1
|
Mikhnovets IE, Holoubek J, Panina IS, Kotouček J, Gvozdev DA, Chumakov SP, Krasilnikov MS, Zhitlov MY, Gulyak EL, Chistov AA, Nikitin TD, Korshun VA, Efremov RG, Alferova VA, Růžek D, Eyer L, Ustinov AV. Alkyl Derivatives of Perylene Photosensitizing Antivirals: Towards Understanding the Influence of Lipophilicity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16483. [PMID: 38003673 PMCID: PMC10671050 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphipathic perylene derivatives are broad-spectrum antivirals against enveloped viruses that act as fusion inhibitors in a light-dependent manner. The compounds target the lipid bilayer of the viral envelope using the lipophilic perylene moiety and photogenerating singlet oxygen, thereby causing damage to unsaturated lipids. Previous studies show that variation of the polar part of the molecule is important for antiviral activity. Here, we report modification of the lipophilic part of the molecule, perylene, by the introduction of 4-, 8-, and 12-carbon alkyls into position 9(10) of the perylene residue. Using Friedel-Crafts acylation and Wolff-Kishner reduction, three 3-acetyl-9(10)-alkylperylenes were synthesized from perylene and used to prepare 9 nucleoside and 12 non-nucleoside amphipathic derivatives. These compounds were characterized as fluorophores and singlet oxygen generators, as well as tested as antivirals against herpes virus-1 (HSV-1) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), both known for causing superficial skin/mucosa lesions and thus serving as suitable candidates for photodynamic therapy. The results suggest that derivatives with a short alkyl chain (butyl) have strong antiviral activity, whereas the introduction of longer alkyl substituents (n = 8 and 12) to the perylenyethynyl scaffold results in a dramatic reduction of antiviral activity. This phenomenon is likely attributable to the increased lipophilicity of the compounds and their ability to form insoluble aggregates. Moreover, molecular dynamic studies revealed that alkylated perylene derivatives are predominately located closer to the middle of the bilayer compared to non-alkylated derivatives. The predicted probability of superficial positioning correlated with antiviral activity, suggesting that singlet oxygen generation is achieved in the subsurface layer of the membrane, where the perylene group is more accessible to dissolved oxygen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor E. Mikhnovets
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.E.M.); (I.S.P.); (S.P.C.); (M.S.K.); (M.Y.Z.); (E.L.G.); (A.A.C.); (T.D.N.); (V.A.K.); (R.G.E.); (V.A.A.)
| | - Jiří Holoubek
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, CZ-621 00 Brno, Czech Republic (D.R.); (L.E.)
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 1160/31, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Irina S. Panina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.E.M.); (I.S.P.); (S.P.C.); (M.S.K.); (M.Y.Z.); (E.L.G.); (A.A.C.); (T.D.N.); (V.A.K.); (R.G.E.); (V.A.A.)
| | - Jan Kotouček
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, CZ-621 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Daniil A. Gvozdev
- Department of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-12, 119234 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Stepan P. Chumakov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.E.M.); (I.S.P.); (S.P.C.); (M.S.K.); (M.Y.Z.); (E.L.G.); (A.A.C.); (T.D.N.); (V.A.K.); (R.G.E.); (V.A.A.)
| | - Maxim S. Krasilnikov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.E.M.); (I.S.P.); (S.P.C.); (M.S.K.); (M.Y.Z.); (E.L.G.); (A.A.C.); (T.D.N.); (V.A.K.); (R.G.E.); (V.A.A.)
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Y. Zhitlov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.E.M.); (I.S.P.); (S.P.C.); (M.S.K.); (M.Y.Z.); (E.L.G.); (A.A.C.); (T.D.N.); (V.A.K.); (R.G.E.); (V.A.A.)
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny L. Gulyak
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.E.M.); (I.S.P.); (S.P.C.); (M.S.K.); (M.Y.Z.); (E.L.G.); (A.A.C.); (T.D.N.); (V.A.K.); (R.G.E.); (V.A.A.)
| | - Alexey A. Chistov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.E.M.); (I.S.P.); (S.P.C.); (M.S.K.); (M.Y.Z.); (E.L.G.); (A.A.C.); (T.D.N.); (V.A.K.); (R.G.E.); (V.A.A.)
| | - Timofei D. Nikitin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.E.M.); (I.S.P.); (S.P.C.); (M.S.K.); (M.Y.Z.); (E.L.G.); (A.A.C.); (T.D.N.); (V.A.K.); (R.G.E.); (V.A.A.)
| | - Vladimir A. Korshun
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.E.M.); (I.S.P.); (S.P.C.); (M.S.K.); (M.Y.Z.); (E.L.G.); (A.A.C.); (T.D.N.); (V.A.K.); (R.G.E.); (V.A.A.)
| | - Roman G. Efremov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.E.M.); (I.S.P.); (S.P.C.); (M.S.K.); (M.Y.Z.); (E.L.G.); (A.A.C.); (T.D.N.); (V.A.K.); (R.G.E.); (V.A.A.)
| | - Vera A. Alferova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.E.M.); (I.S.P.); (S.P.C.); (M.S.K.); (M.Y.Z.); (E.L.G.); (A.A.C.); (T.D.N.); (V.A.K.); (R.G.E.); (V.A.A.)
| | - Daniel Růžek
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, CZ-621 00 Brno, Czech Republic (D.R.); (L.E.)
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 1160/31, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Luděk Eyer
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, CZ-621 00 Brno, Czech Republic (D.R.); (L.E.)
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 1160/31, CZ-370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alexey V. Ustinov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (I.E.M.); (I.S.P.); (S.P.C.); (M.S.K.); (M.Y.Z.); (E.L.G.); (A.A.C.); (T.D.N.); (V.A.K.); (R.G.E.); (V.A.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shahpasand-Kroner H, Siddique I, Malik R, Linares GR, Ivanova MI, Ichida J, Weil T, Münch J, Sanchez-Garcia E, Klärner FG, Schrader T, Bitan G. Molecular Tweezers: Supramolecular Hosts with Broad-Spectrum Biological Applications. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:263-308. [PMID: 36549866 PMCID: PMC9976797 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine-selective molecular tweezers (MTs) are supramolecular host molecules displaying a remarkably broad spectrum of biologic activities. MTs act as inhibitors of the self-assembly and toxicity of amyloidogenic proteins using a unique mechanism. They destroy viral membranes and inhibit infection by enveloped viruses, such as HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, by mechanisms unrelated to their action on protein self-assembly. They also disrupt biofilm of Gram-positive bacteria. The efficacy and safety of MTs have been demonstrated in vitro, in cell culture, and in vivo, suggesting that these versatile compounds are attractive therapeutic candidates for various diseases, infections, and injuries. A lead compound called CLR01 has been shown to inhibit the aggregation of various amyloidogenic proteins, facilitate their clearance in vivo, prevent infection by multiple viruses, display potent anti-biofilm activity, and have a high safety margin in animal models. The inhibitory effect of CLR01 against amyloidogenic proteins is highly specific to abnormal self-assembly of amyloidogenic proteins with no disruption of normal mammalian biologic processes at the doses needed for inhibition. Therapeutic effects of CLR01 have been demonstrated in animal models of proteinopathies, lysosomal-storage diseases, and spinal-cord injury. Here we review the activity and mechanisms of action of these intriguing compounds and discuss future research directions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Molecular tweezers are supramolecular host molecules with broad biological applications, including inhibition of abnormal protein aggregation, facilitation of lysosomal clearance of toxic aggregates, disruption of viral membranes, and interference of biofilm formation by Gram-positive bacteria. This review discusses the molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of the molecular tweezers, including the discovery of distinct mechanisms acting in vitro and in vivo, and the application of these compounds in multiple preclinical disease models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hedieh Shahpasand-Kroner
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine (H.S.-K., I.S., R.M., G.B.), Brain Research Institute (G.B.), and Molecular Biology Institute (G.B.), University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (G.R.L., J.I.); Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.I.I.); Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany (T.W., J.M.); and Department of Computational Biochemistry (E.S.-G.) and Faculty of Chemistry (F-G.K., T.S.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ibrar Siddique
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine (H.S.-K., I.S., R.M., G.B.), Brain Research Institute (G.B.), and Molecular Biology Institute (G.B.), University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (G.R.L., J.I.); Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.I.I.); Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany (T.W., J.M.); and Department of Computational Biochemistry (E.S.-G.) and Faculty of Chemistry (F-G.K., T.S.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ravinder Malik
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine (H.S.-K., I.S., R.M., G.B.), Brain Research Institute (G.B.), and Molecular Biology Institute (G.B.), University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (G.R.L., J.I.); Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.I.I.); Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany (T.W., J.M.); and Department of Computational Biochemistry (E.S.-G.) and Faculty of Chemistry (F-G.K., T.S.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gabriel R Linares
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine (H.S.-K., I.S., R.M., G.B.), Brain Research Institute (G.B.), and Molecular Biology Institute (G.B.), University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (G.R.L., J.I.); Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.I.I.); Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany (T.W., J.M.); and Department of Computational Biochemistry (E.S.-G.) and Faculty of Chemistry (F-G.K., T.S.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Magdalena I Ivanova
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine (H.S.-K., I.S., R.M., G.B.), Brain Research Institute (G.B.), and Molecular Biology Institute (G.B.), University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (G.R.L., J.I.); Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.I.I.); Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany (T.W., J.M.); and Department of Computational Biochemistry (E.S.-G.) and Faculty of Chemistry (F-G.K., T.S.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Justin Ichida
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine (H.S.-K., I.S., R.M., G.B.), Brain Research Institute (G.B.), and Molecular Biology Institute (G.B.), University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (G.R.L., J.I.); Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.I.I.); Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany (T.W., J.M.); and Department of Computational Biochemistry (E.S.-G.) and Faculty of Chemistry (F-G.K., T.S.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tatjana Weil
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine (H.S.-K., I.S., R.M., G.B.), Brain Research Institute (G.B.), and Molecular Biology Institute (G.B.), University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (G.R.L., J.I.); Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.I.I.); Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany (T.W., J.M.); and Department of Computational Biochemistry (E.S.-G.) and Faculty of Chemistry (F-G.K., T.S.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jan Münch
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine (H.S.-K., I.S., R.M., G.B.), Brain Research Institute (G.B.), and Molecular Biology Institute (G.B.), University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (G.R.L., J.I.); Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.I.I.); Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany (T.W., J.M.); and Department of Computational Biochemistry (E.S.-G.) and Faculty of Chemistry (F-G.K., T.S.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elsa Sanchez-Garcia
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine (H.S.-K., I.S., R.M., G.B.), Brain Research Institute (G.B.), and Molecular Biology Institute (G.B.), University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (G.R.L., J.I.); Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.I.I.); Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany (T.W., J.M.); and Department of Computational Biochemistry (E.S.-G.) and Faculty of Chemistry (F-G.K., T.S.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Frank-Gerrit Klärner
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine (H.S.-K., I.S., R.M., G.B.), Brain Research Institute (G.B.), and Molecular Biology Institute (G.B.), University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (G.R.L., J.I.); Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.I.I.); Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany (T.W., J.M.); and Department of Computational Biochemistry (E.S.-G.) and Faculty of Chemistry (F-G.K., T.S.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schrader
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine (H.S.-K., I.S., R.M., G.B.), Brain Research Institute (G.B.), and Molecular Biology Institute (G.B.), University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (G.R.L., J.I.); Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.I.I.); Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany (T.W., J.M.); and Department of Computational Biochemistry (E.S.-G.) and Faculty of Chemistry (F-G.K., T.S.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gal Bitan
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine (H.S.-K., I.S., R.M., G.B.), Brain Research Institute (G.B.), and Molecular Biology Institute (G.B.), University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (G.R.L., J.I.); Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.I.I.); Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany (T.W., J.M.); and Department of Computational Biochemistry (E.S.-G.) and Faculty of Chemistry (F-G.K., T.S.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|