1
|
Xing S, Zhang H, Hou Z, Peng F, Liu L, Wang D, Ge N, Liu X. NIR-triggered arsenic-loaded layered double hydroxide-based films for localized thermal synergistic chemotherapy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 675:857-869. [PMID: 39002236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) formed by cancer cell invasion is a major cause of high mortality in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and the formation of thrombus will be accelerated by bacterial colonization on the surface of the implant after surgery. In this work, Polypyrrole-coated arsenic-loaded layered double hydroxide films were in situ constructed on the nickel-titanium alloy for the efficient killing of tumour cells by thermo-therapeutic synergistic chemotherapy. The good near-infrared photothermal conversion ability of polypyrrole enables the sample surface temperature to be raised to about 51 °C at a low photothermal power (0.5 w/cm2), while the elevated temperature could further accelerate the release of drug arsenic. In addition, when NIR light is not applied, the polypyrrole coating also cleverly acts as a "barrier layer" to reduce the natural release of arsenic in normal tissues to avoid toxicity issues. In vivo and in vitro experiments have demonstrated that the platform exhibits excellent antitumor and antibacterial abilities. In contrast to the systemic toxicity issues associated with systemic circulation of nanotherapeutic drugs, this in situ functional film is expected to be used in localised interventions for precise drug delivery, and is also more suitable for surgical treatment scenarios in PVTT surgeries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shun Xing
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Zhenhao Hou
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feng Peng
- Medical Research Center, Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lidan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Donghui Wang
- School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Naijian Ge
- Intervention Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Xuanyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jiang Q, Li J, Du Z, Li M, Chen L, Zhang X, Tang X, Shen Y, Ma D, Li W, Li L, Alifu N, Hu Q, Liu J. High-Performance NIR-II Fluorescent Type I/II Photosensitizer Enabling Augmented Mild Photothermal Therapy of Tumors by Disrupting Heat Shock Proteins. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2400962. [PMID: 38870484 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
NIR-II fluorescent photosensitizers as phototheranostic agents hold considerable promise in the application of mild photothermal therapy (MPTT) for tumors, as the reactive oxygen species generated during photodynamic therapy can effectively disrupt heat shock proteins. Nevertheless, the exclusive utilization of these photosensitizers to significantly augment the MPTT efficacy has rarely been substantiated, primarily due to their insufficient photodynamic performance. Herein, the utilization of high-performance NIR-II fluorescent type I/II photosensitizer (AS21:4) is presented as a simple but effective nanoplatform derived from molecule AS2 to enhance the MPTT efficacy of tumors without any additional therapeutic components. By taking advantage of heavy atom effect, AS21:4 as a type I/II photosensitizer demonstrates superior efficacy in producing 1O2 (1O2 quantum yield = 12.4%) and O2 •- among currently available NIR-II fluorescent photosensitizers with absorption exceeding 800 nm. In vitro and in vivo findings demonstrate that the 1O2 and O2 •- generated from AS21:4 induce a substantial reduction in the expression of HSP90, thereby improving the MPTT efficacy. The remarkable phototheranostic performance, substantial tumor accumulation, and prolonged tumor retention of AS21:4, establish it as a simple but superior phototheranostic agent for NIR-II fluorescence imaging-guided MPTT of tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quanheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Jingyu Li
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Zhong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia/School of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Liying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Xunwen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Xialian Tang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Yaowei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Dalong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Wen Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
| | - Nuernisha Alifu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia/School of Medical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
| | - Qinglian Hu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang L, Chen J, Ma C, Zhang C. Targeted nanotherapy platform mediated tumor-infiltrating CD8 + T cell immune function effects for collaborative anti-tumor photothermal immunotherapy for cervical cancer. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:3052-3063. [PMID: 38868823 PMCID: PMC11166113 DOI: 10.1039/d3na01132a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Photothermal immunotherapy is an innovative approach to cancer treatment. It combines immunomodulators and photothermal agents, both targeted to the tumor site. This therapy harnesses the heat generated by photothermal conversion to damage tumor cells while simultaneously releasing tumor-associated antigens. This process enhances the anti-tumor immune response of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Photothermal immunotherapy is gaining prominence as a new method for cancer treatment. It is a current focal point in research due to its targeted efficacy, minimal systemic side effects, and reduced risk of treatment resistance. This study employed a thin-film dispersion method to fabricate liposomes (LIPO) as composite drug carriers. Indocyanine green (ICG) for clinical use was utilized as a photothermal agent (PTA), and folate (FA) was employed as a targeting agent for the nano-composite material. We encapsulated the immunoadjuvant CpG ODN within the FA@LIPO@ICG nano-system, resulting in the formation of targeted nanoparticles (NPs) for photothermal immunotherapy (FA@LIPO@ICG@CpG), and assessed the drug encapsulation rate. FA@LIPO@ICG@CpG NPs demonstrated excellent water solubility with an average size ranging from 100 to 200 nm. Furthermore, we investigated the photothermal properties of FA@LIPO@ICG@CpG NPs. Under 808 nm laser irradiation, the photothermal conversion efficiency of FA@LIPO@ICG@CpG NPs reached 39.05%. Subsequently, under 808 nm laser excitation, we conducted an analysis of lymphocyte subpopulations and their functional changes in U14 tumor-bearing mice by using flow cytometry. This treatment approach demonstrated remarkable anti-tumor efficacy. Consequently, FA@LIPO@ICG@CpG NPs hold substantial promise as a novel and promising strategy in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia Urumqi 830054 Xinjiang China
| | - Jianhuan Chen
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia Urumqi 830054 Xinjiang China
| | - Cailing Ma
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia Urumqi 830054 Xinjiang China
| | - Chuanshan Zhang
- Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia Urumqi 830054 Xinjiang China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tang F, Ding A, Xu Y, Ye Y, Li L, Xie R, Huang W. Gene and Photothermal Combination Therapy: Principle, Materials, and Amplified Anticancer Intervention. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307078. [PMID: 37775950 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy (GT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) have emerged as promising alternatives to chemotherapy and radiotherapy for cancer treatment, offering noninvasiveness and reduced side effects. However, their efficacy as standalone treatments is limited. GT exhibits slow response rates, while PTT is confined to local tumor ablation. The convergence of GT and PTT, known as GT-PTT, facilitated by photothermal gene nanocarriers, has attracted considerable attention across various disciplines. In this integrated approach, GT reciprocates PTT by sensitizing cellular response to heat, while PTT benefits GT by improving gene translocation, unpacking, and expression. Consequently, this integration presents a unique opportunity for cancer therapy with rapid response and improved effectiveness. Extensive efforts over the past few years have been dedicated to the development of GT-PTT, resulting in notable achievements and rapid progress from the laboratory to potential clinical applications. This comprehensive review outlines recent advances in GT-PTT, including synergistic mechanisms, material systems, imaging-guided therapy, and anticancer applications. It also explores the challenges and future prospects in this nascent field. By presenting innovative ideas and insights into the implementation of GT-PTT for enhanced cancer therapy, this review aims to inspire further progress in this promising area of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Tang
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Future Display Institute in Xiamen, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Aixiang Ding
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yao Xu
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yingsong Ye
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Lin Li
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Future Display Institute in Xiamen, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Rongjun Xie
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Materials Genome, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Wei Huang
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Future Display Institute in Xiamen, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang X, Zhang Y, Li T, Liu Y. Bioorthogonal Glycoengineering-Mediated Multifunctional Liquid Metal Nanoprobes for Highly Efficient Photoacoustic Imaging-Guided Photothermal/Chemotherapy of Tumor. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:3232-3240. [PMID: 37432729 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of a multifunctional cancer diagnosis and treatment platform offers excellent prospects for the effective eradication of malignant solid tumors. Herein, a doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX)-loaded tannic acid (TA)-coated liquid metal (LM) multifunctional nanoprobe was synthesized and applied as a highly efficient platform for the photoacoustic (PA) imaging-guided photothermal/chemotherapy of tumor. The multifunctional nanoprobes exhibited strong near-infrared absorption, a remarkable photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) of 55%, and high DOX loading capacity. Combined with the large intrinsic thermal expansion coefficient of LM, highly efficient PA imaging and effective drug release were realized. The LM-based multifunctional nanoprobes were specifically adsorbed into the cancer cells and tumor tissues via glycoengineering biorthogonal chemistry. The in vitro and in vivo photothermal/chemo-anticancer activity confirmed their promising potential in cancer treatment. The subcutaneous breast tumor-bearing mice completely recovered in 5 days under light illumination with clear PA imaging presentation, which showed better antitumor outcomes than single-mode chemotherapy or photothermal therapy (PTT), while keeping side effects at a minimum. Such an LM-based PA imaging-guided photothermal/chemotherapy strategy provided a valuable platform for resistant cancer precise treatment and intelligent biomedicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yimeng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li M, Zhao M, Li J. Near-infrared absorbing semiconducting polymer nanomedicines for cancer therapy. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 15:e1865. [PMID: 36284504 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
As a new type of organic optical nanomaterials, semiconducting polymer nanoparticles (SPNs) have the advantages of good optical characteristics and photostability, low toxicity concerns, and relatively simple preparation processes. Particularly, near-infrared (NIR) absorbing SPNs have shown a great promise in biomedicine. In addition to acting as nanoprobes for molecular imaging, these SPNs can produce local heat and reactive oxygen species with the stimulation of NIR light, allowing photothermal therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), respectively. Herein, we summarize the recent development of SPN-based nanomedicines for cancer therapy. The rational designs of SPNs for enhanced PTT, PDT, or combinational PTT/PDT to achieve effective ablation of tumor tissues are highlighted. Via loading/conjugating SPNs with other therapeutic elements (such as chemotherapeutic drugs and immunotherapeutic agents), phototherapy-combined chemotherapy or immunotherapy can be realized, which is then discussed. In especial, the constructions of SPN-based nanomedicines for NIR photoactivatable chemotherapy and immunotherapy are introduced with representative examples. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and key concerns of SPNs for their biomedical applications and give an outlook for their future clinical translation. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jingchao Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hu Q, Xu M, Feng J, Xie H, Li J, He Y, Tang G, Guo B. Hyperthermia-induced stellate cell deactivation to enhance dual chemo and pH-responsive photothermal therapy for pancreatic cancers. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:15735-15748. [PMID: 36205175 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04235e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
For pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) treatment, the deactivation of pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) by blocking the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathway is a promising strategy to inhibit stroma, enhance drug penetration, and greatly amplify chemotherapeutic efficacy. It is known that photothermal therapy (PTT) locally depletes stroma and enhances permeability but whether and how PTT reacts in the molecular pathway to induce PSC deactivation in PDAC has rarely been investigated so far. Herein, C-G NPs are synthesized by loading both acid-responsive photothermal molecules and gemcitabine for investigating both the combinatory chemophotothermal therapy and the interaction between the PTT and TGF-β pathway in PDAC. Notably, C-G NPs exhibit tumoral acidic pH-activated PTT and succeeded in deactivating PSCs and suppressing the expression level for both TGF-β and collagen fiber. Furthermore, hyperthermia remodels the tumoral extracellular matrix, significantly improves NP penetration, and boosts the ultimate synergistic chemophotothermal therapeutic efficacy. Importantly, the molecular biology study reveals that hyperthermia leads to the decrease in the mRNA expression of TGF-β1, SMAD2, SMAD3, α-SMA, and Collagen I in the tumor tissue, which is the key to suppress tumor progression. This research demonstrates that combinatory chemophotothermal therapy holds great promise for PDAC treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinglian Hu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Minjie Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Jiayu Feng
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jingyu Li
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Ying He
- College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Guping Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China.
| | - Bing Guo
- School of Science and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
An J, Tang S, Feng E, Tian M, Chen W, Chen M, Hong G, Peng X, Song F. Naphthofluorescein-based organic nanoparticles with superior stability for near-infrared photothermal therapy. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:10051-10059. [PMID: 35792864 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02284b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal agents (PTAs) based on organic small molecules with near-infrared (NIR) absorption (700-900 nm) have attracted increasing attention in cancer photothermal therapy (PTT). However, NIR organic PTAs often suffer from poor stability. Fluorescein and its derivatives have been widely used in biological imaging and sensing due to their minimal cytotoxicity. But fluorescein and its derivatives have not been used in PTT because most of them don't have NIR absorption. In this work, two NIR naphthofluorescein derivatives, namely NFOM-1 and NFOM-2, were synthesized. In contrast to NFOM-1, NFOM-2 possesses an intramolecular hydrogen bonding network, which extends the absorption to the NIR region and significantly improves the photostability. NFOM-2 was encapsulated into an amphiphilic polymer (DSPE-mPEG2000) to obtain NFOMNPs as PTAs. Compared to the organic molecule NFOM-2, the absorption of NFOMNPs is broadened and further red-shifted to fit an 808 nm light source. Moreover, NFOMNPs exhibit good photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE, 40.4%, 808 nm, 1.0 W cm-2), remarkable photostability and physiological stability, and significant PTT efficacy in vitro and in vivo was achieved. In other words, this study provides an intramolecular hydrogen bond network strategy and a fluorescein-based molecular platform to construct ultra-stable PTAs for efficient NIR PTT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing An
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Shanliang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Erting Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Mingyu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Wenlong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Miaomiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Gaobo Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
| | - Fengling Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen H, Sun R, Zheng J, Kawazoe N, Yang Y, Chen G. Doxorubicin-encapsulated thermosensitive liposome-functionalized photothermal composite scaffolds for synergistic photothermal therapy and chemotherapy. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:4771-4782. [PMID: 35671131 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00993e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Synergistic therapy, especially the combination of photothermal therapy and chemotherapy, has been proposed as an effective therapeutic approach for breast cancer treatment. In this study, a smart platform for synergistic photothermal therapy and chemotherapy was developed by hybridizing doxorubicin-encapsulated thermosensitive liposomes and gold nanorods into porous scaffolds of gelatin and polyglutamic acid (Dox-lipo/AuNR/Gel/PGA). The Dox-lipo/AuNR/Gel/PGA composite scaffolds had good photothermal conversion and temperature-dependent doxorubicin release properties. Under near-infrared laser irradiation, the composite scaffolds increased the local temperature to not only kill the breast cancer cells in the scaffolds but also accelerate the release of doxorubicin to eliminate the breast cancer cells surrounding the scaffolds. In vitro cell culture and in vivo mouse experiments demonstrated that the synergistic effects of photothermal ablation combined with doxorubicin-induced inhibition of the breast cancer cells in and surrounding the composite scaffolds under near-infrared laser irradiation. Moreover, after drug release was complete, the composite scaffolds fostered human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell proliferation. These results suggested that the composite scaffolds provided synergistic photothermal therapy and chemotherapy for breast cancer cell elimination at the early stage and promoted stem cell activities at the late stage. Therefore, this composite scaffold holds great potential as a synergistic therapy platform for breast cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huajian Chen
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Rui Sun
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Jing Zheng
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Naoki Kawazoe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
| | - Yingnan Yang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Guoping Chen
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Khan MA, Iqbal J, Ilyas M, Ayub AR, Zhu Y, Li H. Controlled supramolecular interaction to enhance the bioavailability of hesperetin to targeted cancer cells through graphyne: a comprehensive in silico study. RSC Adv 2022; 12:6336-6346. [PMID: 35424570 PMCID: PMC8982206 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09112c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study, the drug carrier efficiency of graphyne (GRP) for the transfer of the hesperetin (HPT) drug is evaluated for the first time. The GRP efficacy as a carrier is investigated using the density functional theory (DFT) technique to calculate various physiochemical characteristics such as dipole moment, bandgap, and chemical reactivity-descriptors for HPT, GRP and HPT@GRP complex. The non-covalent-interaction (NCI) plot indicated that GRP and HPT have weak interaction force, which is fundamental for the drug's noticeable offloading from the GRP carrier at its target location. According to frontier molecular orbital analysis, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of HPT distributes the charge to the GRP, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) during excitation. Charge transfer is further supported by charge-decomposition-analysis, which interprets the extensive overlap between HPT and GRP orbitals. In the case of the gas phase, the λ max of the HPT@GRP-complex is redshifted by 9 nm from GRP. In the solvent phase, the λ max value is also redshifted. These theoretically calculated spectra also match experimentally observed spectra rather well. The PET (photoinduced electron-transfer) method and electron-hole theory were used for the graphical explication of distinct excited states. The photoinduced electron transfer (PET) mechanism interprets fluorescence dimming because of interaction. Furthermore, GRP with cationic (+1) and anionic (-1) charge states (GRP+1/-1) showed minor structural disfigurement and formed stable HPT complexes. In the current study, HRP is loading and unloading on GRP very effectively, that can potentially be used in the oncology field. Due to this theoretical study, researchers will be interested in looking at other 2D nanomaterials for drug delivery applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maroof Ahmad Khan
- Key Laboratory of Clusters Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 P. R. China +86 10 68912667
| | - Javed Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad-38000 Pakistan
| | - Mubashar Ilyas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad-38000 Pakistan
| | - Ali Raza Ayub
- Key Laboratory of Clusters Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 P. R. China +86 10 68912667
| | - Yanhong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Clusters Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 P. R. China +86 10 68912667
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Clusters Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 P. R. China +86 10 68912667
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hu Q, He C, Lu Z, He Y, Xie H, Li J, Fu Z, Guo B. Engineering of Small Molecular Organic Nanoparticles for Mitochondria-Targeted Mild Photothermal Therapy of Malignant Breast Cancers. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:6013-6023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2bm01239a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Conventional photothermal therapy (PTT) often causes unwanted hyperthermia damage to surrounding healthy tissues, and as well fails in ablation of infiltrating and malignant tumors, which even leads to tumor recurrence....
Collapse
|
12
|
Hu B, Zhao Z, Gao X, Song X, Xu Z, Xu K, Tang B. Se-modified gold nanorods for enhancing the efficiency of photothermal therapy: avoiding the off-target problem induced by biothiols. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:8832-8841. [PMID: 34636390 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01392k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-targeting gold nanorods (AuNRs) assembled through Au-S bonds have been widely used for photothermal therapy (PTT) via intravenous injection. However, with extended in vivo circulation times, biothiols can replace some S-modified targeting ligands on the surface of the AuNRs, which lowers their targeting efficacy towards cancer cells, resulting in a non-ideal PTT effect. To address this problem, herein, we utilized Se-modified AuNRs to establish a dual functional nanoprobe (Casp-RGD-Se-AuNRs) for improving the therapeutic effect and real-time monitoring of Caspase-9 levels to indicate the degree of cell apoptosis. The experiments demonstrated that the Casp-RGD-Se-AuNRs are better at avoiding interference from biothiols than the S-modified nanoprobe (Casp-RGD-S-AuNRs) for extended blood-circulation times after intravenous injection, significantly improving the PTT efficacy via more effectively targeting cancer cells. Simultaneously, the change of Caspase-9 levels visually shows the degree of apoptosis. Moreover, an in vivo study showed that, compared with the S-modified nanoprobe, the Se-modified nanoprobe exhibits a higher delivery efficiency to the tumor region after intravenous injection (accumulation in the tumor increased by 87%) and a better anticancer efficacy under NIR light irradiation (the tumor inhibition rate increased 6-fold). This work provides a valuable strategy to overcome the off-target problem, and new ideas for avoiding interference by biomolecules during blood circulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Zengteng Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Xiaonan Gao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Xiaoxiao Song
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Zihao Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Kehua Xu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clean Production of Fine Chemicals, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen H, Deng J, Yao X, He Y, Li H, Jian Z, Tang Y, Zhang X, Zhang J, Dai H. Bone-targeted erythrocyte-cancer hybrid membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles for enhancing photothermal and hypoxia-activated chemotherapy of bone invasion by OSCC. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:342. [PMID: 34702291 PMCID: PMC8549398 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Jaw bones are the most common organs to be invaded by oral malignancies, such as oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), because of their special anatomical relationship. Various serious complications, such as pathological fractures and bone pain can significantly decrease the quality of life or even survival outcomes for a patient. Although chemotherapy is a promising strategy for bone invasion treatment, its clinical applications are limited by the lack of tumor-specific targeting and poor permeability in bone tissue. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a smart bone and cancer dual targeting drug delivery platform. Results We designed a dual targeting nano-biomimetic drug delivery vehicle Asp8[H40-TPZ/IR780@(RBC-H)] that has excellent bone and cancer targeting as well as immune escape abilities to treat malignancies in jaw bones. These nanoparticles were camouflaged with a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma WSU-HN6 cell (H) and red blood cell (RBC) hybrid membrane, which were modified by an oligopeptide of eight aspartate acid (Asp8). The spherical morphology and typical core-shell structure of biomimetic nanoparticles were observed by transmission electron microscopy. These nanoparticles exhibited the same surface proteins as those of WSU-HN6 and RBC. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy showed a greater uptake of the biomimetic nanoparticles when compared to bare H40-PEG nanoparticles. Biodistribution of the nanoparticles in vivo revealed that they were mainly localized in the area of bone invasion by WSU-HN6 cells. Moreover, the Asp8[H40-TPZ/IR780@(RBC-H)] nanoparticles exhibited effective cancer growth inhibition properties when compared to other TPZ or IR780 formulations. Conclusions Asp8[H40-TPZ/IR780@(RBC-H)] has bone targeting, tumor-homing and immune escape abilities, therefore, it is an efficient multi-targeting drug delivery platform for achieving precise anti-cancer therapy during bone invasion. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12951-021-01088-9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Chen
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, 401147, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Jiang Deng
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, 401147, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Xintong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology of Chongqing, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yungang He
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, 401147, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Hanyue Li
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, 401147, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Zhixiang Jian
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, 401147, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Yi Tang
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, 401147, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, 401147, China.,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Jingqing Zhang
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Hongwei Dai
- College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, 401147, China. .,Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, 401147, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Hong X, Xu X, Liu Z, Liu S, Yu J, Wu M, Ma Y, Shuai Q. Hyaluronan-fullerene/AIEgen nanogel as CD44-targeted delivery of tirapazamine for synergistic photodynamic-hypoxia activated therapy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:465701. [PMID: 34325415 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac18da] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic effect of oxygen-concentration-dependent photodynamic therapy (PDT) can be diminished in the hypoxic environment of solid tumours, the effective solution to this problem is utilising hypoxic-activated bioreduction therapy (BRT). In this research, a biocompatible HA-C60/TPENH2nanogel which can specifically bind to CD44 receptor was developed for highly efficient PDT-BRT synergistic therapy. The nanogel was degradable in acidic microenvironments of tumours and facilitated the release of biological reduction prodrug tirapazamine (TPZ). Importantly, HA-C60/TPENH2nanogel produced reactive oxygen species and consumed oxygen content in the cell to activate TPZ, leading to higher cytotoxicity than the free TPZ did. The intracellular observation of nanogel indicated that the HA-C60/TPENH2nanogel was self-fluorescence for cell imaging. This study applied PDT-BRT to design smart HA-based nanogel with targeted delivery, pH response, and AIEgen feature for efficient cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Hong
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Xu
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhicheng Liu
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shupeng Liu
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yu
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyuan Wu
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuwei Ma
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Shuai
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shrestha B, Wang L, Brey EM, Uribe GR, Tang L. Smart Nanoparticles for Chemo-Based Combinational Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:853. [PMID: 34201333 PMCID: PMC8227511 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a heterogeneous and complex disease. Traditional cancer therapy is associated with low therapeutic index, acquired resistance, and various adverse effects. With the increasing understanding of cancer biology and technology advancements, more strategies have been exploited to optimize the therapeutic outcomes. The rapid development and application of nanomedicine have motivated this progress. Combinational regimen, for instance, has become an indispensable approach for effective cancer treatment, including the combination of chemotherapeutic agents, chemo-energy, chemo-gene, chemo-small molecules, and chemo-immunology. Additionally, smart nanoplatforms that respond to external stimuli (such as light, temperature, ultrasound, and magnetic field), and/or to internal stimuli (such as changes in pH, enzymes, hypoxia, and redox) have been extensively investigated to improve precision therapy. Smart nanoplatforms for combinational therapy have demonstrated the potential to be the next generation cancer treatment regimen. This review aims to highlight the recent advances in smart combinational therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gabriela Romero Uribe
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (B.S.); (L.W.); (E.M.B.)
| | - Liang Tang
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA; (B.S.); (L.W.); (E.M.B.)
| |
Collapse
|