Sulfur Battery Energy Storage, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Carbon Nanomaterials, Nano Innovation Institute (NII), College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, PR China
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3
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Zhang Y, Li N, Li J, Fan M, Zhang Q, Dang F. Bifunctional MNPs@UIO-66-Arg core-shell-satellite nanocomposites for enrichment of phosphopeptides. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:211. [PMID: 38502246 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06177-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
A facile and mild method based on self-assembled lysozyme (LYZ) to fabricate bifunctional MNPs@UIO-66-Arg core-shell-satellite nanocomposites (CSSNCs) is reported for the high-efficiency enrichment of phosphopeptides. Under physiological conditions, LYZ rapidly self-assembled into a robust coating on Fe3O4@SiO2 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with abundant surface functional groups, which effectively mediate heterogeneous nucleation and growth of UIO-66 nanocrystals. Well-defined MNPs@UIO-66 CSSNCs with stacked pores, showing high specific surface area (333.65 m2 g- 1) and low mass transfer resistance, were successfully fabricated by fine-tuning of the reaction conditions including reaction time and acetic acid content. Furthermore, the UIO-66 shells were further modified with arginine to obtain bifunctional MNPs@UIO-66-Arg CSSNCs. Thanks to the unique morphology and synergistic effect of Zr-O clusters and guanidine groups, the bifunctional MNPs@UIO-66-Arg CSSNCs exhibited outstanding enrichment performance for phosphopeptides, delivering a low limit of detection (0.1 fmol), high selectivity (β-casein/BSA, mass ratio 1:2000), and good capture capacity (120 mg g- 1). The mechanism for phosphopeptides capture may attribute to the hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, and Zr-O-P bonds between phosphate groups in peptides and guanidyl/Zr-O clusters on bifunctional MNPs@UIO-66-Arg CSSNCs. In addition, the small stacking pores on the core-shell-satellite architecture may selectively capture phosphopeptides with low molecular weight, eliminating interference of other large molecular proteins in complex biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Chang'an Street, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Nan Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering (IBME), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, China.
| | - Jianru Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Chang'an Street, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Miao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Chang'an Street, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Qiqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Chang'an Street, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Fuquan Dang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Chang'an Street, Xi'an, 710119, China.
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Tang R, Pan L, Bai Q, Li C, Ma S, Ou J, Shen Y. Biobased Tannic Acid-Chitosan Composite Membranes as Reusable Adsorbents for Effective Enrichment of Phosphopeptides. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:927-937. [PMID: 38134293 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
High-performance reusable materials from renewable resources are rare and urgently required in bioseparation. Herein, a series of tannic acid-chitosan composite membranes for the enrichment of phosphopeptides were fabricated by the freeze casting method. First, a tannic acid-chitosan composite membrane was acquired via the multiple hydrogen bonds between tannic acid and chitosan, which had a long-range aligned three-dimensional microstructure. Second, a covalent-hydrogen bond hybrid composite was also fabricated, with stable and aligned honeycomb-like microstructures that formed by the synergy of covalence and hydrogen bonding. Besides, a ternary composite membrane was "one-pot" synthesized by the copolymerization of tannic acid, chitosan, and Ti4+ ions, indicating the feasibility of involving metal ions in the composition of the polymer skeleton in place of additional modification steps. The as-prepared chitosan composite membranes exhibited excellent performance in the enrichment of phosphopeptides from β-casein tryptic digest and human serum. Benefitting from the long-range aligned honeycomb-like structure coordinated by hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds, and a large number of pyrogallol functional groups provided by tannic acid, the covalent-hydrogen bond hybrid membrane showed excellent reusability and could be reused up to 16 times in phosphopeptide enrichment, as far as we know, which is the best reported result to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhi Tang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lei Pan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian 116023, China
| | - Quan Bai
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Cong Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Shujuan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian 116023, China
| | - Junjie Ou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yehua Shen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
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5
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Jiang D, Wu S, Li Y, Qi R, Liu J. Effective Enrichment of Phosphopeptides Using Magnetic Polyoxometalate-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:5632-5638. [PMID: 37694584 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, magnetic polyoxometalate-based metal-organic frameworks (Fe3O4-POMOFs) were designed and applied to the enrichment of phosphopeptides. Thanks to the abundant metal oxide and metal ion sites, the material had a strong affinity for phosphopeptides. Simultaneously, the high amount of amino and guanidyl groups provided hydrophilicity and positive charge for phosphopeptide capture. By coupling with MS detection, the established platform possessed good reusability, high sensitivity (0.01 fmol), and high selectivity (α-casein/β-casein/bovine serum albumin = 1:1:5000). Furthermore, the method was successfully used for the detection of phosphopeptides in nonfat milk, human serum, saliva, and A549 cell lysate, showing great potential for practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Carbon Nanomaterials, Nano Innovation Institute (NII), Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, PR China
| | - Siyu Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Carbon Nanomaterials, Nano Innovation Institute (NII), Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, PR China
| | - Yangyang Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Carbon Nanomaterials, Nano Innovation Institute (NII), Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, PR China
| | - Ruixue Qi
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Carbon Nanomaterials, Nano Innovation Institute (NII), Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, PR China
| | - Jinghai Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Carbon Nanomaterials, Nano Innovation Institute (NII), Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, PR China
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He X, Wu H, Wang Y, Xiang Y, Zhang K, Rao X, Kang ET, Xu L. Bimodal Antimicrobial Surfaces of Phytic Acid-Prussian Blue Nanoparticles-Cationic Polymer Networks. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300354. [PMID: 37026671 PMCID: PMC10238204 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Surface modification plays a pivotal role in tailoring the functionalities of a solid material. Introduction of antimicrobial function on material surfaces can provide additional protection against life-threatening bacterial infections. Herein, a simple and universal surface modification method based on surface adhesion and electrostatic interaction of phytic acid (PA) is developed. PA is first functionalized with Prussian blue nanoparticles (PB NPs) via metal chelation and then conjugates with cationic polymers (CPs) through electrostatic interaction. With the aid of surface adherent PA and gravitation effect, the as-formed PA-PB-CP network aggregates are deposited on the solid materials in a substrate-independent manner. Synergistic bactericidal effects of "contact-killing" induced by the CPs and localized photothermal effect caused by the PB NPs endow the substrates with strong antibacterial performance. Membrane integrity, enzymatic activity, and metabolism function of the bacteria are disturbed in contact with the PA-PB-CP coating under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation. The PA-PB-CP modified biomedical implant surfaces exhibit good biocompatibility and synergistic antibacterial effect under NIR irradiation, and eliminate the adhered bacteria both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong He
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - HuaJun Wu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yunjie Xiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - Xi Rao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
| | - En-Tang Kang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 117576, Singapore
| | - Liqun Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Technologies of Clean Energies, School of Materials and Energy, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, P. R. China
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Zhang J, Xu W, Ma J, Jia Q. Design of reversibly charge-changeable rhodamine B modified magnetic nanoparticles to enrich phosphopeptides. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1697:463992. [PMID: 37080009 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, by employing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), tetraethylene pentaamine (TEPA), and rhodamine B (Rb), we designed and synthesized a magnetic adsorbent (Fe3O4@EDTA@TEPA@Rb) on the basis of reversible charge change of Rb and applied to capture phosphopeptides. Rb existing in open planarized zwitterion form when stimulated by acidic loading buffer adsorbs negative phosphopeptides via electrostatic interaction. Under the stimulation of alkalic eluent, ring-closed structure of Rb is formed to elute the enriched phosphopeptides. TEPA containing rich amino groups is used as a crosslinking agent, which is also protonated in acidic loading buffer to bond phosphopeptides. Then phosphopeptides are eluted when TEPA deprotonates in alkalic eluent. Coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) detection, phosphopeptide signals originated from 0.4 fmol/μL β-casein digests were successfully detected. In addition, Fe3O4@EDTA@TEPA@Rb can also efficiently enrich phosphopeptides from skimmed milk, human serum and saliva samples (26, 4, 39 phosphopeptides, respectively), opening a new gallery for phosphopeptides-related analysis. In general, the developed adsorbent has the great potential for further application in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wenhui Xu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jiutong Ma
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qiong Jia
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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Chen J, Wu J, Zhong Y, Ma X, Lv W, Zhao H, Zhu J, Yan N. Multifunctional superhydrophilic/underwater superoleophobic lignin-based polyurethane foam for highly efficient oil-water separation and water purification. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Zhou X, Zhang H, Wang L, Wu R. An alkali-resistant zirconium-biligand organic framework with dual-metal centers for highly selective capture of phosphopeptides. Analyst 2022; 148:85-94. [PMID: 36444932 DOI: 10.1039/d2an01604d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The stability of MOFs plays one of the most important roles in material applications, while the delicate structure of MOFs suffers from the limitation of poor alkali tolerance. A new biligand Zr-MOF (biUIO-66-NH2NO2) with alkali-resistance performance and active functional groups has been synthesized in this study. The biUIO-66-NH2NO2 demonstrated a much better stability in 1% NH3·H2O solution than its parent material, UIO-66-NH2. Following further immobilization of Zr4+ ions, the biDZMOF consisting of dual-zirconium centers was prepared and was further applied in global enrichment of phosphopeptides by avoiding the instability of enrichment materials in the essential alkali elution procedure for the phosphopeptide enrichment workflow. The alkali-resistant elution of phosphopeptides from the biDZMOF can be directly coupled to a tandem mass spectrometry system for peptide analysis without desalting treatment. 425 phosphopeptides in total in 3 independent samples were identified from 10 μL human saliva after enrichment with biDZMOF. The improvement in alkali resistance and successful post-modification of biUIO-66-NH2NO2 suggest an efficient strategy to develop new types of MOF materials for application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhou
- Laboratory of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Technologies, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Laboratory of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Technologies, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Li Wang
- Laboratory of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Technologies, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Ren'an Wu
- Laboratory of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Technologies, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
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10
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Materials, workflows and applications of IMAC for phosphoproteome profiling in the recent decade: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhang X, Feng Q, Xie Z, Xu F, Yan Y, Ding C. A Ti/Nb-functionalized COF material based on IMAC strategy for efficient separation of phosphopeptides and phosphorylated exosomes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:7885-7895. [PMID: 36136112 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04323-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
In this work, on the basis of an immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography enrichment strategy, a new kind of covalent organic framework (COF) material for enrichment of phosphorylated peptides and exosomes was successfully prepared in a facile method, and Ti4+ and Nb5+ were used as dual-functional ions (denoted as COF-S-S-COOH-Ti4+/Nb5+). With the advantage of unbiased enrichment towards phosphopeptides, COF-S-S-COOH-Ti4+/Nb5+ shows ultra-high selectivity (maximum molar ratio of β-casein: BSA is 1:20,000) and low limit of detection (0.2 fmol). In addition, the material has an excellent phosphopeptide loading capacity (100 μg/mg) and reusability (at least seven times). Furthermore, applying the material to the actual sample, 4 phosphopeptides were selectively extracted from the serum of renal carcinoma patients. At the same time, exosomes with an intact structure in the serum of renal carcinoma patients were successfully isolated rapidly using this strategy. All experiments have shown that COF-S-S-COOH-Ti4+/Nb5+ exhibits exciting potential in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Quanshou Feng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zehu Xie
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fuxing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yinghua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Chuanfan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
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12
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Xia C, Wang Q, Liang W, Wang B, Feng Q, Zhou C, Xie Y, Yan Y, Zhao L, Jiang B, Cui W, Liang H. Superhydrophilic nanocomposite adsorbents modified via nitrogen-rich phosphonate-functionalized ionic liquid linkers: enhanced phosphopeptide enrichment and phosphoproteome analysis of tau phosphorylation in the hippocampal lysate of Alzheimer's transgenic mice. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:7967-7978. [PMID: 36124862 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01508k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, new graphene-based IMAC nanocomposites for phosphopeptide enrichment were prepared according to the guideline of our new design strategy. Superhydrophilic polyethyleneimine (PEI) was introduced, to which a phosphonate-functionalized ionic liquid (PFIL) was covalently bound, to form superhydrophilic and cationic surface layers with high densities of nitrogen atoms, phosphonate functional groups, and high-loading metal ions. Due to the combined features of superhydrophilicity, flexibility, highly dense metal binding sites, large surface area and excellent size-exclusion effect, the fabricated nanocomposite G@mSiO2@PEI-PFIL-Ti4+ exhibits superior detection sensitivity to enrich phosphopeptides (tryptic β-casein digest, 0.1 fmol), and extraordinary enrichment specificity to enrich phosphopeptides from a digest mixture of β-casein and bovine serum albumin (BSA) (molar ratio, 1 : 12 000). The excellent size-exclusion effect was also observed, and 27 endogenous phosphopeptides were identified in human saliva. All these results could be attributed to the unique superhydrophilic nanocomposite structure with a high density of a cationic linker modified with phosphonate functionality. Moreover, G@mSiO2@PEI-PFIL-Ti4+ adsorbents were used to extract phosphopeptides from the tryptic digests of hippocampal lysates for quantitative phosphoproteome analysis. The preliminary results indicate that 1649 phosphoproteins, 3286 phosphopeptides and 4075 phosphorylation sites were identified. A total of 13 Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related phosphopeptides within tau proteins were detected with a wide coverage from p-Thr111 to p-Ser404, in which the amounts of some phoshopeptides at certain sites in AD transgenic mice were found statistically higher than those in wild type littermates. Besides, phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chains, a potential biomarker for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and traumatic brain injury, were also identified. Finally, the adsorbent was applied to human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood samples. 5 unique phosphopeptides of neuroendocrine specific VGF were identified in the CSF, while many phosphopeptides originated from the nervous system were found in the blood sample. All these results suggest that our new IMAC materials exhibit unbiased enrichment ability with superior detection sensitivity and specificity, allowing the global phosphoproteome analysis of complicated biological samples more convincible and indicating the potential use in disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Xia
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Qiyao Wang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavior Neuroscience, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Weida Liang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Binbin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Quanshou Feng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Chenyang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Yishan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Yinghua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Lingling Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Bo Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic Research and Analysis Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Wei Cui
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Behavior Neuroscience, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Hongze Liang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Mass Spectrometry and Molecular Analysis of Zhejiang Province, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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13
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Zhang N, Huang T, Xie P, Yang Z, Zhang L, Wu X, Cai Z. Epitaxial Growth of Guanidyl-Functionalized Magnetic Metal-Organic Frameworks with Multiaffinity Sites for Selective Capture of Global Phosphopeptides. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:39364-39374. [PMID: 35993677 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The flexible and controlled synthesis of metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived hybrid nanostructures is of great significance in fine tuning of their enrichment performance in large-scale and in-depth phosphoproteome analysis. Herein, a magnetic guanidyl-functionalized MOF hybrid coating with multiaffinity sites, denoted as Fe3O4@G-ZIF-8, was fast fabricated via a one-pot epitaxial growth strategy for the first time and applied for selective and highly efficient enrichment of global phosphopeptides. The intrinsic unsaturated metal sites of ZIF-8 endow the surface-mounted MOF coatings with immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography interaction with multiphosphorylated peptides. The oriented anchoring of bifunctional guanidineacetic acid on the magnetic MOF nanospheres provides additional affinity sites (guanidyl groups) for specific recognition of phosphopeptides by "salt bridge" interaction, as well as active site carboxyl groups for the coordination with the metal ions. The as-prepared Fe3O4@G-ZIF-8 exhibits large surface area (382.5 m2 g-1), good superparamagnetic property (41.6 emu g-1) and stability, and size-exclusion effect (1.73 nm), which can serve as a specific adsorbent for global phosphopeptide analysis with satisfactory selectivity, great detection sensitivity (1 fmol), and rapid magnetic separation. Moreover, the successful application of Fe3O4@G-ZIF-8 for selective capture of both multi- and mono-phosphopeptides from human saliva and serum demonstrated the great potential of magnetic surface-mounted MOF coatings in effective identification of low-abundance phosphopeptides by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry from complicated biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology; College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
- Institute of Environmental and Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Ting Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology; College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Peisi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Zhu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology; College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Xiaoping Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology; College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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14
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Lv X, Jiao S, Wei Z, Cui C, Wang W, Tan Y, Pang G. Preparation of Core‐Shell Structured Magnetic Superhydrophilic Extractant for Enrichment of Phosphopeptides. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Shihui Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Zhonglin Wei
- Department of Organic Chemistry College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Canyu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Yumei Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Guangsheng Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
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15
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Environmental Friendly Intumescent Flame Retardant Gives Epoxy Resin Excellent Fire Resistance and Mechanical Properties. Macromol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-022-0059-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Hu Z, Chen Z, Chen X, Wang J. Advances in the adsorption/enrichment of proteins/peptides by metal-organic frameworks-affinity adsorbents. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Li X, Ma S, Tang R, Ou J. Interface-Engineered Hollow Nanospheres with Titanium(IV) Binding Sites and Microwindows as Affinity Probes for Ultrafast and Enhanced Phosphopeptides Enrichment. Anal Chem 2022; 94:5159-5166. [PMID: 35300494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Enrichment and identification of phosphopeptides in real biological samples are of great significance in many aspects. Herein, Ti4+-immobilized silica hollow nanospheres were tailored via chelating with phosphonic acid groups produced from dealkylation of phosphonate ester functionalized silica hollow nanospheres, which were synthesized through a single micelle templated method with diethylphosphatoethyltriethoxysilane (DPTES) and tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) as silane precursors under neutral conditions. The characterization results of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nitrogen sorption isotherms, FT-IR, and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy confirmed the successful preparation of Ti4+-immobilized silica hollow nanospheres (SHS-Ti; approximately 17 nm particle size), which possessed a 10 nm hollow cavity with 1.6 nm micropores on the thin shell (about 3.5 nm). Attributed to the immobilized Ti4+ and high specific area (396 m2/g), SHS-Ti was applied as a Ti4+-immobilized metal affinity chromatography (Ti-IMAC) material and showed good specificity, a low limit of detection (5 fmol), high selectivity (tryptic digestion mixture of bovine serum albumin/β-casein, 1000:1 molar ratio), high binding capacity (120 mg/g for pyridoxal 5'-phosphate), and a high binding constant (1.30 × 103 L/mg). Particularly, benefiting from the unique hollow structure with microwindows on the thin shell, a short transport path, and small mass transfer resistance, SHS-Ti exhibited excellent enrichment speed in which both phosphopeptide loading and elution could be completed in 1 min. The 5298 unique phosphopeptides from 1618 unique phosphoproteins were identified after enrichment by SHS-Ti from 100 μg Jurkat cell lysates within three independent replicates. The results showed that SHS-Ti could be utilized as a novel and promising enrichment probe for phosphopeptide characterization in MS-based phosphoproteomics and related fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shujuan Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ruizhi Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian 116023, China
| | - Junjie Ou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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18
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Wu Y, Chen H, Chen Y, Sun N, Deng C. Metal organic frameworks as advanced extraction adsorbents for separation and analysis in proteomics and environmental research. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-021-1195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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19
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Xiong F, Jia J, Ma J, Jia Q. Glutathione-functionalized magnetic thioether-COFs for the simultaneous capture of urinary exosomes and enrichment of exosomal glycosylated and phosphorylated peptides. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:853-864. [PMID: 34985482 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06587d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes play an irreplaceable role in physiological and pathological processes, and the study of proteomics (especially protein post-translational modifications, PTMs) in exosomes can reveal the pathogenesis of diseases and screen therapeutic disease targets. The separation and enrichment process is an essential step in mass spectroscopy-based exosomal PTMs studies to reduce sample complexity and ionization-suppression effects. Herein, we designed a novel magnetic zwitterionic material, namely glutathione-functionalized thioether covalent organic frameworks (Fe3O4@Thio-COF@Au@GSH), possessing fast magnetic responsiveness, regular porosity, and a suitable surface area. Thanks to the hydrophilicity and charge-switchable feature of GSH, for the first time, both the capture of exosomes from biological fluids and enrichment of the inherent glycoproteins/phosphoproteins in the exosomes were achieved with the same material. Furthermore, the high enrichment capacity was validated by theoretical calculations. The low detection limits (0.2/0.4 fmol for HRP/β-casein), high selectivity (1 : 1000 for HRP/β-casein : BSA molar ratio), and high exosomal glycoproteomics/phosphoproteomics profiling capability proved the feasibility of the developed method. This work provides a new heuristic strategy to solve the problems of exosomal capture and glycoproteins/phosphoproteins pretreatment in exosomal proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Xiong
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Jiaxin Jia
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jiutong Ma
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Qiong Jia
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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20
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Yu L, Luo B, Zhou X, Liu Y, Lan F, Wu Y. In Situ Controllable Fabrication of Two-Dimensional Magnetic Fe 3O 4/TiO 2@Ti 3C 2T x Composites for Highly Efficient Phosphopeptides Enrichment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:54665-54676. [PMID: 34762403 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c13936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Highly efficient enrichment of phosphopeptides is of great significance for phosphoproteomics-related biological and pathological processes research, but it remains challenging due to the lack of affinity materials which hold high enrichment efficiency and capacity. Ti3C2Tx MXene, a novel two-dimensional material with outstanding physicochemical properties, has attracted wide research interests for application in various fields. However, there are few reports on the use of MXene-derived materials for phosphopeptides separation in the biomedical field. In this work, we proposed a facile one-pot method that in situ oxidation and modification of Ti3C2Tx MXene, to prepare two-dimensional (2D) magnetic Fe3O4/TiO2@Ti3C2Tx composites for potential application in phosphopeptides enrichment. Benefiting from the outstanding magnetic responsiveness and multiaffinity sites (Ti-O, Fe-O, and NH2 groups), the Fe3O4/TiO2@Ti3C2Tx composites possessed excellent enrichment performance with high sensitivity (0.1 fmol μL-1), excellent selectivity (β-casein: bovine serum albumin = 1:5000, molar ratio), good repeatability (5 times), and high enrichment capacity (200 mg g-1). Moreover, the results of selective enrichment of phosphopeptides from nonfat milk, human saliva, human serum, and rat brain lysates indicated the great potential of Fe3O4/TiO2@Ti3C2Tx composites in low-abundance phosphopeptides enrichment from complex biological samples. This work has put forward a versatile method to prepare magnetic MXene composites and promoted the use of MXene composites in phosphoproteome in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhu Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu610064, P. R. China
| | - Bin Luo
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu610064, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu610064, P. R. China
| | - Yicheng Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu610064, P. R. China
| | - Fang Lan
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu610064, P. R. China
| | - Yao Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu610064, P. R. China
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