1
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Teng KX, Zhang D, Liu BK, Liu ZF, Niu LY, Yang QZ. Photo-Induced Disproportionation-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy: Simultaneous Oxidation of Tetrahydrobiopterin and Generation of Superoxide Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318783. [PMID: 38258371 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
We herein present an approach of photo-induced disproportionation for preparation of Type-I photodynamic agents. As a proof of concept, BODIPY-based photosensitizers were rationally designed and prepared. The photo-induced intermolecular electron transfer between homotypic chromophores leads to the disproportionation reaction, resulting in the formation of charged intermediates, cationic and anionic radicals. The cationic radicals efficiently oxidize the cellularimportant coenzyme, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4 ), and the anionic radicals transfer electrons to oxygen to produce superoxide radicals (O2 - ⋅). One of our Type-I photodynamic agents not only self-assembles in water but also effectively targets the endoplasmic reticulum. It displayed excellent photocytotoxicity even in highly hypoxic environments (2 % O2 ), with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) of 0.96 μM, and demonstrated outstanding antitumor efficacy in murine models bearing HeLa tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Xu Teng
- Institution Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Institution Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, P. R. China
| | - Bin-Kai Liu
- Institution Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Fei Liu
- Institution Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Li-Ya Niu
- Institution Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Zheng Yang
- Institution Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
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2
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Zhong K, Zhang Z, Cheng W, Liu G, Zhang X, Zhang J, Sun S, Wang B. Photodynamic O 2 Economizer Encapsulated with DNAzyme for Enhancing Mitochondrial Gene-Photodynamic Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2302495. [PMID: 38056018 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Emerging research suggests that mitochondrial DNA is a potential target for cancer treatment. However, achieving precise delivery of deoxyribozymes (DNAzymes) and combining photodynamic therapy (PDT) and DNAzyme-based gene silencing together for enhancing mitochondrial gene-photodynamic synergistic therapy remains challenging. Accordingly, herein, intelligent supramolecular nanomicelles are constructed by encapsulating a DNAzyme into a photodynamic O2 economizer for mitochondrial NO gas-enhanced synergistic gene-photodynamic therapy. The designed nanomicelles demonstrate sensitive acid- and red-light sequence-activated behaviors. After entering the cancer cells and targeting the mitochondria, these micelles will disintegrate and release the DNAzyme and Mn (II) porphyrin in the tumor microenvironment. Mn (II) porphyrin acts as a DNAzyme cofactor to activate the DNAzyme for the cleavage reaction. Subsequently, the NO-carrying donor is decomposed under red light irradiation to generate NO that inhibits cellular respiration, facilitating the conversion of more O2 into singlet oxygen (1 O2 ) in the tumor cells, thereby significantly enhancing the efficacy of PDT. In vitro and in vivo experiments reveal that the proposed system can efficiently target mitochondria and exhibits considerable antitumor effects with negligible systemic toxicity. Thus, this study provides a useful conditional platform for the precise delivery of DNAzymes and a novel strategy for activatable NO gas-enhanced mitochondrial gene-photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaipeng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, 810008, China
| | - Zefan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Wenyuan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Guangyao Liu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, P. R. China
- Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, P. R. China
| | - Shihao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Baodui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
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3
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Wang CS, Xue HB, Zhuang L, Sun HP, Zheng H, Wang S, He S, Luo XB. Developing Single-Atomic Manganese Nanozymes for Synergistic Mild Photothermal/Multienzymatic Therapy. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:49289-49301. [PMID: 38162771 PMCID: PMC10753745 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Synergistic mild photothermal/nanozyme therapy with outstanding hyperthermia performance and excellent multienzyme properties is highly needed for osteosarcoma treatment. Herein, we have developed efficient single-atom nanozymes (SANs) consisting of Mn sites atomically dispersed on nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets (denoted as Mn-SANs) for synergistic mild photothermal/multienzymatic therapy against osteosarcoma. Benefiting from their black N-doped carbon nanosheet matrices, Mn-SANs showed an excellent NIR-II-triggered photothermal effect. On the other hand, Mn-SANs with atomically dispersed Mn sites have outstanding multienzyme activities. Mn-SANs can catalyze endogenous H2O2 in osteosarcoma into O2 by catalase (CAT)-like activity, which can effectively ease osteosarcoma hypoxia and trigger the oxidase (OXD)-like catalysis that converts O2 to the cytotoxic superoxide anion radical (•O2-). At the same time, Mn-SANs can also mimic glutathione oxidase (GSHOx) to effectively consume the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) in osteosarcoma and inhibit intracellular glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) expression. Such intratumoral •O2- production, GSH depletion, and GPX4 inactivation mediated by Mn-SANs can create a large accumulation of lipid peroxides (LPO) and •O2-, leading to oxidative stress and disrupting the redox homeostasis in osteosarcoma cells, which can ultimately induce osteosarcoma cell death. More importantly, heat shock proteins (HSPs) can be significantly destroyed via Mn-SAN-mediated plentiful LPO and •O2- generation, thus effectively impairing osteosarcoma cells resistant to mild photothermal therapy. Overall, through the cooperative effect of chemical processes (boosting •O2-, consuming GSH, and enhancing LPO) and biological processes (inactivating GPX4 and hindering HSPs), collaborative mild photothermal/multienzymatic therapy mediated by Mn-SANs is a promising strategy for efficient osteosarcoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cun-shuo Wang
- Department
of Graduate, Hebei North University, No. 11 Diamond South Road, High-tech
Zone, Zhangjiakou 075000, Hebei, China
- Department
of Orthopedics, The Eighth Medical Center
of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Hai-bin Xue
- Department
of Orthopedics, The Eighth Medical Center
of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
- Department
of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center
of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Liang Zhuang
- School
of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and
Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hai-peng Sun
- Department
of Graduate, Hebei North University, No. 11 Diamond South Road, High-tech
Zone, Zhangjiakou 075000, Hebei, China
- Department
of Orthopedics, The Eighth Medical Center
of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Hua Zheng
- Department
of Graduate, Hebei North University, No. 11 Diamond South Road, High-tech
Zone, Zhangjiakou 075000, Hebei, China
- Department
of Orthopedics, The Eighth Medical Center
of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department
of Orthopedics, The Eighth Medical Center
of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
- Department
of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center
of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Shan He
- School
of Light Industry, Beijing Technology and
Business University, 11 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xiao-bo Luo
- Department
of Orthopedics, The Eighth Medical Center
of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China
- Department
of Orthopedics, The Fourth Medical Center
of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100037, China
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4
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Wu X, Yang J, Xing J, Lyu Y, Zou R, Wang X, Yao J, Zhang D, Qi D, Shao G, Wu A, Li J. Using host-guest interactions at the interface of quantum dots to load drug molecules for biocompatible, safe, and effective chemo-photodynamic therapy against cancer. J Mater Chem B 2023. [PMID: 37161740 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb00592e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Combining photodynamic therapy (PDT) and chemotherapy (CHT) by loading an anti-cancer drug and a photosensitizer (PS) into the same delivery nanosystem has been proposed as an effective approach to achieve synergistic effects for a safe cancer treatment. However, exploring an ideal delivery nanosystem has been challenging, because the noncovalent interactions must be maintained between the multiple components to produce a stable yet responsive nanostructure that takes into account the encapsulation of drug molecules. We addressed this issue by engineering the interfacial interaction between Ag2S quantum dots (QDs) using a pillararene derivative to direct the co-self-assembly of the entire system. The high surface area-to-volume ratio of the Ag2S QDs provided ample hydrophobic space to accommodate the anti-drug molecule doxrubicine. Moreover, Ag2S QDs served as PSs triggered by 808 nm near-infrared (NIR) light and also as carriers for high-efficiency delivery of drug molecules to the tumor site. Drug release experiments showed smart drug release under the acidic microenvironments (pH 5.5) in tumor cells. Additionally, the Ag2S QDs demonstrated outstanding PDT ability under NIR light, as confirmed by extracellular and intracellular reactive oxygen species generation. Significant treatment efficacy of the chemo-photodynamic synergistic therapy for cancer using the co-delivery system was demonstrated via in vitro and in vivo studies. These findings suggest that our system offers intelligent control of CHT and PDT, which will provide a promising strategy for constructing hybrid systems with synergistic effects for advanced applications in biomedicine, catalysis, and optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Wu
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Jinghui Yang
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Jie Xing
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo 315201, China.
| | - Yonglei Lyu
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Ruifen Zou
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo 315201, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Junlie Yao
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo 315201, China.
| | - Dinghu Zhang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Dawei Qi
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Guoliang Shao
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Aiguo Wu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, International Cooperation Base of Biomedical Materials Technology and Application, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, CAS, 1219 ZhongGuan West Road, Ningbo 315201, China.
| | - Jianwei Li
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Fine Chem, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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5
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Chao S, Shen Z, Li B, Pei Y, Pei Z. An L-arginine-functionalized pillar[5]arene-based supramolecular photosensitizer for synergistically enhanced cancer therapeutic effectiveness. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3455-3458. [PMID: 36866731 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00123g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
An L-arginine-functionalized pillar[5]arene-based supramolecular photosensitizer LAP5⊃NBSPD was constructed by host-guest interactions, which could self-assemble into nano-micelles to achieve effective delivery and selective release of LAP5 and NBS in cancer cells. In vitro studies revealed that LAP5⊃NBSPD NPs exhibited excellent cancer cell membrane disruption and ROS generation properties, which provides a novel route for synergistically enhanced cancer therapeutic effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China.
- College of Plant protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Ziyan Shen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China.
| | - Bowen Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China.
| | - Yuxin Pei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China.
| | - Zhichao Pei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China.
- College of Plant protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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6
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Li Z, Shen Z, Pei Y, Chao S, Pei Z. Covalently bridged pillararene-based polymers: structures, synthesis, and applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:989-1005. [PMID: 36621829 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05594e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Covalently bridged pillararene-based polymers (CBPPs) are a special class of macrocycle-based polymers in which multiple pillararene monomers are attached to the polymer structures by covalent bonds. Owing to the unique molecular structures including the connection components or the spatial structures, CBPPs have become increasingly popular in applications ranging from environmental science to biomedical science. In this review, CBPPs are divided into three types (linear polymers, grafted polymers, and cross-linked polymers) according to their structural characteristics and described from the perspective of synthesis methods comprehensively. In addition, the applications of CBPPs are presented, including selective adsorption and separation, fluorescence sensing and detection, construction of supramolecular gels, anticancer drug delivery, artificial light-harvesting, catalysis, and others. Finally, the current challenging issues and comprehensive prospects of CBPPs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanghuan Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China.
| | - Ziyan Shen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China.
| | - Yuxin Pei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China.
| | - Shuang Chao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China. .,College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Zhichao Pei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China. .,College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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7
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Tumor microenvironment dual-responsive nanovesicles from one functional group based on a water-soluble xanthate capped pillar[5]arene for enhancing the effect of chemotherapy. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Dai X, Huo M, Zhang B, Liu Z, Liu Y. Folic Acid-Modified Cyclodextrin Multivalent Supramolecular Assembly for Photodynamic Therapy. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:3549-3559. [PMID: 35921592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The construction of supramolecular multivalent assemblies with unique photoluminescence behaviors and biological functions has become a research hot spot recently in the biomaterial field. Herein, we report an adaptive supramolecular assembly via a multivalent co-assembly strategy prepared in two stages by using an adamantane-connected pyrenyl pyridinium derivative (APA2), sulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine (PcS), and folic acid-modified β-cyclodextrin (FA-CD) for efficient dual-organelle targeted photodynamic cancer cell ablation. Benefiting from π-π and electrostatic interactions, APA2 and PcS could first assemble into non-fluorescent irregular nanoaggregates because of the heterodimer aggregation-induced quenching and then secondarily assemble with FA-CD to afford targeted spherical nanoparticles (NPs) with an average diameter of around 50 nm, which could be specifically taken up by HeLa cancer cells through endocytosis in comparison with 293T normal cells. Intriguingly, such multivalent NPs could adaptively disaggregate in an intracellular physiological environment of cancer cells and further respectively and selectively accumulate in mitochondria and lysosomes, which not only displayed near-infrared two-organelle localization in situ but also aroused efficient singlet oxygen generation under light irradiation to effectively eliminate cancer cells up to 99%. This supramolecular multivalent assembly with an adaptive feature in a specific cancer cell environment provides a feasible strategy for precise organelle-targeted imaging and an efficiently synergetic photodynamic effect in situ for cancer cell ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyin Dai
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Man Huo
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300071, P. R. China
| | - Zhixue Liu
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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9
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Sun G, Zuo M, Xu Z, Wang K, Wang L, Hu XY. Orthogonal Design of Supramolecular Prodrug Vesicles via Water-Soluble Pillar[5]arene and Betulinic Acid Derivative for Dual Chemotherapy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:3320-3328. [PMID: 35486958 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular prodrug vesicles with efficient property for dual chemotherapy have been successfully constructed based on the orthogonal self-assembly between a water-soluble pillar[5]arene host (WP5) and a betulinic acid guest (BA-D) as well as doxorubicin (DOX). Under the acidic microenvironment of cancer cells, both the encapsulated anticancer drug DOX and prodrug BA-D can be effectively released from DOX-loaded WP5⊃BA-D prodrug vesicles for combinational chemotherapy. Furthermore, bioexperiments indicate that DOX-loaded prodrug vesicles can obviously enhance the anticancer efficiency based on the cooperative effect of DOX and BA-D, while remarkably reducing the systematic toxicity in tumor-mice, displaying great potential applications in combinational chemotherapy for cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Minzan Zuo
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China
| | - Zuqiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kaiya Wang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China
| | - Leyong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of MOE, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Hu
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China
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10
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Shi B, Zhao X, Chai Y, Qin P, Qu W, Lin Q, Zhang Y. Detection of L‐Aspartic Acid and L‐Glutamic Acid in Water Using a Fluorescent Nanoparticle Constructed by Pillar[5]arene‐Based Molecular Recognition. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Shi
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Eco-environmental Polymer Materials of Gansu Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou Gansu 730070 P. R. China
| | - Xing‐Xing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Eco-environmental Polymer Materials of Gansu Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou Gansu 730070 P. R. China
| | - Yongping Chai
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Eco-environmental Polymer Materials of Gansu Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou Gansu 730070 P. R. China
| | - Peng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Eco-environmental Polymer Materials of Gansu Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou Gansu 730070 P. R. China
| | - Wen‐Juan Qu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Eco-environmental Polymer Materials of Gansu Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou Gansu 730070 P. R. China
| | - Qi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Eco-environmental Polymer Materials of Gansu Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou Gansu 730070 P. R. China
| | - You‐Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Eco-environmental Polymer Materials of Gansu Province College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwest Normal University Lanzhou Gansu 730070 P. R. China
- Gansu Natural Energy Research Institute Lanzhou Gansu 730046 P. R. China
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11
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Chi G, Lv Y, Chao S, Hou C, Pei Y, Pei Z. Glyconanoparticles with Activatable Near-Infrared Probes for Tumor-Cell Imaging and Targeted Drug Delivery. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:1567-1575. [PMID: 35401000 PMCID: PMC8985912 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s337082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multifunctional nanocarriers based on tumor targeting and intracellular monitoring have received much attention and been a subject of intensive study by researchers in recent years. In this study, we report multifunctional glyconanoparticles with activatable near-infrared probes for tumor imaging and targeted drug delivery. Methods Disulfide-functionalized dicyanomethylene-4H-pyran (DCM-SS-NH2) and amino-functionalized lactose were modified and loaded onto the surfaces of polydopamine nanoparticles (NPs) by Michael addition or Schiff-base reaction as GSH stimulation–responsive fluorescent probes and tumor-targeting moieties, respectively. Doxorubicin (DOX), a model anticancer drug, was loaded onto polydopamine through π–π interactions directly to prepare multifunctional PLDD (PDA@Lac/DCM/DOX) NPs. Results Experimental results showed that PLDD NPs had been successfully prepared. DCM, the fluorescence of which was quenched in PLDD NPs, was able to restore red fluorescence in a solution with a GSH concentration of 5 mM. The amount of DOX released from PLDD NPs was 44% over 72 hours in a weak-acid environment (pH 5). The results of CLSM and flow cytometry indicated that the PLDD NPs had good HepG2-targeting ability due to the special recognition between lactose derivative of NPs and overexpressed asialoglycoprotein receptors on HepG2 cell membrane. More importantly, the disulfide bond of DCM-SS-NH2 was broken by the high concentration of GSH inside cancer cells, activating the near-infrared fluorescence probe DCM for cancer-cell imaging. MTT assays indicated that PLDD NPs exhibited higher anticancer efficiency for HepG2 cells and had reduced side effects on normal cells compared with free DOX. Conclusion The fluorescence of modified DCM loaded onto PLDD NPs is able to be restored in the high-concentration GSH environment within cancer cells, while improving the effectiveness of chemotherapy with reduced side effects. It provides a good example of integration of tumor imaging and targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Chi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinghua Lv
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuang Chao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenxi Hou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Pei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhichao Pei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Zhichao Pei, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi712100, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax +86 29 8709-2769, Email
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12
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Yu XT, Sui SY, He YX, Yu CH, Peng Q. Nanomaterials-based photosensitizers and delivery systems for photodynamic cancer therapy. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 135:212725. [PMID: 35929205 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The increasing cancer morbidity and mortality requires the development of high-efficiency and low-toxicity anticancer approaches. In recent years, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has attracted much attention in cancer therapy due to its non-invasive features and low side effects. Photosensitizer (PS) is one of the key factors of PDT, and its successful delivery largely determines the outcome of PDT. Although a few PS molecules have been approved for clinical use, PDT is still limited by the low stability and poor tumor targeting capacity of PSs. Various nanomaterial systems have shown great potentials in improving PDT, such as metal nanoparticles, graphene-based nanomaterials, liposomes, ROS-sensitive nanocarriers and supramolecular nanomaterials. The small molecular PSs can be loaded in functional nanomaterials to enhance the PS stability and tumor targeted delivery, and some functionalized nanomaterials themselves can be directly used as PSs. Herein, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of PDT, and summarize the recent progress of nanomaterials-based PSs and delivery systems in anticancer PDT. In addition, the concerns of nanomaterials-based PDT including low tumor targeting capacity, limited light penetration, hypoxia and nonspecific protein corona formation are discussed. The possible solutions to these concerns are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shang-Yan Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yu-Xuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chen-Hao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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13
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Xu B, Li S, Zheng L, Liu Y, Han A, Zhang J, Huang Z, Xie H, Fan K, Gao L, Liu H. A Bioinspired Five-Coordinated Single-Atom Iron Nanozyme for Tumor Catalytic Therapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107088. [PMID: 35102632 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Single-atom nanozymes (SAzymes) represent a new research frontier in the biomedical fields. The rational design and controllable synthesis of SAzymes with well-defined electronic and geometric structures are essential for maximizing their enzyme-like catalytic activity and therapeutic efficacy but remain challenging. Here, a melamine-mediated pyrolysis activation strategy is reported for the controllable fabrication of iron-based SAzyme containing five-coordinated structure (FeN5 ), identified by transmission electron microscopy imaging and X-ray absorption fine structure analyses. The FeN5 SAzyme exhibits superior peroxidase-like activity owing to the optimized coordination structure, and the corresponding catalytic efficiency of Fe-species in the FeN5 SAzyme is 7.64 and 3.45 × 105 times higher than those in traditional FeN4 SAzyme and Fe3 O4 nanozyme, respectively, demonstrated by steady-state kinetic assay. In addition, the catalytic mechanism is jointly disclosed by experimental results and density functional theory studies. The as-synthesized FeN5 SAzyme demonstrates significantly enhanced antitumor effect in vitro and in vivo due to the excellent peroxidase-like activity under tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolong Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Bionanomaterials & Translational Engineering Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Bionanomaterials & Translational Engineering Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Lirong Zheng
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yunhang Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Bionanomaterials & Translational Engineering Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Along Han
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Bionanomaterials & Translational Engineering Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Bionanomaterials & Translational Engineering Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhijun Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Haijiao Xie
- Hangzhou Yanqu Information Technology Co. Ltd, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Kelong Fan
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lizeng Gao
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceutical, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Huiyu Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Bionanomaterials & Translational Engineering Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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14
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Wang Y, Li J, Chen Z, Pu L, Pei Z, Pei Y. A GLUTs/GSH cascade targeting-responsive bioprobe for the detection of circulating tumor cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3945-3948. [PMID: 35244637 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00566b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A GLUTs/GSH cascade targeting-responsive bioprobe, GluCC, was rationally designed and synthesized for the first time via the coordination of copper ions with a glucose-modified coumarin derivative ligand (GluC). GluCC can specifically detect circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in lung metastatic mice models by targeting the Warburg effect and responding to overexpressed glutathione in the tumor microenvironment. This bioprobe with a simple detection procedure has significant advantages for CTC detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China.
| | - Jiahui Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China.
| | - Zelong Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China.
| | - Liang Pu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China.
| | - Zhichao Pei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China.
| | - Yuxin Pei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China.
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15
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Shen Z, Ma N, Wang F, Ren J, Hou C, Chao S, Pei Y, Pei Z. pH- and H2O2-sensitive drug delivery system based on sodium xanthate: Dual-responsive supramolecular vesicles from one functional group. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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16
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He J, Xia K, Zhao B, Song W, Zheng Y, Xiao G, Wu H, Zheng N. Codelivery of High-Molecular-Weight Poly-porphyrins and HIF-1α Inhibitors for In Vivo Synergistic Anticancer Therapy. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4783-4793. [PMID: 34623134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is showing great potential in the treatment of cancer diseases, and photosensitizers play crucial roles in absorbing the energy of light and generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) during PDT. Most of the photosensitizers bearing macrocyclic structures have strong hydrophobicity and suffer from the π-π interaction and undesired aggregation caused quenching (ACQ), which severely limit the PDT efficacy. Moreover, the continuous oxygen consumption during PDT also leads to the upregulated expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which can aggravate the growth of tumors. To overcome the abovementioned problems, polymerized photosensitizers repelled by flexible thioketal linkers were designed and synthesized using a multicomponent polymerization (MCP) method to afford the poly-porphyrins with high molecular weight (Mw > 20 000 g/mol) under room temperature. The ACQ effect could be significantly inhibited by introducing flexible chains and increasing Mw, leading to the improvement in the singlet oxygen quantum yield and phototoxicity simultaneously. An HIF-1α inhibitor, Lificiguat (YC-1) was synthesized as a chemodrug and codelivered with poly-porphyrins to decrease the expression of HIF-1α and inhibit tumor growth under hypoxia. With the synergistic PDT and chemotherapy, poly-porphyrin/YC-1 micelles showed excellent therapeutic antitumor efficacy both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnan He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Kangkai Xia
- School of Bioengineering & Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Disease, Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Binggong Zhao
- School of Bioengineering & Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Disease, Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Wangze Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Yubin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Guishan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Huijian Wu
- School of Bioengineering & Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Disease, Liaoning Province, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Nan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
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Chao S, Shen Z, Pei Y, Pei Z. Covalently bridged pillararene-based oligomers: from construction to applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10983-10997. [PMID: 34604891 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04547d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Covalently bridged pillararene-based oligomers (CBPOs) are formed by covalent bonding of pillararene monomers, and they play a critical role in expanding the multi-disciplinary application of pillararenes due to their excellent molecular complexing ability, specially designed geometry and multifunctional linking groups. This article provides a comprehensive review of the synthesis and applications of CBPOs. The design and synthetic strategies of a series of CBPOs (dimers, trimers, tetramers and others) are first introduced. Many CBPOs with multi-cavities and unique geometry are very attractive and efficient building blocks for constructing novel smart supramolecular polymers (SPs) with different topological structures through host-guest interactions. We describe the methods of constructing various SPs based on CBPOs in detail. Furthermore, the extensive applications of CBPOs and CBPO-based SPs in recognition and detection of ions and organic small molecules, selective adsorption and separation, artificial light-harvesting systems, catalysis, drug delivery systems, and others are systematically introduced. Finally, the future challenges and perspectives for CBPOs are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China.
| | - Ziyan Shen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China.
| | - Yuxin Pei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China.
| | - Zhichao Pei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P. R. China.
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