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Iannazzo D, Giofrè SV, Espro C, Celesti C. Graphene-based materials as nanoplatforms for antiviral therapy and prophylaxis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:751-766. [PMID: 38841752 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2364652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The dramatic effects caused by viral diseases have prompted the search for effective therapeutic and preventive agents. In this context, 2D graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs) have shown great potential for antiviral therapy, enabling the functionalization and/or decoration with biomolecules, metals and polymers, able to improve their interaction with viral nanoparticles. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the most recent advances of the antiviral research related to 2D GBNs, based on their antiviral mechanism of action. Their ability to inactivate viruses by inhibiting the entry inside cells, or through drug/gene delivery, or by stimulating the host immune response are here discussed. As reported, biological studies performed in vitro and/or in vivo allowed to demonstrate the antiviral activity of the developed GBNs, at different stages of the virus life cycle and the evaluation of their long-term toxicity. Other mechanisms closely related to the physicochemical properties of GBNs are also reported, demonstrating the potential of these materials for antiviral prophylaxis. EXPERT OPINION GBNs represent valuable tools to fight emerging or reemerging viral infections. However, their translation into the clinic requires standardized scale-up procedures leading to the reliable and reproducible synthesis of these nanomaterials with suitable physicochemical properties, as well as more in-depth pharmacological and toxicological investigations. We believe that multidisciplinary approaches will give valuable solutions to overcome the encountered limitations in the application of GBNs in biomedical and clinical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Iannazzo
- Department of Engineering, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore V Giofrè
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Chemistry, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Claudia Espro
- Department of Engineering, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Consuelo Celesti
- Department of Engineering, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Ghorai S, Shand H, Patra S, Panda K, Santiago MJ, Rahman MS, Chinnapaiyan S, Unwalla HJ. Nanomedicine for the Treatment of Viral Diseases: Smaller Solution to Bigger Problems. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:407. [PMID: 38543301 PMCID: PMC10975899 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The continuous evolution of new viruses poses a danger to world health. Rampant outbreaks may advance to pandemic level, often straining financial and medical resources to breaking point. While vaccination remains the gold standard to prevent viral illnesses, these are mostly prophylactic and offer minimal assistance to those who have already developed viral illnesses. Moreover, the timeline to vaccine development and testing can be extensive, leading to a lapse in controlling the spread of viral infection during pandemics. Antiviral therapeutics can provide a temporary fix to tide over the time lag when vaccines are not available during the commencement of a disease outburst. At times, these medications can have negative side effects that outweigh the benefits, and they are not always effective against newly emerging virus strains. Several limitations with conventional antiviral therapies may be addressed by nanotechnology. By using nano delivery vehicles, for instance, the pharmacokinetic profile of antiviral medications can be significantly improved while decreasing systemic toxicity. The virucidal or virus-neutralizing qualities of other special nanomaterials can be exploited. This review focuses on the recent advancements in nanomedicine against RNA viruses, including nano-vaccines and nano-herbal therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvankar Ghorai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (S.G.); (K.P.); (M.J.S.); (M.S.R.); (S.C.)
- Department of Microbiology, Raiganj University, Raiganj 733134, India; (H.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Harshita Shand
- Department of Microbiology, Raiganj University, Raiganj 733134, India; (H.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Soumendu Patra
- Department of Microbiology, Raiganj University, Raiganj 733134, India; (H.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Kingshuk Panda
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (S.G.); (K.P.); (M.J.S.); (M.S.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Maria J. Santiago
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (S.G.); (K.P.); (M.J.S.); (M.S.R.); (S.C.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Md. Sohanur Rahman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (S.G.); (K.P.); (M.J.S.); (M.S.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Srinivasan Chinnapaiyan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (S.G.); (K.P.); (M.J.S.); (M.S.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Hoshang J. Unwalla
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA; (S.G.); (K.P.); (M.J.S.); (M.S.R.); (S.C.)
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Beikzadeh S, Akbarinejad A, Taylor J, Perera J, Ross J, Swift S, Kilmartin PA, Travas-Sejdic J. From energy storage to pathogen eradication: unveiling the antibacterial and antiviral capacities of flexible solid-state carbon cloth supercapacitors. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:8170-8181. [PMID: 37401360 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01085f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of deadly viral and bacterial infections, preventing the spread of microorganisms on surfaces has gained ever-increasing importance. This study investigates the potential of solid-state supercapacitors as antibacterial and antiviral devices. We developed a low-cost and flexible carbon cloth supercapacitor (CCSC) with highly efficient antibacterial and antiviral surface properties. The CCSC comprised two parallel layers of carbon cloth (CC) electrodes assembled in a symmetric, electrical double-layer supercapacitor structure that can be charged at low potentials between 1 to 2 V. The optimized CCSC exhibited a capacitance of 4.15 ± 0.3 mF cm-2 at a scan rate of 100 mV s-1, high-rate capability (83% retention of capacitance at 100 mV s-1 compared to its value at 5 mV s-1), and excellent electrochemical stability (97% retention of the initial capacitance after 1000 cycles). Moreover, the CCSC demonstrated outstanding flexibility and retained its full capacitance even when bent at high angles, making it suitable for wearable or flexible devices. Using its stored electrical charge, the charged CCSC disinfects bacteria effectively and neutralizes viruses upon surface contact with the positive and negative electrodes. The charged CCSC device yielded a 6-log CFU reduction of Escherichia coli bacterial inocula and a 5-log PFU reduction of HSV-1 herpes virus. Antibacterial and antiviral carbon cloth supercapacitors represent a promising platform technology for various applications, including electronic textiles and electronic skins, health monitoring or motion sensors, wound dressings, personal protective equipment (e.g., masks) and air filtration systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Beikzadeh
- Centre for Innovative Materials for Health, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Kelburn Parade, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Alireza Akbarinejad
- Centre for Innovative Materials for Health, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
| | - John Taylor
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Janesha Perera
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand
| | - Jacqueline Ross
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, The University of Auckland, Private Bag, Auckland 92019, New Zealand
| | - Simon Swift
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand
| | - Paul A Kilmartin
- Centre for Innovative Materials for Health, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
| | - Jadranka Travas-Sejdic
- Centre for Innovative Materials for Health, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, 1023, New Zealand.
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Kelburn Parade, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
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Guo M, Chen D, Zhao M, Xu T, Zhang Y, Xiao M, Li Y, Zhu B. 5-Nitrobenzo[c][1, 2, 5]selenadiazole as therapeutic agents in the regulation of oxidative stress and inflammation induced by influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in vitro and in vivo. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28920. [PMID: 37386905 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Currently, various problems are being faced in the treatment of influenza, so the development of new safe and effective drugs is crucial. Selenadiazole, an important component of selenium heterocyclic compounds, has received wide attention for its biological activity. This study aimed to verify the antiviral activity of 5-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]selenadiazole (SeD-3) in vivo and in vitro. The cell counting kit-8 assay and observation of cytopathic effect verified that SeD-3 could improve the survival of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09-infected Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Polymerase chain reaction quantification and neuraminidase assay showed that SeD-3 could inhibit the proliferation of H1N1 virus. The time of addition assay demonstrated that SeD-3 may have a direct effect on virus particles and block some stages of H1N1 life cycle after virus adsorption. Cell cycle, JC-1, Annexin V, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP nick-end labeling-4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (TUNEL-DAPI) assays showed that SeD-3 inhibited H1N1 infection-induced apoptosis. Cytokine detection demonstrated SeD-3 inhibited the production of proinflammatory factors after infection, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), TNF-β, interferon-γ, interleukin 12 (IL-12), and IL-17F. In vivo experiments suggested that the pathological damage in the lungs was significantly alleviated after treatment with SeD-3 by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The TUNEL assay of lung tissues indicated that SeD-3 inhibited DNA damage during H1N1 infection. Immunohistochemical assays were performed to further explore the mechanism that SeD-3 inhibited H1N1-induced apoptosis via reactive oxygen species-mediated MAPK, AKT, and P53 signaling pathways. In conclusion, SeD-3 may become a new potential anti-H1N1 influenza virus drug due to its antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Guo
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danyang Chen
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingqi Zhao
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiantian Xu
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Misi Xiao
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinghua Li
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Zhu
- Center Laboratory, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Lagos KJ, García D, Cuadrado CF, de Souza LM, Mezzacappo NF, da Silva AP, Inada N, Bagnato V, Romero MP. Carbon dots: Types, preparation, and their boosted antibacterial activity by photoactivation. Current status and future perspectives. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023:e1887. [PMID: 37100045 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) correspond to carbon-based materials (CBM) with sizes usually below 10 nm. These nanomaterials exhibit attractive properties such us low toxicity, good stability, and high conductivity, which have promoted their thorough study over the past two decades. The current review describes four types of CDs: carbon quantum dots (CQDs), graphene quantum dots (GQDs), carbon nanodots (CNDs), and carbonized polymers dots (CPDs), together with the state of the art of the main routes for their preparation, either by "top-down" or "bottom-up" approaches. Moreover, among the various usages of CDs within biomedicine, we have focused on their application as a novel class of broad-spectrum antibacterial agents, concretely, owing their photoactivation capability that triggers an enhanced antibacterial property. Our work presents the recent advances in this field addressing CDs, their composites and hybrids, applied as photosensitizers (PS), and photothermal agents (PA) within antibacterial strategies such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), and synchronic PDT/PTT. Furthermore, we discuss the prospects for the possible future development of large-scale preparation of CDs, and the potential for these nanomaterials to be employed in applications to combat other pathogens harmful to human health. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina J Lagos
- Department of Materials, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (EPN), Quito, Ecuador
| | - David García
- Department of Materials, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (EPN), Quito, Ecuador
| | | | | | | | - Ana Paula da Silva
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Natalia Inada
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Vanderlei Bagnato
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, Brazil
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Li G, Lv K, Cheng Q, Xing H, Xue W, Zhang W, Lin Q, Ma D. Enhanced Bacterial-Infected Wound Healing by Nitric Oxide-Releasing Topological Supramolecular Nanocarriers with Self-Optimized Cooperative Multi-Point Anchoring. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206959. [PMID: 36793143 PMCID: PMC10104656 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric systems that provide cationic charges or biocide-release therapeutics are used to treat the bacteria-infected wound. However, most antibacterial polymers based on topologies with restricted molecular dynamics still do not satisfy the clinical requirements due to their limited antibacterial efficacy at safe concentrations in vivo. Here a NO-releasing topological supramolecular nanocarrier with rotatable and slidable molecular entities is reported to provide conformational freedom to promote the interactions between the carrier and the pathogenic microbes, hence greatly improving the antibacterial performance. With improved contacting-killing and efficient delivery of NO biocide from the molecularly dynamic cationic ligand design, the NO-loaded topological nanocarrier achieves excellent antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects via destroying the bacterial membrane and DNA. MRSA-infected rat model is also brought out to demonstrate its wound-healing effect with neglectable toxicity in vivo. Introducing flexible molecular motions into therapeutic polymeric systems is a general design to enhance the healing of a range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT‐MRI CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityGuangzhou510630China
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education InstitutesDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringJinan UniversityGuangzhou510632China
| | - Kai Lv
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education InstitutesDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringJinan UniversityGuangzhou510632China
| | - Qikun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education InstitutesDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringJinan UniversityGuangzhou510632China
| | - Hui Xing
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education InstitutesDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringJinan UniversityGuangzhou510632China
| | - Wei Xue
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education InstitutesDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringJinan UniversityGuangzhou510632China
| | - Wu Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan UniversityJinan UniversityGuangzhou510630China
- School of Stomatology of Jinan UniversityJinan UniversityGuangzhou510632China
| | - Qianming Lin
- School of Biomedical EngineeringSun Yat‐sen University, Shenzhen CampusShenzhen518107China
- School of Biomedical EngineeringSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006China
| | - Dong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education InstitutesDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringJinan UniversityGuangzhou510632China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular BiologyJinan UniversityGuangzhou510632China
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Chakrapani G, Zare M, Ramakrishna S. Current Trends and Definitions in High-performance Antimicrobial Strategies. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2022.100407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Rabiee N, Ahmadi S, Soufi GJ, Hekmatnia A, Khatami M, Fatahi Y, Iravani S, Varma RS. Quantum dots against SARS-CoV-2: diagnostic and therapeutic potentials. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (OXFORD, OXFORDSHIRE : 1986) 2022; 97:1640-1654. [PMID: 35463806 PMCID: PMC9015521 DOI: 10.1002/jctb.7036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The application of quantum dots (QDs) for detecting and treating various types of coronaviruses is very promising, as their low toxicity and high surface performance make them superior among other nanomaterials; in conjugation with fluorescent probes they are promising semiconductor nanomaterials for the detection of various cellular processes and viral infections. In view of the successful results for inhibiting SARS-CoV-2, functional QDs could serve eminent role in the growth of safe nanotherapy for the cure of viral infections in the near future; their large surface areas help bind numerous molecules post-synthetically. Functionalized QDs with high functionality, targeted selectivity, stability and less cytotoxicity can be employed for highly sensitive co-delivery and imaging/diagnosis. Besides, due to the importance of safety and toxicity issues, QDs prepared from plant sources (e.g. curcumin) are much more attractive, as they provide good biocompatibility and low toxicity. In this review, the recent developments pertaining to the diagnostic and inhibitory potentials of QDs against SARS-CoV-2 are deliberated including important challenges and future outlooks. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Rabiee
- Department of PhysicsSharif University of TechnologyTehranIran
- School of EngineeringMacquarie UniversitySydneyAustralia
| | - Sepideh Ahmadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | | | - Ali Hekmatnia
- School of MedicineIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Mehrdad Khatami
- Non‐communicable Diseases Research CenterBam University of Medical SciencesBamIran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Yousef Fatahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of PharmacyTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of PharmacyTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Siavash Iravani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and MaterialsCzech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University in OlomoucOlomoucCzech Republic
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Guo M, Zhou K, Ding R, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, He G. Water-soluble thienoviologen derivatives for imaging bacteria and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:3097-3103. [PMID: 35343554 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00129b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of water-soluble cationic thienoviologen derivative photosensitizers (nTPy-Rs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT) is reported. Cationic pyridine groups were introduced into the thiophene framework to enhance solubility and bacteria-binding ability, which effectively improved bacteriological imaging and antibacterial activity. The optoelectronic properties of nTPy-Rs were regulated by adjusting the number of thiophene groups, and the differences in antibacterial activity due to the functional scaffolds were compared. The results showed that nTPy-Rs could generate reactive oxygen species (ROS, including macroscopic free radicals), efficiently inhibit bacterial growth, and achieve the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to the ng mL-1 level. Remarkably, 2TPyC6, containing two thiophene groups and modified by alkyl side chains, showed the best bacteriostatic performance, with the MIC of 20 ng mL-1 and 4.5 ng mL-1 for E. coli and S. aureus, respectively, which are the lowest photosensitizer concentrations used in PDT to date. The low cell cytotoxicity and excellent antibacterial performance give nTPy-Rs great potential as PDT agents in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Guo
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China.
| | - Kun Zhou
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China.
| | - Rui Ding
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710049, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710049, China
| | - Yueyan Zhang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China.
| | - Zixi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Gang He
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates (South China University of Technology), Guangzhou, 510640, China
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