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Qin Z, Li X, Dong Q, Qi K, Chen S, Zhu Y. Limiting Interfacial Free Water and Proton Concentration by Hydrogel Electrolytes for Stable MoO 3 Anode in a Proton Battery. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2400108. [PMID: 38511540 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Aqueous rechargeable proton batteries are attractive due to the small ionic radius, light mass, and ultrafast diffusion kinetics of proton as charge carriers. However, the commonly used acidic electrolyte is usually very corrosive to the electrode material, which seriously affects the cycle life of the battery. Here, it is proposed that decreasing water activity and limiting proton concentration can effectively prevent side reactions of the MoO3 anode such as corrosion and hydrogen precipitation by using a lean-water hydrogel electrolyte. The as-prepared polyacrylamide (PAAM)-poly2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (PAMPS)/MnSO4 (PPM) hydrogel electrolyte not only has abundant hydrophilic groups that can form hydrogen bonds with free water and inhibit solvent-electrode interaction, but also has fixed anions that can maintain a certain interaction with protons. The assembled MoO3||MnO2 full battery can stably cycle over 500 times for ≈350 h with an unprecedented capacity retention of 100% even at a low current density of 0.5 A g-1. This work gives a hint that limiting free water as well as proton concentration is important for the design of electrolytes or interfaces in aqueous proton batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zili Qin
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xilong Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Qi Dong
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Kaiwen Qi
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Shiyuan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yongchun Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
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2
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Liu X, Yang Z, Lu Y, Tao Z, Chen J. Recent Advances in Aqueous Non-Metallic Ion Batteries with Organic Electrodes. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2300688. [PMID: 37712198 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous non-metallic ion batteries have attracted much attention in recent years owing to their fast kinetics, long cycle life, and low manufacture cost. Organic compounds with flexible structural designability are promising electrode materials for aqueous non-metallic ion batteries. In this review, the recent progress of organic electrode materials is systematically summarized for aqueous non-metallic ion batteries with the focus on the interaction between non-metallic ion charge carriers and organic electrode host materials. Both the cations (proton, ammonium ion, and methyl viologen ions) and anions (chloridion, sulfate ion, perchlorate ion, trifluoromethanesulfonate and trifluoromethanesulfonimide ion) storage are discussed. Moreover, the design strategies toward improving the comprehensive performance of organic electrode materials in aqueous non-metallic ion batteries will be summarized. More organic electrode materials with new reaction mechanisms need to be explored to meet the diverse demands of aqueous non-metallic ion batteries with different charge carriers in the future. This review provides insights into developing high-performance organic electrodes for aqueous non-metallic ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhuo Yang
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yong Lu
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhanliang Tao
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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Hua R, Xu C, Yang H, Qu D, Zhang R, Liu D, Tang H, Li J, Qu D. Potassium-Hydrogen Hybrid Ion Alkaline Battery: A New Rechargeable Aqueous Battery Combined a K + Storage Cathode and an Electrochemical Hydrogen Storage Anode. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38597319 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c01499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
A rechargeable aqueous hybrid ion alkaline battery, using a proton and a potassium ion as charge carriers for the anode and cathode, respectively, is proposed in this study by using well-developed potassium nickel hexacyanoferrate as the cathode material and mesoporous carbon sheets as the anode material, respectively. The constructed battery operates in a concentrated KOH solution, in which the energy storage mechanism for potassium nickel hexacyanoferrate involves the redox reaction of Fe2+/Fe3+ associated with potassium ion insertion/extraction and the redox reaction of Ni(OH)2/NiOOH. The mechanism for the carbon anode is electrochemical hydrogen storage. The cathode made of potassium nickel hexacyanoferrate exhibits both an ultrahigh capacity of 232.7 mAh g-1 under 100 mA g-1 and a consistent performance of 214 mAh g-1 at 2000 mA g-1 (with a capacity retention of 92.8% after 200 cycles). The mesoporous carbon sheet anode exhibits a capacity of 87.6 mAh·g-1 at 100 mA g-1 with a good rate and cyclic performance. The full cell provides an operational voltage of 1.55 V, a capacity of 93.6 mAh g-1 at 100 mA g-1, and 82.4% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 2000 mA g-1 along with a low self-discharge rate. The investigation and discussion about the energy storage mechanisms for both electrode materials are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Hua
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Caiyun Xu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Deyu Qu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Ruiming Zhang
- Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Xianhu Hydrogen Valley, Foshan 528200, P. R. China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3200 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
- Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Xianhu Hydrogen Valley, Foshan 528200, P. R. China
| | - Haolin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Material Synthesis and Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
- Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Xianhu Hydrogen Valley, Foshan 528200, P. R. China
| | - Junsheng Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
- Foshan Xianhu Laboratory of the Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Xianhu Hydrogen Valley, Foshan 528200, P. R. China
| | - Deyang Qu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3200 N. Cramer Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
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Zhao FJ, Zhu Y, Chen Y, Ren XY, Dong H, Zhang H, Ren Q, Luo HB, Zou Y, Ren XM. Acidified Nitrogen Self-Doped Porous Carbon with Superprotonic Conduction for Applications in Solid-State Proton Battery. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305765. [PMID: 37821399 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Solid proton electrolytes play a crucial role in various electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices. However, the development of fast proton conducting solid proton electrolytes at ambient conditions remains a significant challenge. In this study, a novel acidified nitrogen self-doped porous carbon material is presented that demonstrates exceptional superprotonic conduction for applications in solid-state proton battery. The material, designated as MSA@ZIF-8-C, is synthesized through the acidification of nitrogen-doped porous carbon, specifically by integrating methanesulfonic acid (MSA) into zeolitic imidazolate framework-derived nitrogen self-doped porous carbons (ZIF-8-C). This study reveals that MSA@ZIF-8-C achieves a record-high proton conductivity beyond 10-2 S cm-1 at ambient condition, along with good long-term stability, positioning it as a cutting-edge alternative solid proton electrolyte to the default aqueous H2 SO4 electrolyte in proton batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Yu Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Hao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Qiu Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Bin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ming Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
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Yang J, Hou W, Ye L, Hou G, Yan C, Zhang Y. Vanadium Hexacyanoferrate Prussian Blue Analogs for Aqueous Proton Storage: Excellent Electrochemical Properties and Mechanism Insights. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305386. [PMID: 37668264 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The significant attraction toward aqueous proton batteries (APBs) is attributable to their expedited kinetics, elevated safety profile, and economical feasibility. Nevertheless, their practical implement is significantly blocked by the unsatisfactory energy density due to the limited cathode materials. Herein, vanadium hexacyanoferrate Prussian blue analog (VOHCF) is introduced as a potentially favorable cathode material for APBs. The findings demonstrate that this VOHCF electrode exhibits a notable reversible capacity of 102.7 mAh g-1 and exceptional cycling stability, with 95.4% capacity retention over 10 000 cycles at 10 A g-1 . It is noteworthy that this is the detailed instance of VOHCF being proposed as a cathode for APBs. Combining the in situ characterization techniques and theoretical simulations, the origins of excellent proton storage performance are revealed as the multiple redox mechanisms with double active centers of ─C≡N group and V═O bond in VOHCF as well as the robust structure stability. A proton full cell with excellent performance is further achieved by coupling the VOHCF cathode and diquinoxalino[2,3-a:2',3'-c] phenazine (HATN) anode, demonstrating the great potential of VOHCF in practical applications. This work could provide fundamental understanding to the development of feasible cathode materials for proton storage device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212003, China
| | - Wenxiu Hou
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212003, China
| | - Lingqian Ye
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212003, China
| | - Guoyu Hou
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Chao Yan
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212003, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
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Khan Z, Kumar D, Crispin X. Does Water-in-Salt Electrolyte Subdue Issues of Zn Batteries? ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300369. [PMID: 37220078 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Zn-metal batteries (ZnBs) are safe and sustainable because of their operability in aqueous electrolytes, abundance of Zn, and recyclability. However, the thermodynamic instability of Zn metal in aqueous electrolytes is a major bottleneck for its commercialization. As such, Zn deposition (Zn2+ → Zn(s)) is continuously accompanied by the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) (2H+ → H2 ) and dendritic growth that further accentuate the HER. Consequently, the local pH around the Zn electrode increases and promotes the formation of inactive and/or poorly conductive Zn passivation species (Zn + 2H2 O → Zn(OH)2 + H2 ) on the Zn. This aggravates the consumption of Zn and electrolyte and degrades the performance of ZnB. To propel HER beyond its thermodynamic potential (0 V vs standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) at pH 0), the concept of water-in-salt-electrolyte (WISE) has been employed in ZnBs. Since the publication of the first article on WISE for ZnB in 2016, this research area has progressed continuously. Here, an overview and discussion on this promising research direction for accelerating the maturity of ZnBs is provided. The review briefly describes the current issues with conventional aqueous electrolyte in ZnBs, including a historic overview and basic understanding of WISE. Furthermore, the application scenarios of WISE in ZnBs are detailed, with the description of various key mechanisms (e.g., side reactions, Zn electrodeposition, anions or cations intercalation in metal oxide or graphite, and ion transport at low temperature).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyauddin Khan
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
| | - Divyaratan Kumar
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
| | - Xavier Crispin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping, 60174, Sweden
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Su Z, Guo H, Zhao C. Rational Design of Electrode-Electrolyte Interphase and Electrolytes for Rechargeable Proton Batteries. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:96. [PMID: 37037988 PMCID: PMC10086093 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01071-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Rechargeable proton batteries have been regarded as a promising technology for next-generation energy storage devices, due to the smallest size, lightest weight, ultrafast diffusion kinetics and negligible cost of proton as charge carriers. Nevertheless, a proton battery possessing both high energy and power density is yet achieved. In addition, poor cycling stability is another major challenge making the lifespan of proton batteries unsatisfactory. These issues have motivated extensive research into electrode materials. Nonetheless, the design of electrode-electrolyte interphase and electrolytes is underdeveloped for solving the challenges. In this review, we summarize the development of interphase and electrolytes for proton batteries and elaborate on their importance in enhancing the energy density, power density and battery lifespan. The fundamental understanding of interphase is reviewed with respect to the desolvation process, interfacial reaction kinetics, solvent-electrode interactions, and analysis techniques. We categorize the currently used electrolytes according to their physicochemical properties and analyze their electrochemical potential window, solvent (e.g., water) activities, ionic conductivity, thermal stability, and safety. Finally, we offer our views on the challenges and opportunities toward the future research for both interphase and electrolytes for achieving high-performance proton batteries for energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Su
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Haocheng Guo
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Chuan Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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Chen H, Zheng Y, Bao H, Zhang H, Zhao J. Composite capillary carbon tube Nb 18W 16O 93as advanced anode material for aqueous ion capacitors. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:225602. [PMID: 36854173 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acbfbc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Niobium-tungsten bimetal oxides have received wide attention due to their excellent lattice properties. In this work, Nb18W16O93(NbWO) with a tetragonal tungsten bronze structure was synthesized by simple hydrothermal method. NbWO was modified to provide high specific surface area via combining with hollow carbon nanotubes. Meanwhile, NbWO grows along the tube wall of carbon nanotubes, thus buffering the volume effect of NbWO particles. Also, the migration distance of Li-ion is effectively shortened, as well as the improved ion transfer efficiency and the reaction kinetics. In addition, carbon tube can enhance conductivity of NbWO, contributing to outstanding charge storage capacity and rate energy. Precisely, NbWO@C as electrode possesses large specific capacity (249.6 F g-1at 0.5 A g-1) and good rate performance (55.9% capacity retention from 0.5 to 2 A g-1). The aqueous Li-ion capacitor presents the advantages of high safety, low cost and good environmental friendliness. An asymmetric aqueous capacitor AC//NbWO@C, based on 'water-in-salt' electrolyte with high concentration lithium acetate, exhibits a large energy density of 43.2 Wh kg-1and a power density of 9 kW kg-1. Generally, NbWO@C as anode materials shows superior application perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Chen
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujing Zheng
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Bao
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaihao Zhang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, People's Republic of China
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Zhou LF, Du T, Li JY, Wang YS, Gong H, Yang QR, Chen H, Luo WB, Wang JZ. A strategy for anode modification for future zinc-based battery application. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:2722-2751. [PMID: 36196916 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00973k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the past several years, rechargeable zinc batteries, featuring the merits of low cost, environmental friendliness, easy manufacturing, and enhanced safety, have, attracted much attention. Zinc (Zn) anodes for zinc metal batteries play an important role. In this review, the fundamental understanding of these batteries and modification strategies to deal with the problematic issues for Zn anodes, including dendrite growth, corrosion, and the hydrogen evolution phenomenon will be summarized. The practical application of Zn anodes can still lead to Zn dendrites, various side reactions, and serious safety risks. Therefore, metal-free anodes for "rocking chair" zinc ion batteries to replace Zn anodes are systemically reviewed. The performance and the zinc storage mechanism of metal-free anodes will be discussed. Subsequently, a "rocking chair" zinc ion battery prototype selected as a recent example is assessed to explore the merits and demerits of Zn anodes and metal-free anodes. To conclude, a perspective on the future of zinc metal batteries and "rocking chair" zinc ion batteries is presented. It is hoped that this review may provide for further improvement of commercial rechargeable zinc batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Feng Zhou
- Section of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Eco-Industry, Institute for Energy Electrochemistry and Urban Mines Metallurgy, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, No. 11 Lane 3, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, China.
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials (ISEM), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
| | - Tao Du
- Section of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Eco-Industry, Institute for Energy Electrochemistry and Urban Mines Metallurgy, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, No. 11 Lane 3, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, China.
| | - Jia-Yang Li
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials (ISEM), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
| | - Yi-Song Wang
- Section of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Eco-Industry, Institute for Energy Electrochemistry and Urban Mines Metallurgy, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, No. 11 Lane 3, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, China.
| | - He Gong
- Section of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Eco-Industry, Institute for Energy Electrochemistry and Urban Mines Metallurgy, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, No. 11 Lane 3, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, China.
| | - Qiu-Ran Yang
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials (ISEM), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
| | - Hong Chen
- Section of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Eco-Industry, Institute for Energy Electrochemistry and Urban Mines Metallurgy, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, No. 11 Lane 3, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, China.
| | - Wen-Bin Luo
- Section of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Eco-Industry, Institute for Energy Electrochemistry and Urban Mines Metallurgy, School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, No. 11 Lane 3, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, China.
| | - Jia-Zhao Wang
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials (ISEM), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
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