1
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Yang Y, Tan J, Wang F, Sun W, Shi H, Cheng Z, Xie Y, Zhou X. Preconcentration and detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: A comprehensive review. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 263:116617. [PMID: 39094290 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected the health of human beings and the global economy. The patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection had viral RNA or live infectious viruses in feces. Thus, the possible transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through wastewater received great attentions. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater can serve as an early indicator of the infection within communities. We summarized the preconcentration and detection technology of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater aiming at the complex matrices of wastewater and low virus concentration and compared their performance characteristics. We described the emerging tests that would be possible to realize the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 in fields and encourage academics to advance their technologies beyond conception. We concluded with a brief discussion on the outlook for integrating preconcentration and the detection of SARS-CoV-2 with emerging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Yang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jisui Tan
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fan Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Weiming Sun
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hanchang Shi
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhao Cheng
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yangcun Xie
- Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing, 100043, China.
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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2
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Gao F, Ye S, Huang L, Gu Z. A nanoparticle-assisted signal-enhancement technique for lateral flow immunoassays. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:6735-6756. [PMID: 38920348 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00865k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), an affordable and rapid paper-based detection technology, is employed extensively in clinical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and food safety analysis. The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the validity and adoption of LFIA in performing large-scale clinical and public health testing. The unprecedented demand for prompt diagnostic responses and advances in nanotechnology have fueled the rise of next-generation LFIA technologies. The utilization of nanoparticles to amplify signals represents an innovative approach aimed at augmenting LFIA sensitivity. This review probes the nanoparticle-assisted amplification strategies in LFIA applications to secure low detection limits and expedited response rates. Emphasis is placed on comprehending the correlation between the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles and LFIA performance. Lastly, we shed light on the challenges and opportunities in this prolific field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Gao
- Institute of Energy Materials Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, P. R. China
| | - Shaonian Ye
- Institute of Energy Materials Science, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, P. R. China
| | - Lin Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Thoracic Oncology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zhengying Gu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Thoracic Oncology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
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3
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Liang R, Wang F, Li S, Niu Y, Sun Y, Hong S, Fan A. A sensitive gold nanoflower-based lateral flow assay coupled with gold staining technique for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigen. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:434. [PMID: 38951317 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06502-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
An enhanced lateral flow assay (LFA) is presented for rapid and highly sensitive detection of acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigens with gold nanoflowers (Au NFs) as signaling markers and gold enhancement to amplify the signal intensities. First, the effect of the morphology of gold nanomaterials on the sensitivity of LFA detection was investigated. The results showed that Au NFs prepared by the seed growth method showed a 5-fold higher detection sensitivity than gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) of the same particle size, which may benefit from the higher extinction coefficient and larger specific surface area of Au NFs. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the Au NFs-based LFA exhibited a detection limit (LOD) of 25 pg mL-1 for N protein using 135 nm Au NFs as the signaling probes. The signal was further amplified by using a gold enhancement strategy, and the LOD for the detection of N protein achieved was 5 pg mL-1. The established LFA also exhibited good repeatability and stability and showed applicability in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushi Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, PR China
| | - Feiqian Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, PR China
| | - Shanshan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, PR China
| | - Yajing Niu
- Beijing Pharma and Biotech Center, Beijing, 100035, PR China
| | - Yinuo Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, PR China
| | - Sile Hong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, PR China
| | - Aiping Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin300072, PR China.
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4
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Liang R, Fan A, Wang F, Niu Y. Optical lateral flow assays in early diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. ANAL SCI 2024:10.1007/s44211-024-00596-6. [PMID: 38758251 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-024-00596-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
So far, the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is spreading widely worldwide. The early diagnosis of infection by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is essential to provide timely treatment and prevent its further spread. Lateral flow assays (LFAs) have the advantages of rapid detection, simple operation, low cost, ease of mass production, and no need for special devices and professional operators, which make them suitable for self-testing at home. This review focuses on the early diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection based on optical LFAs including colorimetric, fluorescent (FL), chemiluminescent (CL), and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) LFAs for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigens and nucleic acids. The types of recognition components, detection modes used for antigen detection, labels employed in different optical LFAs, and strategies to improve the detection sensitivity of LFAs were reviewed. Meanwhile, LFAs coupled with different nucleic acid amplification techniques and CRISPR-Cas systems for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acids were summarized. We hope this review provides research mentalities for developing highly sensitive LFAs that can be used in home self-testing for the early diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushi Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiping Fan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Feiqian Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajing Niu
- Beijing Pharma and Biotech Center, Beijing, 100035, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Han J, Lv Q, Su D, Chen L, Zhu S, Liu Q, Jiang Y, Li X, Jiang Y, Wang Z. Polymer Microspheres Copolymerized with Deep Red Fluorescent Molecules as a Label for Lateral Flow Immunochromatography. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:6971-6979. [PMID: 38517386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c04033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The development of fluorescently labeled microspheres is a critical aspect of advancing the technology of lateral flow immunochromatography (LFIA) for biological detection. Nevertheless, potential interference posed by the background fluorescence originating from the nitrocellulose (NC) membrane would significantly impact the sensitivity and accuracy of microsphere-based detection in LFIA. In this work, an attempt was made to extend the π-conjugated system and asymmetric structure of rhodamine fluorophore, resulting in the synthesis of dye molecules (RB2) incorporating double bonds, which can reach an absolute photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 30.01% in EtOH. Subsequently, carboxyl group functionalized fluorescent microspheres were prepared in a two-step copolymerization via soap-free emulsion polymerization. The obtained microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, DLS, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and fluorescence spectrophotometry. The results showed that RB2 was successfully copolymerized into the microspheres, and the resulting microspheres had good dispersion and stability with high red fluorescence intensity (λabs ∼ 610 nm, λem ∼ 660 nm). Utilizing these microspheres, the resulting lateral flow immunoassay was successfully found to detect SARS-CoV-2 N protein with a detection limit of 2.5 pg/mL and the linear concentration spanning from 2.5 pg/mL to 10 ng/mL. The results confirm the effectiveness of the synthetic fluorescent microspheres as the label for LFIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Han
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Qingyu Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Daoxiang Su
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Lucheng Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Shihong Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Qi Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Yongqiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Shandong Institute of Medical Device and Pharmaceutical Packaging Inspection, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Zhifei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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6
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Hou J, Cao Y, Deng Q, Zhang Q, Deng X, Chen Z, Zhong Z. A fluorescence-based immunochromatographic assay using quantum dot-encapsulated nanoparticles for the rapid and sensitive detection of fetuin-B. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1288:342143. [PMID: 38220278 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Earlier detection of CAD improves treatment outcomes and secondary prevention. The circulating fetuin-B protein is considered to be a promising biomarker for the early detection of CAD. However, a facile and reliable clinical test for fetuin-B is still lacking. Herein, we describe a reliable fluorescent biosensor for detecting fetuin-B in plasma that combines quantum dots-doped polystyrene nanoparticles with an immunochromatographic assay strip (QNPs-ICAS). The QNPs served as detection signals in the QNPs-ICAS sensor system, which was based on a double-antibody sandwich structure. Under optimum experimental conditions, the biosensor exhibited a broad linear range of 1-200 ng mL-1 and a low detection limit of 0.299 ng mL-1. Furthermore, the proposed immunosensor demonstrated high sensitivity, satisfactory selectivity, good reproducibility, and excellent recovery. Finally, the performance and applicability of our QNPs-based ICAS system were validated in clinical samples using a commercial ELISA kit with excellent correlations (r = 0.98451, n = 116). To conclude, the proposed sensor served as a rapid, sensitive, and accurate method for detecting fetuin-B in actual clinical samples, thereby demonstrating its potential for preliminary CAD screening and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Hou
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou Clinical Institute of Shantou University Medical College, Meizhou, Guangdong, 514031, China; GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou, Guangdong, 514031, China
| | - Yue Cao
- Institute of Antibody Engineering, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Qiaoting Deng
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou Clinical Institute of Shantou University Medical College, Meizhou, Guangdong, 514031, China
| | - Qunji Zhang
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou Clinical Institute of Shantou University Medical College, Meizhou, Guangdong, 514031, China
| | - Xunwei Deng
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou Clinical Institute of Shantou University Medical College, Meizhou, Guangdong, 514031, China
| | - Zhenhua Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China.
| | - Zhixiong Zhong
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou Clinical Institute of Shantou University Medical College, Meizhou, Guangdong, 514031, China; GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Meizhou, Guangdong, 514031, China.
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7
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Wang J, Fu Y, Gu Z, Pan H, Zhou P, Gan Q, Yuan Y, Liu C. Multifunctional Carbon Dots for Biomedical Applications: Diagnosis, Therapy, and Theranostic. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2303773. [PMID: 37702145 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Designing suitable nanomaterials is an ideal strategy to enable early diagnosis and effective treatment of diseases. Carbon dots (CDs) are luminescent carbonaceous nanoparticles that have attracted considerable attention. Through facile synthesis, they process properties including tunable light emission, low toxicity, and light energy transformation, leading to diverse applications as optically functional materials in biomedical fields. Recently, their potentials have been further explored, such as enzyme-like activity and ability to promote osteogenic differentiation. Through refined synthesizing strategies carbon dots, a rich treasure trove for new discoveries, stand a chance to guide significant development in biomedical applications. In this review, the authors start with a brief introduction to CDs. By presenting mechanisms and examples, the authors focus on how they can be used in diagnosing and treating diseases, including bioimaging failure of tissues and cells, biosensing various pathogenic factors and biomarkers, tissue defect repair, anti-inflammation, antibacterial and antiviral, and novel oncology treatment. The introduction of the application of integrated diagnosis and treatment follows closely behind. Furthermore, the challenges and future directions of CDs are discussed. The authors hope this review will provide critical perspectives to inspire new discoveries on CDs and prompt their advances in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yu Fu
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Zhangwu Road 100, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Zhanghao Gu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Hao Pan
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Panyu Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Qi Gan
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of the Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of the Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Changsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of the Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
- Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
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8
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Sun Q, Ning Q, Li T, Jiang Q, Feng S, Tang N, Cui D, Wang K. Immunochromatographic enhancement strategy for SARS-CoV-2 detection based on nanotechnology. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:15092-15107. [PMID: 37676509 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02396f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The global outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been catastrophic to both human health and social development. Therefore, developing highly reliable and sensitive point-of-care testing (POCT) for detecting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a priority. Among all available POCTs, the lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA, also known as immunochromatography) has proved to be effective due to its accuracy, portability, convenience, and speed. In areas with a scarcity of laboratory resources and medical personnel, the LFIA provides an affordable option for the diagnosis of COVID-19. This review offers a comprehensive overview of methods for improving the sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 detection using immunochromatography based on nanotechnology, sorted according to the different detection targets (antigens, antibodies, and nucleic acids). It also looks into the performance and properties of the various sensitivity enhancement strategies, before delving into the remaining challenges in COVID-19 diagnosis through LFIA. Ultimately, it seeks to provide helpful guidance in selecting an appropriate strategy for SARS-CoV-2 immunochromatographic detection based on nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwen Sun
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Qihong Ning
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Tangan Li
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Qixia Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Tongren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1111 XianXia Road, Shanghai, 200336, China
| | - Shaoqing Feng
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Ning Tang
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Daxiang Cui
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Kan Wang
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Dey MK, Iftesum M, Devireddy R, Gartia MR. New technologies and reagents in lateral flow assay (LFA) designs for enhancing accuracy and sensitivity. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:4351-4376. [PMID: 37615701 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00844d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Lateral flow assays (LFAs) are a popular method for quick and affordable diagnostic testing because they are easy to use, portable, and user-friendly. However, LFA design has always faced challenges regarding sensitivity, accuracy, and complexity of the operation. By integrating new technologies and reagents, the sensitivity and accuracy of LFAs can be improved while minimizing the complexity and potential for false positives. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), photoacoustic techniques, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), and the integration of smartphones and thermal readers can improve LFA accuracy and sensitivity. To ensure reliable and accurate results, careful assay design and validation, appropriate controls, and optimization of assay conditions are necessary. Continued innovation in LFA technology is crucial to improving the reliability and accuracy of rapid diagnostic testing and expanding its applications to various areas, such as food testing, water quality monitoring, and environmental testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Kumar Dey
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Maria Iftesum
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Ram Devireddy
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Manas Ranjan Gartia
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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10
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Hamd-Ghadareh S, Salimi A, Vaziry A. Ultrasensitive Ratiometric Fluorescence Bioassay for Accurate Detection of Covid-19-Specific Nucleocapsid Protein in Clinical Serum Samples Using Modified Cleavable Mesoporous SiO 2 Satellite-Enriched Carbon Dots. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:5279-5292. [PMID: 37606622 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Due to the presence of various autofluorescent compounds in biological samples like serum and the photobleaching of organic fluorophores, fluorescence sensing has limited practical applicability. This study describes the development of an improved ratiometric fluorescence assay to determine the nucleocapsid protein (N protein), one of the most conserved biomarkers of Covid-19 in spiked and serum samples using highly stable buffer-based near IR-dual emission carbon dots (CDs) encapsulated into the cavities of cleavable silica nanocapsule (SNCs) nanocomposite. The cavities of cleavable silica nanocapsules (SNCs) and the formed core-shell CDs@ SNCs were used as a superior reservoir of fluorescent markers produced by cohydrolyzing tetraethyl orthosilicate and diiminosilane linker, which held hundreds of CDs in silica shell frameworks. The SiO2 nanocomposite was modified with an N protein antibody that specifically paired to the receptor binding region of the Cov-19 spike protein subunit. CDs were taken out of SNCs by NaBH4 reduction, and the released CDs exhibited dual emission at 475 and 675 nm when excited at 400 nm. Ratiometric detection is completed over a binding-induced, concentration-dependent immuno-affinity of the N protein that drives the fluorescence quenching phenomenon between the CDs as fluorophore and the AuNPs as quencher. As the N protein concentration increased, the intensity of the red emission (675 nm) dropped, whereas the intensity of the green emission (475 nm) already remained constant, which is due to sandwich immunoassays of CDs around AuNPs. Using the exceptional fluorescent characteristics of CDs and the high selectivity of nanocomposite functionalized with N-protein antibody, the developed assay efficiently eliminates the autofluorescence background interference of serum samples. The fluorescence ratio (I475/I675) provides a limit of detection of 2 pg mL-1 over a linear range of 0.01 to 5 ng mL-1 and exhibits an amplified sensitivity of 54 times compared to conventional immunoassay using CDs as fluorescent labels. With one-step signal amplification and requiring small sample quantities (only 20 μL), this sensing platform can be effectively used for the accurate detection of N protein, and no cross-reactivity is detected in the presence of different interfering agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdollah Salimi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kurdistan, 66177-15175, Sanandaj-Iran
- Research Center for Nanotechnology, University of Kurdistan, 66177-15175 Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Asaad Vaziry
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kurdistan, 66177-15175 Sanandaj, Iran
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11
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Li G, Li Q, Wang X, Liu X, Zhang Y, Li R, Guo J, Zhang G. Lateral flow immunoassays for antigens, antibodies and haptens detection. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125186. [PMID: 37268073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) is widely used as a rapid point-of-care testing (POCT) technique in food safety, veterinary and clinical detection on account of the accessible, fast and low-cost characteristics. After the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), different types of LFIAs have attracted considerable interest because of their ability of providing immediate diagnosis directly to users, thereby effectively controlling the outbreak. Based on the introduction of the principles and key components of LFIAs, this review focuses on the major detection formats of LFIAs for antigens, antibodies and haptens. With the rapid innovation of detection technologies, new trends of novel labels, multiplex and digital assays are increasingly integrated with LFIAs. Therefore, this review will also introduce the development of new trends of LFIAs as well as its future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Qingmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xun Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Henan Medical College, Zhengzhou 451191, China
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Junqing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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12
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Xu Q, Xiao F, Xu H. Fluorescent detection of emerging virus based on nanoparticles: From synthesis to application. Trends Analyt Chem 2023; 161:116999. [PMID: 36852170 PMCID: PMC9946731 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The spread of COVID-19 has caused huge economic losses and irreversible social impact. Therefore, to successfully prevent the spread of the virus and solve public health problems, it is urgent to develop detection methods with high sensitivity and accuracy. However, existing detection methods are time-consuming, rely on instruments, and require skilled operators, making rapid detection challenging to implement. Biosensors based on fluorescent nanoparticles have attracted interest in the field of detection because of their advantages, such as high sensitivity, low detection limit, and simple result readout. In this review, we systematically describe the synthesis, intrinsic advantages, and applications of organic dye-doped fluorescent nanoparticles, metal nanoclusters, up-conversion particles, quantum dots, carbon dots, and others for virus detection. Furthermore, future research initiatives are highlighted, including green production of fluorescent nanoparticles with high quantum yield, speedy signal reading by integrating with intelligent information, and error reduction by coupling with numerous fluorescent nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, PR China
| | - Fangbin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, PR China
| | - Hengyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, PR China
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13
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Pei F, Feng S, Hu W, Liu B, Mu X, Hao Q, Cao Y, Lei W, Tong Z. Sandwich mode lateral flow assay for point-of-care detecting SARS-CoV-2. Talanta 2023; 253. [PMCID: PMC9612878 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The global corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been announced a pandemic outbreak, and has threatened human life and health seriously. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as its causative pathogen, is widely detected in the screening of COVID-19 patients, infected people and contaminated substances. Lateral flow assay (LFA) is a popular point-of-care detection method, possesses advantages of quick response, simple operation mode, portable device, and low cost. Based on the above advantages, LFA has been widely developed for detecting SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we summarized the articles about the sandwich mode LFA detecting SARS-CoV-2, classified according to the target detection objects indicating genes, nucleocapsid protein, spike protein, and specific antibodies of SARS-CoV-2. In each part, LFA is further classified and summarized according to different signal detection types. Additionally, the properties of the targets were introduced to clarify their detection significance. The review is expected to provide a helpful guide for LFA sensitization and marker selection of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fubin Pei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, Jiangsu, China,State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Shasha Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, Jiangsu, China,State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Bing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Xihui Mu
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China
| | - Qingli Hao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wu Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, Jiangsu, China,Corresponding author
| | - Zhaoyang Tong
- State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection for Civilian, Beijing, 102205, China,Corresponding author
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Wang ZX, Ding SN. Duplex-immunoassay of ovarian cancer biomarker CA125 and HE4 based carbon dot decorated dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles. Analyst 2023; 148:683-689. [PMID: 36629898 DOI: 10.1039/d2an01929a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent lateral flow immunoassay (FLFIA) is widely used mainly because of its low cost and instant detection. Its limit of detection (LOD) is closely related to fluorescence signals, and the development of fluorescence signals with fine performance remains a challenge. In this work, dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (DMSNs) were used as fine carriers due to their large pore size and stable performance. We successfully synthesized carbon dots (CDs) with a 560 nm maximum emission wavelength (CD560) by the hydrothermal method. A new type of fluorescence signal for FLFIA was observed by loading CD560 on DMSNs through the Si-O bond which is denoted as DMSNs@CD560. Applying DMSNs@CD560 to the FLFIA can eliminate the influence of interfacial background blue fluorescence thus improving its detection sensitivity. The formed DMSNs@CD560-FLFIA achieved high sensitivity detection of ovarian cancer biomarkers carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) and human epididymal protein 4 (HE4). The LOD of CA125 is 0.5 U mL-1 and the correlation coefficient R2 = 0.985, and the LOD of HE4 reaches 0.05 ng mL-1 and the correlation coefficient R2 = 0.981. The DMSNs@CD560-FLFIA is sensitive and efficient providing a new method for the early diagnosis of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xuan Wang
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Shou-Nian Ding
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
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15
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Sengupta J, Hussain CM. The Emergence of Carbon Nanomaterials as Effective Nano-Avenues to Fight against COVID-19. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1068. [PMID: 36770075 PMCID: PMC9918919 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019), a viral respiratory ailment that was first identified in Wuhan, China, in 2019, and then expanded globally, was caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The severity of the illness necessitated quick action to cease the virus's spread. The best practices to avert the infection include early detection, the use of protective clothing, the consumption of antiviral medicines, and finally the immunization of the patients through vaccination. The family of carbon nanomaterials, which includes graphene, fullerene, carbon nanotube (CNT), and carbon dot (CD), has a great deal of potential to effectively contribute to each of the main trails in the battle against the coronavirus. Consequently, the recent advances in the application of carbon nanomaterials for containing and combating the SARS-CoV-2 virus are discussed herein, along with their associated challenges and futuristic applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydip Sengupta
- Department of Electronic Science, Jogesh Chandra Chaudhuri College, Kolkata 700033, India
| | - Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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16
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High-Density Gold Nanoparticles Implanted on Mg/Fe LDH Nanoflowers Assisted Lateral Flow Immuno-Dipstick Assay for Visual Detection of Human Epididymal Protein 4. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12100797. [PMID: 36290937 PMCID: PMC9599355 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The timelier and more accurate the diagnosis of the disease, the higher the patient’s survival rate. Human epididymal protein 4 (HE4) has great significance as a biomarker of concern for reflecting ovarian cancer. Herein, we prepared a novel optical label that can be used in lateral-flow immuno-dipstick assay (LFIA) for sensitive visual detection of HE4 by implanting hydrophobic gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) at high density in Mg/Fe LDH nanoflowers (MF NFs). MF NFs with large specific surface area, high porosity, abundant active binding sites, and stable structure were employed for the first time as templates to directly anchor Au NPs in the organic phase. After simple modification with an optimized amount of branched polyethyleneimine, not only could MF@Au NFs be dispersed in the aqueous phase, but also amino functional groups were introduced on its surface to facilitate subsequent antibody coupling steps. The limit of detection reaches 50 pM with a detection range of 50 to 1000 pM. This work initially explored how MF NFs can be used to load signal labels with ideal stability and signal amplification capabilities, which greatly improves the practicability of LFIA and highlights its important role in the field of rapid diagnostics.
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17
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Ince B, Sezgintürk MK. Lateral flow assays for viruses diagnosis: Up-to-date technology and future prospects. Trends Analyt Chem 2022; 157:116725. [PMID: 35815063 PMCID: PMC9252863 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria, viruses, and parasites are harmful microorganisms that cause infectious diseases. Early detection of diseases is critical to prevent disease transmission and provide epidemic preparedness, as these can cause widespread deaths and public health crises, particularly in resource-limited countries. Lateral flow assay (LFA) systems are simple-to-use, disposable, inexpensive diagnostic devices to test biomarkers in blood and urine samples. Thus, LFA has recently received significant attention, especially during the pandemic. Here, first of all, the design principles and working mechanisms of existing LFA methods are examined. Then, current LFA implementation strategies are presented for communicable disease diagnoses, including COVID-19, zika and dengue, HIV, hepatitis, influenza, malaria, and other pathogens. Furthermore, this review focuses on an overview of current problems and accessible solutions in detecting infectious agents and diseases by LFA, focusing on increasing sensitivity with various detection methods. In addition, future trends in LFA-based diagnostics are envisioned.
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Xu LD, Zhu J, Ding SN. Highly-fluorescent carbon dots grown onto dendritic silica nanospheres for anthrax protective antigen detection. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:1836-1840. [PMID: 35521778 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00623e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Direct synthesis of carbon dots on uniform mesoporous nanospheres is an ideal way to impart fluorescence properties to the nanomaterials and retain its original uniformity. Carbon dot-based nanospheres with high quantum yield (aqueous solution, 89.3%) were synthesized by the one-step hydrothermal treatment of sodium citrate and dendritic silica spheres grafted with N-β-(aminoethyl)-γ-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane. Its excellent chemical properties such as fluorescence, stability, homogeneity and dispersion enable it to achieve a sensitive, specific, rapid and low-cost detection of anthrax protective antigen when used as a signal for immunochromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Di Xu
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Jin Zhu
- Huadong Medical Institute of Biotechniques, Nanjing 210002, China
| | - Shou-Nian Ding
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-medical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
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Wang ZX, Wang Z, Wu FG. Carbon Dots as Drug Delivery Vehicles for Antimicrobial Applications: A Minireview. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200003. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xi Wang
- Southeast University School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering CHINA
| | - Zihao Wang
- Southeast University School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering CHINA
| | - Fu-Gen Wu
- Southeast University School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering 2 Sipailou Road 210096 Nanjing CHINA
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20
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He Y, Hu C, Li Z, Wu C, Zeng Y, Peng C. Multifunctional carbon nanomaterials for diagnostic applications in infectious diseases and tumors. Mater Today Bio 2022; 14:100231. [PMID: 35280329 PMCID: PMC8896867 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases (such as Corona Virus Disease 2019) and tumors pose a tremendous challenge to global public health. Early diagnosis of infectious diseases and tumors can lead to effective control and early intervention of the patient's condition. Over the past few decades, carbon nanomaterials (CNs) have attracted widespread attention in different scientific disciplines. In the field of biomedicine, carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon quantum dots and fullerenes have the ability of improving the accuracy of the diagnosis by the improvement of the diagnostic approaches. Therefore, this review highlights their applications in the diagnosis of infectious diseases and tumors over the past five years. Recent advances in the field of biosensing, bioimaging, and nucleic acid amplification by such CNs are introduced and discussed, emphasizing the importance of their unique properties in infectious disease and tumor diagnosis and the challenges and opportunities that exist for future clinical applications. Although the application of CNs in the diagnosis of several diseases is still at a beginning stage, biosensors, bioimaging technologies and nucleic acid amplification technologies built on CNs represent a new generation of promising diagnostic tools that further support their potential application in infectious disease and tumor diagnosis. Carbon nanomaterials (CNs) are systematically introduced in this review. This review studies the application of CNs in infectious diseases and tumors diagnosis. CNs act as potent nanostructures for biosensing, bioimaging, & nucleic acid amplification. New CN-based detection methods were introduced to detect SARS-CoV-2. The challenges and prospects of CN-based diagnostic assays are also discussed.
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Belza J, Opletalová A, Poláková K. Carbon dots for virus detection and therapy. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:430. [PMID: 34822008 PMCID: PMC8613466 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-05076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent experience with the COVID-19 pandemic should be a lesson learnt with respect to the effort we have to invest in the development of new strategies for the treatment of viral diseases, along with their cheap, easy, sensitive, and selective detection. Since we live in a globalized world where just hours can play a crucial role in the spread of a virus, its detection must be as quick as possible. Thanks to their chemical stability, photostability, and superior biocompatibility, carbon dots are a kind of nanomaterial showing great potential in both the detection of various virus strains and a broad-spectrum antiviral therapy. The biosensing and antiviral properties of carbon dots can be tuned by the selection of synthesis precursors as well as by easy post-synthetic functionalization. In this review, we will first summarize current options of virus detection utilizing carbon dots by either electrochemical or optical biosensing approaches. Secondly, we will cover and share the up-to-date knowledge of carbon dots' antiviral properties, which showed promising activity against various types of viruses including SARS-CoV-2. The mechanisms of their antiviral actions will be further adressed as well. Finally, we will discuss the advantages and distadvantages of the use of carbon dots in the tangled battle against viral infections in order to provide valuable informations for further research and development of new virus biosensors and antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Belza
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 1192/12, 771 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ariana Opletalová
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Poláková
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 779 00, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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