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Yang J, Hou W, Ye L, Hou G, Yan C, Zhang Y. Vanadium Hexacyanoferrate Prussian Blue Analogs for Aqueous Proton Storage: Excellent Electrochemical Properties and Mechanism Insights. Small 2024; 20:e2305386. [PMID: 37668264 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The significant attraction toward aqueous proton batteries (APBs) is attributable to their expedited kinetics, elevated safety profile, and economical feasibility. Nevertheless, their practical implement is significantly blocked by the unsatisfactory energy density due to the limited cathode materials. Herein, vanadium hexacyanoferrate Prussian blue analog (VOHCF) is introduced as a potentially favorable cathode material for APBs. The findings demonstrate that this VOHCF electrode exhibits a notable reversible capacity of 102.7 mAh g-1 and exceptional cycling stability, with 95.4% capacity retention over 10 000 cycles at 10 A g-1 . It is noteworthy that this is the detailed instance of VOHCF being proposed as a cathode for APBs. Combining the in situ characterization techniques and theoretical simulations, the origins of excellent proton storage performance are revealed as the multiple redox mechanisms with double active centers of ─C≡N group and V═O bond in VOHCF as well as the robust structure stability. A proton full cell with excellent performance is further achieved by coupling the VOHCF cathode and diquinoxalino[2,3-a:2',3'-c] phenazine (HATN) anode, demonstrating the great potential of VOHCF in practical applications. This work could provide fundamental understanding to the development of feasible cathode materials for proton storage device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212003, China
| | - Wenxiu Hou
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212003, China
| | - Lingqian Ye
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212003, China
| | - Guoyu Hou
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Chao Yan
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212003, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
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2
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Abstract
Developing new energy techniques that simultaneously integrate the fast rate capabilities of supercapacitors and high capacities of batteries represents an ultimate goal in the field of electrochemical energy storage. A new possibility arises with an emerging battery chemistry that relies on proton-ions as the ion-charge-carrier and benefits from the fast transportation kinetics. Proton-based battery chemistry starts with the recent discoveries of materials for proton redox reactions and leads to a renaissance of proton batteries. In this article, the historical developments of proton batteries are outlined and key aspects of battery chemistry are reviewed. First, the fundamental knowledge of proton-ions and their transportation characteristics is introduced; second, Faradaic electrodes for proton storage are categorized and highlighted in detail; then, reported electrolytes and different designs of proton batteries are summarized; last, perspectives of developments for proton batteries are proposed. It is hoped that this review will provide guidance on the rational designs of proton batteries and benefit future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haocheng Guo
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Chuan Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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Yang M, Zhao Q, Ma H, Li R, Wang Y, Zhou R, Liu J, Wang X, Hao Y, Ren J, Zheng Z, Zhang N, Hu M, Luo J, Yang J. Integrated Uniformly Microporous C 4 N/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Composite Toward Ultra-Stable and Ultralow-Temperature Proton Batteries. Small 2023; 19:e2207487. [PMID: 36693783 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Benefiting from the proton's small size and ultrahigh mobility in water, aqueous proton batteries are regarded as an attractive candidate for high-power and ultralow-temperature energy storage devices. Herein, a new-type C4 N polymer with uniform micropores and a large specific surface area is prepared by sulfuric acid-catalyzed ketone amine condensation reaction and employed as the electrode of proton batteries. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) are introduced to induce the in situ growth of C4 N, and reaped significantly enhanced porosity and conductivity, and thus better both room- and low-temperature performance. When coupled with MnO2 @Carbon fiber (MnO2 @CF) cathode, MnO2 @CF//C4 N-50% MWCNT full battery shows unprecedented cycle stability with a capacity retention of 98% after 11 000 cycles at 10 A g-1 and even 100% after 70 000 cycles at 20 A g-1 . Additionally, a novel anti-freezing electrolyte (5 m H2 SO4 + 0.5 m MnSO4 ) is developed and showed a high ionic conductivity of 123.2 mS cm-1 at -70 °C. The resultant MnO2 @CF//C4 N-50% MWCNT battery delivers a specific capacity of 110.5 mAh g-1 even at -70 °C at 1 A g-1 , the highest in all reported proton batteries under the same conditions. This work is expected to offer a package solution for constructing high-performance ultralow-temperature aqueous proton batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingsheng Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Huige Ma
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy & Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
| | - Rui Li
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy & Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science & Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Rongkun Zhou
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Jieyuan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy & Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
| | - Yuxin Hao
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy & Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
| | - Jiayi Ren
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Zilong Zheng
- Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Naibo Zhang
- Beijing Research and Development Center, the 54th Research Institute, Electronic Technology Group Corporation, Beijing, 100070, P. R. China
| | - Mingjun Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Jun Luo
- Shensi Lab, Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Longhua District, Shenzhen, 518110, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy & Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
- Shensi Lab, Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Longhua District, Shenzhen, 518110, P. R. China
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Wu S, Chen J, Su Z, Guo H, Zhao T, Jia C, Stansby J, Tang J, Rawal A, Fang Y, Ho J, Zhao C. Molecular Crowding Electrolytes for Stable Proton Batteries. Small 2022; 18:e2202992. [PMID: 36156409 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Proton electrochemistry is promising for developing post-lithium energy storage devices with high capacity and rate capability. However, some electrode materials are vulnerable because of the co-intercalation of free water molecules in traditional acid electrolytes, resulting in rapid capacity fading. Here, the authors report a molecular crowding electrolyte with the usage of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as a crowding agent, achieving fast and stable electrochemical proton storage and expanded working potential window (3.2 V). Spectroscopic characterisations reveal the formation of hydrogen bonds between water and PEG molecules, which is beneficial for confining the activity of water molecules. Molecular dynamics simulations confirm a significant decrease of free water fraction in the molecular crowding electrolyte. Dynamic structural evolution of the MoO3 anode is studied by in-situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD), revealing a reversible multi-step naked proton (de)intercalation mechanism. Surficial adsorption of PEG molecules on MoO3 anode works in synergy to alleviate the destructive effect of concurrent water desolvation, thereby achieving enhanced cycling stability. This strategy offers possibilities of practical applications of proton electrochemistry thanks to the low-cost and eco-friendly nature of PEG additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicheng Wu
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Junbo Chen
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Zhen Su
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Haocheng Guo
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Tingwen Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Chen Jia
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Jennifer Stansby
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Jiaqi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Aditya Rawal
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Yu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, P. R. China
| | - Junming Ho
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Chuan Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
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Wang S, Jiang H, Dong Y, Clarkson D, Zhu H, Settens CM, Ren Y, Nguyen T, Han F, Fan W, Kim SY, Zhang J, Xue W, Sandstrom SK, Xu G, Tekoglu E, Li M, Deng S, Liu Q, Greenbaum SG, Ji X, Gao T, Li J. Acid-in-Clay Electrolyte for Wide-Temperature-Range and Long-Cycle Proton Batteries. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2202063. [PMID: 35443084 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Proton conduction underlies many important electrochemical technologies. A family of new proton electrolytes is reported: acid-in-clay electrolyte (AiCE) prepared by integrating fast proton carriers in a natural phyllosilicate clay network, which can be made into thin-film (tens of micrometers) fluid-impervious membranes. The chosen example systems (sepiolite-phosphoric acid) rank top among the solid proton conductors in terms of proton conductivities (15 mS cm-1 at 25 °C, 0.023 mS cm-1 at -82 °C), electrochemical stability window (3.35 V), and reduced chemical reactivity. A proton battery is assembled using AiCE as the solid electrolyte membrane. Benefitting from the wider electrochemical stability window, reduced corrosivity, and excellent ionic selectivity of AiCE, the two main problems (gassing and cyclability) of proton batteries are successfully solved. This work draws attention to the element cross-over problem in proton batteries and the generic "acid-in-clay" solid electrolyte approach with superfast proton transport, outstanding selectivity, and improved stability for room- to cryogenic-temperature protonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shitong Wang
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Heng Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Yanhao Dong
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - David Clarkson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - He Zhu
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Charles M Settens
- Materials Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yang Ren
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Fei Han
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Weiwei Fan
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - So Yeon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jianan Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Weijiang Xue
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sean K Sandstrom
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Guiyin Xu
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Emre Tekoglu
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Mingda Li
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sili Deng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Steven G Greenbaum
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Xiulei Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Tao Gao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Ju Li
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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6
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Su Z, Chen J, Stansby J, Jia C, Zhao T, Tang J, Fang Y, Rawal A, Ho J, Zhao C. Hydrogen-Bond Disrupting Electrolytes for Fast and Stable Proton Batteries. Small 2022; 18:e2201449. [PMID: 35557499 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202201449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rechargeable aqueous proton batteries are promising competitors for the next generation of energy storage systems with the fast diffusion kinetics and wide availability of protons. However, poor cycling stability is a big challenge for proton batteries due to the attachment of water molecules to the electrode surface in acid electrolytes. Here, a hydrogen-bond disrupting electrolyte strategy to boost proton battery stability via simultaneously tuning the hydronium ion solvation sheath in the electrolyte and the electrode interface is reported. By mixing cryoprotectants such as glycerol with acids, hydrogen bonds involving water molecules are disrupted leading to a modified hydronium ion solvation sheaths and minimized water activity. Concomitantly, glycerol absorbs on the electrode surface and acts to protect the electrode surface from water. Fast and stable proton storage with high rate capability and long cycle life is thus achieved, even at temperatures as low as -50 °C. This electrolyte strategy may be universal and is likely to pave the way toward highly stable aqueous energy storage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Su
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Junbo Chen
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Jennifer Stansby
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Chen Jia
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Tingwen Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Jiaqi Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Yu Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, China
| | - Aditya Rawal
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Junming Ho
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Chuan Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
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Su Z, Chen J, Ren W, Guo H, Jia C, Yin S, Ho J, Zhao C. "Water-in-Sugar" Electrolytes Enable Ultrafast and Stable Electrochemical Naked Proton Storage. Small 2021; 17:e2102375. [PMID: 34499420 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Proton is an ideal charge carrier for rechargeable batteries due to its small ionic radius, ultrafast diffusion kinetics and wide availability. However, in commonly used acid electrolytes, the co-interaction of polarized water and proton (namely hydronium) with electrode materials often causes electrode structural distortions. The hydronium adsorption on electrode surfaces also facilitates hydrogen evolution as an unwanted side reaction. Here, a "water-in-sugar" electrolyte with high concentration of glucose dissolved in acid to enable the naked proton intercalation, as well as an extended 3.9 V working potential window, is shown. A glucose-derived organic thin film is formed on electrode surface upon cycling. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal the significant decrease of free water in bulk electrolytes, while density functional theory calculations indicate that glucose preferentially binds to the electrode surface which can inhibit water adsorption. The scarcity of free water and the protective organic film work in synergy to suppress water interactions with the electrode surface, which enables the naked proton (de)intercalation. The "water-in-sugar" electrolyte significantly enhances a MoO3 electrode for stable cycling over 100 000 times. This facile electrolyte approach opens new avenues to aqueous electrochemistry and energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Su
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Junbo Chen
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Wenhao Ren
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Haocheng Guo
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Chen Jia
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Songyan Yin
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Junming Ho
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Chuan Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
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