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Xu MY, Jiang WT, Xia MZ, An ZL, Xie XY, Xiao B. Orthogonal sp 3-Ge/B Bimetallic Modules: Enantioselective Construction and Enantiospecific Cross-Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317284. [PMID: 38342760 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a series of enantioenriched sp3-Ge/B bimetallic modules were successfully synthesized via an enantioselective copper-catalyzed hydroboration of carbagermatrane (Ge)-containing alkenes. Orthogonal cross-coupling selectivity under different Pd-catalyzed conditions was achieved in an enantiospecific manner. Notably, the chiral secondary Ge exhibited a remarkable transmetallation ability prior to primary or secondary Bpin. The effectiveness of this Ge/B bimetallic strategy was further demonstrated through the development of new functional small molecules with Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE) and Circularly Polarized Luminescence (CPL) performance. This represents the first successful example of synthesis of enantioenriched alkylgermanium reagents that permit enantiospecific cross-coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, 235000, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Tao Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Ming-Zhi Xia
- Key Laboratory of Green and Precise Synthetic Chemistry and Applications, Ministry of Education, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, 235000, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Long An
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xiu-Ying Xie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Bin Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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2
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Han AC, Xiao LJ, Zhou QL. Construction of Ge-Stereogenic Center by Desymmetric Carbene Insertion of Dihydrogermanes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5643-5649. [PMID: 38327018 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
We developed a method for the enantioselective synthesis of germanium-stereogenic compounds by the desymmetric carbene insertion of dihydrogermanes. A chiral rhodium phosphate catalyst decomposes diaryldiazo-methanes to generate rhodium carbenes that insert enantioselectively into one of the two Ge-H bonds of dihydrogermanes to form germanium-stereogenic compounds under mild reaction conditions. By this method, a variety of chiral germanes with germanium-stereogenic centers were synthesized in high yields and excellent enantioselectivities. Kinetic studies of the reaction showed that the diazo decomposition process was the rate-determining step. The remaining Ge-H bond of the chiral germane products provides a possibility for preparing chiral tetra-substituted germanium-stereogenic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Cui Han
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Li-Jun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qi-Lin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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3
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Rogova T, Ahrweiler E, Schoetz MD, Schoenebeck F. Recent Developments with Organogermanes: their Preparation and Application in Synthesis and Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314709. [PMID: 37899306 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Within the sphere of traditional Pd0 /PdII cross coupling reactions, organogermanes have been historically outperformed both in terms of scope and reactivity by more conventional transmetalating reagents. Subsequently, this class of compounds has been largely underutilized as a coupling partner in bond-forming strategies. Most recent studies, however, have shown that alternative modes of activation of these notoriously robust building blocks transform organogermanes into the most reactive site of the molecule-capable of outcompeting other functional groups (such as boronic acids, esters and silanes) for both C-C and C-heteroatom bond formation. As a result, over the past few years, the literature has increasingly featured methodologies that explore the potential of organogermanes as chemoselective and orthogonal coupling partners. Herein we highlight some of these recent advances in the field of organogermane chemistry both with respect to their synthesis and applications in synthetic and catalytic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Rogova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eric Ahrweiler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus D Schoetz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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4
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Nishide T, Nakanishi W, Hayashi S. Intrinsic dynamic and static natures of APn--X +-- BPn σ(3c-4e) type interactions ( APn = BPn = N, P, As and Sb; X = H, F, Cl, Br and I) in bicyclo[3.3.3] and bicyclo[4.4.4] systems and their behaviour, elucidated with QTAIM dual functional analysis. RSC Adv 2024; 14:5675-5689. [PMID: 38357033 PMCID: PMC10865089 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08926f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic dynamic and static natures of APn--X+--BPn (APn = BPn: N, P, As and Sb; X = H, F, Cl, Br and I) in 1a+-8c+ were elucidated with the quantum theory of atoms-in-molecules dual functional analysis (QTAIM-DFA). Species 1a+-8c+ were formed by incorporating X+ between APn and BPn of APn(CH2CH2CH2)3BPn (1-4) and APn(CH2CH2CH2CH2)3BPn (5-8). The relative stabilities between the symmetric and nonsymmetric structures along with their transition states were investigated. Various natures from typical hydrogen bonds (t-HB) to classical covalent bonds were predicted for the APn-X/BPn-X interactions in APn--X+--BPn with QTAIM-DFA. The secondary interactions of H-H and X-C were also detected. The vdW to molecular complexes through charge transfer natures were predicted for them. Natural bond orbital analysis clarified that the CT terms were caused by not only n(APn)→ σ*(X-BPn) but also σ(APn-C)→σ*(X-BPn), σ(APn-C/BPn-C)→np(X+) and n(X)→ns(Pn+). The direction and magnitude of the p-character of n(APn) were the factors that determined the types of donor-acceptor interactions. Estimating the order of the interaction strengths was attempted. The σ(3c-4e) characters of APn--X+--BPn were also examined by analysing the charge distributions on APn--X+--BPn. These results would provide fundamentally important insight into designing molecules with high functionality containing X+ in symmetric and nonsymmetric structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Nishide
- Faculty of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University 930 Sakaedani Wakayama 640-8510 Japan
| | - Waro Nakanishi
- Faculty of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University 930 Sakaedani Wakayama 640-8510 Japan
| | - Satoko Hayashi
- Faculty of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University 930 Sakaedani Wakayama 640-8510 Japan
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5
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Dahiya A, Schoetz MD, Schoenebeck F. Orthogonal Olefination with Organogermanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310380. [PMID: 37698171 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Reported herein is a fully orthogonal olefination, which involves the site- and E-selective coupling of aryl germanes with alkenes, tolerating otherwise widely employed coupling handles such as aromatic (pseudo)halogens (C-I, C-Br, C-Cl, C-F, C-OTf, C-OSO2 F), silanes and boronic acid derivatives as well as alternative functionalities. This unprecedented [Ge]-based oxidative Heck coupling proceeds at room temperature with high speed (10 min to 2 hours) and operational simplicity owing to its base-free and air-tolerant features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Dahiya
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Markus D Schoetz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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6
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Xiong J, Yan M, Jin L, Song W, Xiao L, Xu D, Zhai C, Stephan DW, Guo J. B(C 6F 5) 3-catalyzed hydrogermylation of enones: a facile route to germacycles. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8098-8101. [PMID: 37800180 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01402a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Organogermacycles are important skeletons for medicinal chemistry and materials. Herein, we reported a B(C6F5)3 mediated domino hydrogermylation reaction of enones with dihydrogermanes, affording 21 variants of organogermacycle compounds. These germacyclic compounds were obtained in good to excellent yields (up to 99% yield) under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangkun Xiong
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China.
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Maying Yan
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Lvnan Jin
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Weihong Song
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Lei Xiao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Dong Xu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Chunyang Zhai
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Douglas W Stephan
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Jing Guo
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China.
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7
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Dahiya A, Gevondian AG, Selmani A, Schoenebeck F. Site-Selective Nitration of Aryl Germanes at Room Temperature. Org Lett 2023; 25:7209-7213. [PMID: 37751597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
We report a site-selective ipso-nitration of aryl germanes in the presence of boronic esters, silanes, halogens, and additional functionalities. The protocol is characterized by operational simplicity, proceeds at room temperature, and is enabled by [Ru(bpy)3](PF6)2/blue light photocatalysis. Owing to the exquisite robustness of the [Ge] functionality, nitrations of alternative functional handles in the presence of the germane are also feasible, as showcased herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Dahiya
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Avetik G Gevondian
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Aymane Selmani
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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8
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Menchikov LG, Popov AV. Physiological Activity of Trace Element Germanium including Anticancer Properties. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1535. [PMID: 37371629 PMCID: PMC10295216 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Germanium is an essential microelement, and its deficiency can result in numerous diseases, particularly oncogenic conditions. Consequently, water-soluble germanium compounds, including inorganic and coordination compounds, have attracted significant attention due to their biological activity. The review analyzes the primary research from the last decade related to the anticancer activity of germanium compounds. Furthermore, the review clarifies their actual toxicity, identifies errors and misconceptions that have contributed to the discrediting of their biological activity, and briefly suggests a putative mechanism of germanium-mediated protection from oxidative stress. Finally, the review provides clarifications on the discovery history of water-soluble organic germanium compounds, which was distorted and suppressed for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid G. Menchikov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anatoliy V. Popov
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Anatomy Chemistry Building, Rm 317, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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9
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Glowacki-Pallach B, Lutter M, Schollmeyer D, Hiller W, Jouikov V, Jurkschat K. Extending Chirality in Group XIV Metallatranes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:7662-7680. [PMID: 37156016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The syntheses of the racemic amino alcohol rac-N(CH2CMe2OH)(CMe2CH2OH)(CH2CHMeOH) (L22'1*H3, 2) and its representative N(CH2CMe2OH)(CMe2CH2OH)(CH2C(R)HMeOH) (L22'1RH3, 3) with the stereogenic carbon center being R-configured are reported. Also reported are the stannatranes L22'1*SnOt-Bu (4) L22'1RSnOt-Bu (6) and germatranes L22'1*GeOEt (5) and L22'1RGeOEt (7) as well as the trinuclear tin oxocluster [(μ3-O)(μ3-O-t-Bu){SnL22'1R}3] (8). NMR and IR spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS), and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis characterize these compounds. Computational studies accompany the experimental work and help understand the diastereoselectivity observed in the course of the metallatrane syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Glowacki-Pallach
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Lutter
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolf Hiller
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Klaus Jurkschat
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
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10
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Brösamlen D, Oestreich M. Enantio- and Regioconvergent Synthesis of γ-Stereogenic Vinyl Germanes and Their Use as Masked Vinyl Halides. Org Lett 2023; 25:1901-1906. [PMID: 36960614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
A nickel-catalyzed enantio- and regioconvergent alkylation of regioisomeric mixtures of racemic germylated allylic electrophiles with alkyl nucleophiles is reported. Key to success is a newly developed hept-4-yl-substituted Pybox ligand that enables accessing various chiral γ-germyl α-alkyl allylic building blocks in excellent yields and enantioselectivities. The reason for the regioconvergence is the steering effect of the bulky germyl group. The resulting vinyl germanes can be easily halodegermylated without racemization of the allylic stereocenter to afford synthetically valuable γ-stereogenic vinyl halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brösamlen
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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11
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Haas R, Nikel PI. Challenges and opportunities in bringing nonbiological atoms to life with synthetic metabolism. Trends Biotechnol 2023; 41:27-45. [PMID: 35786519 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The relatively narrow spectrum of chemical elements within the microbial 'biochemical palate' limits the reach of biotechnology, because several added-value compounds can only be produced with traditional organic chemistry. Synthetic biology offers enabling tools to tackle this issue by facilitating 'biologization' of non-canonical chemical atoms. The interplay between xenobiology and synthetic metabolism multiplies routes for incorporating nonbiological atoms into engineered microbes. In this review, we survey natural assimilation routes for elements beyond the essential biology atoms [i.e., carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S)], discussing how these mechanisms could be repurposed for biotechnology. Furthermore, we propose a computational framework to identify chemical elements amenable to biologization, ranking reactions suitable to build synthetic metabolism. When combined and deployed in robust microbial hosts, these approaches will offer sustainable alternatives for smart chemical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Haas
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pablo I Nikel
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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12
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Lin W, You L, Yuan W, He C. Cu-Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydrogermylation: Asymmetric Synthesis of Unnatural β-Germyl α-Amino Acids. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Lin
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Lijun You
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Chuan He
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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13
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Coto D, Barbolla I, Vicente R. Catalytic cyclopropanation reactions with α-silyl-, germanyl- and stannyl carbenes generated from cyclopropenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8416-8419. [PMID: 35796243 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03338k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Silylcyclopropenes are employed as precursors of α-silyl vinyl carbenes and trapped with alkenes. Cyclopropylsilanes were obtained in good yields with ample scope and complete regio- and diastereoselectivity. Stereoretentive protodesilylations enabled access to cis-1,2-disubstituted cyclopropanes. Cyclopropylstannanes and -germanes can also be prepared from the corresponding cyclopropenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darío Coto
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica and Instituto Universitario de Química Organometálica "Enrique Moles" Universidad de Oviedo C/Julian Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
| | - Iratxe Barbolla
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica and Instituto Universitario de Química Organometálica "Enrique Moles" Universidad de Oviedo C/Julian Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain. .,Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad del País Vasco, Apto. 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Rubén Vicente
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica and Instituto Universitario de Química Organometálica "Enrique Moles" Universidad de Oviedo C/Julian Clavería 8, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
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14
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Dahiya A, Schoenebeck F. Orthogonal and Modular Arylation of Alkynylgermanes. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit Dahiya
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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15
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Shimada S, Yin SF, Choe YK. Synthesis, structure and properties of trivalent and pentavalent tricarbabismatranes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:6614-6617. [PMID: 35583950 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00751g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first trivalent and pentavalent tricarbabismatranes were synthesized by the reaction of N(CH2{2-LiC6H4})3 with BiCl3 and subsequent reaction with XeF2, respectively. The trivalent bismatrane was easily oxidized by air, while the pentavalent bismatrane difluoride was relatively stable to air. A similar pentavalent bismatrance dichloride was prone to C-Cl bond reductive elimination even at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Shimada
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Shuang-Feng Yin
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Yoong-Kee Choe
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
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16
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Abstract
The concurrent incorporation of a germyl fragment and another functional group (beyond the hydrogen atom) across the C═C double bond is a highly appealing yet challenging task. Herein we demonstrate the efficient germyl peroxidation of alkenes with germanium hydrides and tert-butyl hydroperoxide via a copper-catalyzed three-component radical relay strategy. This protocol exhibits excellent functional group tolerance and exquisite chemo- and regioselectivity under mild conditions and represents a rare example of constructing synthetically challenging metal-embedded organic peroxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yani Luo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Boxia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Leiyang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Zhiping Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
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17
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Guo P, Pang X, Wang K, Su PF, Pan QQ, Han GY, Shen Q, Zhao ZZ, Zhang W, Shu XZ. Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Csp 3-Ge Coupling of Alkyl Bromides with Chlorogermanes. Org Lett 2022; 24:1802-1806. [PMID: 35209712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reductive cross-coupling provides facile access to organogermanes, but it remains largely unexplored. Herein we report a nickel-catalyzed reductive Csp3-Ge coupling of alkyl bromides with chlorogermanes. This work has established a new method for producing alkylgermanes. The reaction proceeds under very mild conditions and tolerates various functionalities including ether, alcohol, alkene, nitrile, amine, ester, phosphonates, amides, ketone, and aldehyde. The application of this method to the modification of bioactive molecules is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China.,School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaobo Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Pei-Feng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiu-Quan Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Guan-Yu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qian Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xing-Zhong Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China
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18
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Xu QH, Wei LP, Xiao B. Alkyl-GeMe3: Neutral Metalloid Radical Precursors upon Visible-Light Photocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202115592. [PMID: 34967484 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202115592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Single-electron transfer (SET) oxidation of ionic hypervalent complexes, representatively alkyltrifluoroborates (Alkyl-BF3-) and alkylbis(catecholato)silicates (Alkyl-Si(cat)2-), have contributed substantially to alkyl radical generation compared to alkali or alkaline earth organometallics because of their excellent activity-stability balance. Herein, we report another proposal using neutral metalloid compounds, Alkyl-GeMe3, as radical precursors. Compared to Alkyl-BF3- and Alkyl-Si(cat)2-, Alkyl-GeMe3 show comparable activity in radical addition reactions. Moreover, Alkyl-GeMe3 gives the first success of group 14 tetraalkyl nucleophiles in nickel catalyzed cross-coupling. Meanwhile, the neutral nature of these organogermanes supplemented the limination of ionic precursors in purification and derivatization. A preliminary mechanism study corresponds to the procedure that alkyl radical generates from tetraalkylgermane radical cation with the assistance of a nucleophile, which may also enlighten the development of more non-ionic alkyl radical precursors with metalloid center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hao Xu
- USTC: University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Li-Pu Wei
- USTC: University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Chemistry, CHINA
| | - Bin Xiao
- University of Science and Technology of China, Department of Chemistry, Jinzhai Road 96#, 230026, Hefei, CHINA
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19
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Xu QH, Wei LP, Xiao B. Alkyl‒GeMe3: Neutral Metalloid Radical Precursors upon Visible‐Light Photocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202115592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hao Xu
- USTC: University of Science and Technology of China Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Li-Pu Wei
- USTC: University of Science and Technology of China Department of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Bin Xiao
- University of Science and Technology of China Department of Chemistry Jinzhai Road 96# 230026 Hefei CHINA
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