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Sasaki N, Asano Y, Sorayama Y, Kamimura C, Kitano S, Irie S, Katayama R, Shimoda H, Matsusaki M. Promoting biological similarity by collagen microfibers in 3D colorectal cancer-stromal tissue: Replicating mechanical properties and cancer stem cell markers. Acta Biomater 2024:S1742-7061(24)00363-5. [PMID: 38972624 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of cancer tissues is rich in dense collagen, contributing to the stiffening of these tissues. Increased stiffness has been reported to promote cancer cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and prevent drug delivery. Replicating the structure and mechanical properties of cancer tissue in vitro is essential for developing cancer treatment drugs that target these properties. In this study, we recreated specific characteristics of cancer tissue, such as collagen density and high elastic modulus, using a colorectal cancer cell line as a model. Using our original material, collagen microfibers (CMFs), and a constructed three-dimensional (3D) cancer-stromal tissue model, we successfully reproduced an ECM highly similar to in vivo conditions. Furthermore, our research demonstrated that cancer stem cell markers expressed in the 3D cancer-stromal tissue model more closely mimic in vivo conditions than traditional two-dimensional cell cultures. We also found that CMFs might affect an impact on how cancer cells express these markers. Our 3D CMF-based model holds promise for enhancing our understanding of colorectal cancer and advancing therapeutic approaches. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Reproducing the collagen content and stiffness of cancer tissue is crucial in comprehending the properties of cancer and advancing anticancer drug development. Nonetheless, the use of collagen as a scaffold material has posed challenges due to its poor solubility, hindering the replication of a cancer microenvironment. In this study, we have successfully recreated cancer tissue-specific characteristics such as collagen density, stiffness, and the expression of cancer stem cell markers in three-dimensional (3D) colorectal cancer stromal tissue, utilizing a proprietary material known as collagen microfiber (CMF). CMF proves to be an ideal scaffold material for replicating cancer stromal tissue, and these 3D tissues constructed with CMFs hold promise in contributing to our understanding of cancer and the development of therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Sasaki
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Asano
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Cell Biology and Histology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Yukiko Sorayama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kamimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shiro Kitano
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; TOPPAN HOLDINGS INC. TOPPAN Technical Research Institute, 4-2-3, Takanodaiminami, Sugito-cho, Kitakatsushika-gun, Saitama 345-8508, Japan
| | - Shinji Irie
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; TOPPAN HOLDINGS INC. TOPPAN Technical Research Institute, 4-2-3, Takanodaiminami, Sugito-cho, Kitakatsushika-gun, Saitama 345-8508, Japan
| | - Ryohei Katayama
- Division of Experimental Chemotherapy, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-8-31, Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo, 135-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimoda
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Cell Biology and Histology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan; Department of Anatomical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Michiya Matsusaki
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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2
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Yamada A, Kitano S, Matsusaki M. Cellular memory function from 3D to 2D: Three-dimensional high density collagen microfiber cultures induce their resistance to reactive oxygen species. Mater Today Bio 2024; 26:101097. [PMID: 38827038 PMCID: PMC11140783 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.101097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell properties generally change when the culture condition is changed. However, mesenchymal stem cells cultured on a hard material surface maintain their differentiation characteristics even after being cultured on a soft material surface. This phenomenon suggests the possibility of a cell culture material to memorize stem cell function even in changing cell culture conditions. However, there are no reports about cell memory function in three-dimensional (3D) culture. In this study, colon cancer cells were cultured with collagen microfibers (CMF) in 3D to evaluate their resistance to reactive oxygen species (ROS) in comparison with a monolayer (2D) culture condition and to understand the effect of 3D-culture on cell memory function. The ratio of ROS-negative cancer cells in 3D culture increased with increasing amounts of CMF and the highest amount of CMF was revealed to be 35-fold higher than that of the 2D condition. The ROS-negative cells ratio was maintained for 7 days after re-seeding in a 2D culture condition, suggesting a 3D-memory function of ROS resistance. The findings of this study will open up new opportunities for 3D culture to induce cell memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Yamada
- TOPPAN HOLDINGS INC. Business Development Division, Technical Research Institute, Takanodaiminami, Sugito-machi, Saitama 345-8508, Japan
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shiro Kitano
- TOPPAN HOLDINGS INC. Business Development Division, Technical Research Institute, Takanodaiminami, Sugito-machi, Saitama 345-8508, Japan
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Michiya Matsusaki
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Golda A, Gasiorek A, Dobosz E, Oruba Z, Lamont RJ, Potempa J, Koziel J. Organotypic model of the gingiva for studying bacterial and viral pathogens implicated in periodontitis. J Oral Microbiol 2023; 16:2292382. [PMID: 38456121 PMCID: PMC10919308 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2023.2292382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Three-dimensional (3D) tissue models bridge the gap between conventional two-dimensional cell cultures and animal models. The aim of this study was to develop an organotypic 3D gingival (OTG) model to provide a tool to investigate bacterial and viral pathogens in periodontitis. Methods The OTG model composed of gingival fibroblasts (GFs) and telomerase-immortalized gingival keratinocytes (TIGKs) was constructed and applied to study infections by Porphyromonas gingivalis and herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). Immunohistochemical staining, confocal microscopy, qPCR, titration techniques, and colony-forming unit counts were applied to interrogate epithelial markers expression, monitor P. gingivalis and HSV-1 presence, and evaluate the immune response along with the efficiency of antimicrobial drugs. Results The OTG model resembled the morphology of the human gingiva. During infection, both pathogens penetrated deep into the tissue and persisted for a few days with P. gingivalis also forming a biofilm on the cell surface. The infection triggered the expression of inflammatory mediators in cells and both pathogens were efficiently eliminated by specific antimicrobials. Conclusions Presented OTG model constitutes a simple and convenient tool to study the interaction between bacterial and viral pathogens within the gingival tissue, including penetration, persistence and biofilm formation. It is also suitable to examine the efficiency of antimicrobial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Golda
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology of Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Gasiorek
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology of Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Dobosz
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology of Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Oruba
- Department of Periodontology, Preventive Dentistry and Oral Pathology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Faculty of Medicine, Krakow, Poland
| | - Richard J. Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology of Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Joanna Koziel
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology of Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Suezawa T, Sasaki N, Yukawa Y, Assan N, Uetake Y, Onuma K, Kamada R, Tomioka D, Sakurai H, Katayama R, Inoue M, Matsusaki M. Ultra-Rapid and Specific Gelation of Collagen Molecules for Transparent and Tough Gels by Transition Metal Complexation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2302637. [PMID: 37697642 PMCID: PMC10602541 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202302637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body and one of the main components of stromal tissues in tumors which have a high elastic modulus of over 50 kPa. Although collagen has been widely used as a cell culture scaffold for cancer cells, there have been limitations when attempting to fabricate a tough collagen gel with cells like a cancer stroma. Here, rapid gelation of a collagen solution within a few minutes by transition metal complexation is demonstrated. Type I collagen solution at neutral pH shows rapid gelation with a transparency of 81% and a high modulus of 1,781 kPa by mixing with K2 PtCl4 solution within 3 min. Other transition metal ions also show the same rapid gelation, but not basic metal ions. Interestingly, although type I to IV collagen molecules show rapid gelation, other extracellular matrices do not exhibit this phenomenon. Live imaging of colon cancer organoids in 3D culture indicates a collective migration property with modulating high elastic modulus, suggesting activation for metastasis progress. This technology will be useful as a new class of 3D culture for cells and organoids due to its facility for deep-live observation and mechanical stiffness adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Suezawa
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka University2‐1 YamadaokaSuitaOsaka565–0871Japan
| | - Naoko Sasaki
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka University2‐1 YamadaokaSuitaOsaka565–0871Japan
| | - Yuichi Yukawa
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka University2‐1 YamadaokaSuitaOsaka565–0871Japan
| | - Nazgul Assan
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka University2‐1 YamadaokaSuitaOsaka565–0871Japan
| | - Yuta Uetake
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka University2‐1 YamadaokaSuitaOsaka565–0871Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS‐OTRI)Osaka University2‐1 YamadaokaSuitaOsaka565–0871Japan
| | - Kunishige Onuma
- Department of Clinical Bio‐resource Research and DevelopmentKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyoto606–8304Japan
| | - Rino Kamada
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka University2‐1 YamadaokaSuitaOsaka565–0871Japan
| | - Daisuke Tomioka
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka University2‐1 YamadaokaSuitaOsaka565–0871Japan
| | - Hidehiro Sakurai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka University2‐1 YamadaokaSuitaOsaka565–0871Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS‐OTRI)Osaka University2‐1 YamadaokaSuitaOsaka565–0871Japan
| | - Ryohei Katayama
- Division of Experimental Chemotherapy, Cancer Chemotherapy CenterJapanese Foundation for Cancer ResearchTokyo135‐8550Japan
| | - Masahiro Inoue
- Department of Clinical Bio‐resource Research and DevelopmentKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyoto606–8304Japan
| | - Michiya Matsusaki
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka University2‐1 YamadaokaSuitaOsaka565–0871Japan
- Joint Research Laboratory (TOPPAN) for Advanced Cell Regulatory Chemistry, Graduate School of EngineeringOsaka University2‐1 YamadaokaSuitaOsaka565–0871Japan
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Lamont RJ, Miller DP, Bagaitkar J. Illuminating the oral microbiome: cellular microbiology. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuad045. [PMID: 37533213 PMCID: PMC10657920 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuad045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells line mucosal surfaces such as in the gingival crevice and provide a barrier to the ingress of colonizing microorganisms. However, epithelial cells are more than a passive barrier to microbial intrusion, and rather constitute an interactive interface with colonizing organisms which senses the composition of the microbiome and communicates this information to the underlying cells of the innate immune system. Microorganisms, for their part, have devised means to manipulate host cell signal transduction pathways to favor their colonization and survival. Study of this field, which has become known as cellular microbiology, has revealed much about epithelial cell physiology, bacterial colonization and pathogenic strategies, and innate host responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, KY40202, United States
| | - Daniel P Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, VA23298, United States
| | - Juhi Bagaitkar
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, OH43205, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, OH43210, United States
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Chow YC, Yam HC, Gunasekaran B, Lai WY, Wo WY, Agarwal T, Ong YY, Cheong SL, Tan SA. Implications of Porphyromonas gingivalis peptidyl arginine deiminase and gingipain R in human health and diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:987683. [PMID: 36250046 PMCID: PMC9559808 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.987683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major pathogenic bacterium involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Citrullination has been reported as the underlying mechanism of the pathogenesis, which relies on the interplay between two virulence factors of the bacterium, namely gingipain R and the bacterial peptidyl arginine deiminase. Gingipain R cleaves host proteins to expose the C-terminal arginines for peptidyl arginine deiminase to citrullinate and generate citrullinated proteins. Apart from carrying out citrullination in the periodontium, the bacterium is found capable of citrullinating proteins present in the host synovial tissues, atherosclerotic plaques and neurons. Studies have suggested that both virulence factors are the key factors that trigger distal effects mediated by citrullination, leading to the development of some non-communicable diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer’s disease. Thus, inhibition of these virulence factors not only can mitigate periodontitis, but also can provide new therapeutic solutions for systematic diseases involving bacterial citrullination. Herein, we described both these proteins in terms of their unique structural conformations and biological relevance to different human diseases. Moreover, investigations of inhibitory actions on the enzymes are also enumerated. New approaches for identifying inhibitors for peptidyl arginine deiminase through drug repurposing and virtual screening are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoke Chan Chow
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hok Chai Yam
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Baskaran Gunasekaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Weng Yeen Lai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Weng Yue Wo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Tarun Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Guntur, India
| | - Yien Yien Ong
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siew Lee Cheong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Sheri-Ann Tan, ; Siew Lee Cheong,
| | - Sheri-Ann Tan
- Department of Bioscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Sheri-Ann Tan, ; Siew Lee Cheong,
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Śmiga M, Smalley JW, Ślęzak P, Brown JL, Siemińska K, Jenkins RE, Yates EA, Olczak T. Glycation of Host Proteins Increases Pathogenic Potential of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222112084. [PMID: 34769513 PMCID: PMC8585099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222112084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-enzymatic addition of glucose (glycation) to circulatory and tissue proteins is a ubiquitous pathophysiological consequence of hyperglycemia in diabetes. Given the high incidence of periodontitis and diabetes and the emerging link between these conditions, it is of crucial importance to define the basic virulence mechanisms employed by periodontopathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis in mediating the disease process. The aim of this study was to determine whether glycated proteins are more easily utilized by P. gingivalis to stimulate growth and promote the pathogenic potential of this bacterium. We analyzed the properties of three commonly encountered proteins in the periodontal environment that are known to become glycated and that may serve as either protein substrates or easily accessible heme sources. In vitro glycated proteins were characterized using colorimetric assays, mass spectrometry, far- and near-UV circular dichroism and UV–visible spectroscopic analyses and SDS-PAGE. The interaction of glycated hemoglobin, serum albumin and type one collagen with P. gingivalis cells or HmuY protein was examined using spectroscopic methods, SDS-PAGE and co-culturing P. gingivalis with human keratinocytes. We found that glycation increases the ability of P. gingivalis to acquire heme from hemoglobin, mostly due to heme sequestration by the HmuY hemophore-like protein. We also found an increase in biofilm formation on glycated collagen-coated abiotic surfaces. We conclude that glycation might promote the virulence of P. gingivalis by making heme more available from hemoglobin and facilitating bacterial biofilm formation, thus increasing P. gingivalis pathogenic potential in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Śmiga
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (M.Ś.); (P.Ś.); (K.S.)
| | - John W. Smalley
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Liverpool, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5PS, UK; (J.W.S.); (J.L.B.)
| | - Paulina Ślęzak
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (M.Ś.); (P.Ś.); (K.S.)
| | - Jason L. Brown
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Liverpool, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5PS, UK; (J.W.S.); (J.L.B.)
| | - Klaudia Siemińska
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (M.Ś.); (P.Ś.); (K.S.)
| | - Rosalind E. Jenkins
- CDSS Bioanalytical Facility, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK;
| | - Edwin A. Yates
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK;
| | - Teresa Olczak
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (M.Ś.); (P.Ś.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence:
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