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Wu X, Liu T, Lee YG, Whitacre JF. Glycerol Triacetate-Based Flame Retardant High-Temperature Electrolyte for the Lithium-Ion Battery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:24590-24600. [PMID: 38709709 PMCID: PMC11103651 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Rechargeable batteries that can operate at elevated temperatures (>70 °C) with high energy density are long-awaited for industrial applications including mining, grid stabilization, naval, aerospace, and medical devices. However, the safety, cycle life, energy density, and cost of the available high-temperature battery technologies remain an obstacle primarily owing to the limited electrolyte options available. We introduce a flame-retardant electrolyte that can enable stable battery cycling at 100 °C by incorporating triacetin into the electrolyte system. Triacetin has excellent chemical stability with lithium metal, and conventional cathode materials can effectively reduce parasitic reactions and promises a good battery performance at elevated temperatures. Our findings reveal that Li-metal half-cells can be made that have high energy density, high Coulombic efficiency, and good cycle life with triacetin-based electrolytes and three different cathode chemistries. Moreover, the nail penetration test in a commercial-scale pouch battery using this new electrolyte demonstrated suppressed heat generation when the cell was damaged and excellent safety when using the triacetin-based electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinsheng Wu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Tong Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Young-Geun Lee
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jay. F. Whitacre
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie
Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Scott
Institute for Energy Innovation, Carnegie
Mellon University, 5000
Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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2
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Patel AN, Lander L, Ahuja J, Bulman J, Lum JKH, Pople JOD, Hales A, Patel Y, Edge JS. Lithium-ion battery second life: pathways, challenges and outlook. Front Chem 2024; 12:1358417. [PMID: 38650673 PMCID: PMC11033388 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1358417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Net zero targets have resulted in a drive to decarbonise the transport sector worldwide through electrification. This has, in turn, led to an exponentially growing battery market and, conversely, increasing attention on how we can reduce the environmental impact of batteries and promote a more efficient circular economy to achieve real net zero. As these batteries reach the end of their first life, challenges arise as to how to collect and process them, in order to maximise their economical use before finally being recycled. Despite the growing body of work around this topic, the decision-making process on which pathways batteries could take is not yet well understood, and clear policies and standards to support implementation of processes and infrastructure are still lacking. Requirements and challenges behind recycling and second life applications are complex and continue being defined in industry and academia. Both pathways rely on cell collection, selection and processing, and are confronted with the complexities of pack disassembly, as well as a diversity of cell chemistries, state-of-health, size, and form factor. There are several opportunities to address these barriers, such as standardisation of battery design and reviewing the criteria for a battery's end-of-life. These revisions could potentially improve the overall sustainability of batteries, but may require policies to drive such transformation across the industry. The influence of policies in triggering a pattern of behaviour that favours one pathway over another are examined and suggestions are made for policy amendments that could support a second life pipeline, while encouraging the development of an efficient recycling industry. This review explains the different pathways that end-of-life EV batteries could follow, either immediate recycling or service in one of a variety of second life applications, before eventual recycling. The challenges and barriers to each pathway are discussed, taking into account their relative environmental and economic feasibility and competing advantages and disadvantages of each. The review identifies key areas where processes need to be simplified and decision criteria clearly defined, so that optimal pathways can be rapidly determined for each end-of-life battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha N. Patel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Lander
- Department of Engineering, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jyoti Ahuja
- Birmingham Law School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - James Bulman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - James K. H. Lum
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alastair Hales
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- The Faraday Institution, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Yatish Patel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline S. Edge
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Faraday Institution, Didcot, United Kingdom
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3
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Kim T, Park S, Bae J, Jung D, Cheon H, Lee WG, Choi Y. Diagnosis of high-Ni NCA/Gr-Si cells before rapid capacity drop by monitoring the heterogeneous degradation. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024; 11:1008-1013. [PMID: 38054251 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh01761c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the degradation of lithium-ion batteries is of utmost significance for preventing unexpected capacity drops and addressing safety concerns. The manner in which batteries degrade during operation has a notable influence on their subsequent cycle performance. In particular, the rapid capacity drop related to the spatial heterogeneity of the anode degradation highlights the necessity of a health indicator for an accurate battery diagnosis. A novel health indicator established in this study, the Dominant degradation factors among Negative and Positive electrodes (DNP) scores, enables clear identification of degraded states despite comparable capacity levels. Specifically, batteries with heterogeneous anode degradation exhibited negative scores and the aggravation of the cycle performance. It is anticipated that this health indicator can provide a distinct evaluation of batteries based on their degraded states, supporting onboard battery management and the efficient allocation of resources for the battery reuse industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyoung Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50, UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
- Better Life Battery Corp., 240, Pangyoyeok-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13493, Republic of Korea
| | - Soobin Park
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50, UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - JunWoo Bae
- Better Life Battery Corp., 240, Pangyoyeok-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13493, Republic of Korea
| | - DaWoon Jung
- Better Life Battery Corp., 240, Pangyoyeok-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13493, Republic of Korea
| | - Hansu Cheon
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50, UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
- Better Life Battery Corp., 240, Pangyoyeok-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13493, Republic of Korea
| | - Wang-Geun Lee
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50, UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yunseok Choi
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50, UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Mikheenkova A, Mukherjee S, Hirsbrunner M, Törnblom P, Tai CW, Segre CU, Ding Y, Zhang W, Asmara TC, Wei Y, Schmitt T, Rensmo H, Duda L, Hahlin M. The role of oxygen in automotive grade lithium-ion battery cathodes: an atomistic survey of ageing. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2024; 12:2465-2478. [PMID: 38269086 PMCID: PMC10805348 DOI: 10.1039/d3ta05516g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The rising demand for high-performance lithium-ion batteries, pivotal to electric transportation, hinges on key materials like the Ni-rich layered oxide LiNixCoyAlzO2 (NCA) used in cathodes. The present study investigates the redox mechanisms, with particular focus on the role of oxygen in commercial NCA electrodes, both fresh and aged under various conditions (aged cells have performed >900 cycles until a cathode capacity retention of ∼80%). Our findings reveal that oxygen participates in charge compensation during NCA delithiation, both through changes in transition metal (TM)-O bond hybridization and formation of partially reversible O2, the latter occurs already below 3.8 V vs. Li/Li+. Aged NCA material undergoes more significant changes in TM-O bond hybridization when cycling above 50% SoC, while reversible O2 formation is maintained. Nickel is found to be redox active throughout the entire delithiation and shows a more classical oxidation state change during cycling with smaller changes in the Ni-O hybridization. By contrast, Co redox activity relies on a stronger change in Co-O hybridization, with only smaller Co oxidation state changes. The Ni-O bond displays an almost twice as large change in its bond length on cycling as the Co-O bond. The Ni-O6 octahedra are similar in size to the Co-O6 octahedra in the delithiated state, but are larger in the lithiated state, a size difference that increases with battery ageing. These contrasting redox activities are reflected directly in structural changes. The NCA material exhibits the formation of nanopores upon ageing, and a possible connection to oxygen redox activity is discussed. The difference in interaction of Ni and Co with oxygen provides a key understanding of the mechanism and the electrochemical instability of Ni-rich layered transition metal oxide electrodes. Our research specifically highlights the significance of the role of oxygen in the electrochemical performance of electric-vehicle-grade NCA electrodes, offering important insights for the creation of next-generation long-lived lithium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Mikheenkova
- Ångström Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University SE 751 21 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Soham Mukherjee
- Ångström Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University SE 751 21 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Moritz Hirsbrunner
- Ångström Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University SE 751 21 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Pontus Törnblom
- Ångström Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University SE 751 21 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Cheuk-Wai Tai
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University Stockholm 10691 Sweden
| | - Carlo U Segre
- Department of Physics and CSRRI, Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago IL 60616 USA
| | - Yujia Ding
- Department of Physics and CSRRI, Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago IL 60616 USA
| | - Wenliang Zhang
- Laboratory for Condensed Matter, Paul Scherrer Institute Forschungsstrasse 111 Villigen PSI 5232 Switzerland
| | - Teguh Citra Asmara
- Laboratory for Condensed Matter, Paul Scherrer Institute Forschungsstrasse 111 Villigen PSI 5232 Switzerland
| | - Yuan Wei
- Laboratory for Condensed Matter, Paul Scherrer Institute Forschungsstrasse 111 Villigen PSI 5232 Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Schmitt
- Laboratory for Condensed Matter, Paul Scherrer Institute Forschungsstrasse 111 Villigen PSI 5232 Switzerland
| | - Håkan Rensmo
- Ångström Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University SE 751 21 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Laurent Duda
- Ångström Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University SE 751 21 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Maria Hahlin
- Ångström Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University SE 751 21 Uppsala Sweden
- Ångström Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University SE 751 21 Uppsala Sweden
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5
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Nguyen JA, Becker A, Kanhaiya K, Heinz H, Weimer AW. Analyzing the Li-Al-O Interphase of Atomic Layer-Deposited Al 2O 3 Films on Layered Oxide Cathodes Using Atomistic Simulations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:1861-1875. [PMID: 38124667 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Alumina surface coatings are commonly applied to layered oxide cathode particles for lithium-ion battery applications. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is one such surface coating technique, and ultrathin alumina ALD films (<2 nm) are shown to improve the electrochemical performance of LiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2 materials, with groups hypothesizing that a beneficial Li-Al-O product is being formed during the alumina ALD process. However, the atomic structure of these films is still not well understood, and quantifying the interface of ultrathin (∼1 nm) ALD films is an arduous experimental task. Here, we perform molecular dynamics simulations of amorphous alumina films of varying thickness in contact with the (0001) LiCoO2 (LCO) surface to quantify the film nanostructure. We calculate elemental mass density profiles through the films and observe that the Li-Al-O interphase extends ∼2 nm from the LCO surface. Additionally, we observe layering of Al and O atoms at the LCO-film interface that extends for ∼1.5 nm. To access the short-range order of the amorphous film, we calculated the Al coordination numbers through the film. We find that while [4]Al is the prevailing coordination environment, significant amounts of [6]Al exist at the interface between the LiCoO2 surface and the film. Taken together, these principal findings point to a pseudomorphic Li-Al-O overlayer that approximates the underlying layered LiCoO2 lattice but does not exactly replicate it. Additionally, with sufficient thickness, the Li-Al-O film transitions to an amorphous alumina structure. We anticipate that our findings on the ALD-like, Li-Al-O film nanostructure can be applied to other layered LiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2 materials because of their shared crystal structure with LiCoO2. This work provides insight into the nanostructure of amorphous ALD alumina films to help inform their use as protective coatings for Li-ion battery cathode active materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Nguyen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Abigayle Becker
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Krishan Kanhaiya
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Hendrik Heinz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Alan W Weimer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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6
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Jin L, Lim H, Bae W, Song S, Joo K, Jang H, Kim W. Crosslinked Gel Polymer Electrolyte from Trimethylolpropane Triglycidyl Ether by In Situ Polymerization for Lithium-Ion Batteries. Gels 2024; 10:40. [PMID: 38247763 PMCID: PMC10815923 DOI: 10.3390/gels10010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Electrolytes play a critical role in battery performance. They are associated with an increased risk of safety issues. The main challenge faced by many researchers is how to balance the physical and electrical properties of electrolytes. Gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) have received increasing attention due to their satisfactory properties of ionic conductivity, mechanical stability, and safety. Herein, we develop a gel network polymer electrolyte (GNPE) to address the challenge mentioned earlier. This GNPE was formed by tri-epoxide monomer and bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide lithium salt (LiFSI) via an in situ cationic polymerization under mild thermal conditions. The obtained GNPE exhibited a relatively high ionic conductivity (σ) of 2.63 × 10-4 S cm-1, lithium transference number (tLi+, 0.58) at room temperature (RT), and intimate electrode compatibility with LiFePO4 and graphite. The LiFePO4/GNPE/graphite battery also showed a promising cyclic performance at RT, e.g., a suitable discharge specific capacity of 127 mAh g-1 and a high Coulombic efficiency (>97%) after 100 cycles at 0.2 C. Moreover, electrolyte films showed good mechanical stability and formed the SEI layer on the graphite anode. This study provides a facile method for preparing epoxy-based electrolytes for high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Whangi Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Konkuk University, 268 Chungwon-daero, Chungju-si 27478, Republic of Korea; (L.J.); (H.L.); (W.B.); (S.S.); (K.J.); (H.J.)
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7
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Singh AN, Hassan K, Bathula C, Nam KW. Decoding the puzzle: recent breakthroughs in understanding degradation mechanisms of Li-ion batteries. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:17061-17083. [PMID: 37861455 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02957c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) remain at the forefront of energy research due to their capability to deliver high energy density. Understanding their degradation mechanism has been essential due to their rapid engagement in modern electric vehicles (EVs), where battery failure may incur huge losses to human life and property. The literature on this intimidating issue is rapidly growing and often very complex. This review strives to succinctly present current knowledge contributing to a more comprehensible understanding of the degradation mechanism. First, this review explains the fundamentals of LIBs and various degradation mechanisms. Then, the degradation mechanism of novel Li-rich cathodes, advanced characterization techniques for identifying it, and various theoretical models are presented and discussed. We emphasize that the degradation process is not only tied to the charge-discharge cycles; synthesis-induced stress also plays a vital role in catalyzing the degradation. Finally, we propose further studies on advanced battery materials that can potentially replace the layered cathodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Narayan Singh
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Kamrul Hassan
- Advanced Energy and Electronic Materials Research Center, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Chinna Bathula
- Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Wan Nam
- Department of Advanced Battery Convergence Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Olsen T, Koroni C, Liu Y, Russell JA, Wharry JP, Xiong H. Radiation effects on materials for electrochemical energy storage systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:30761-30784. [PMID: 37830239 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02697c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Batteries and electrochemical capacitors (ECs) are of critical importance for applications such as electric vehicles, electric grids, and mobile devices. However, the performance of existing battery and EC technologies falls short of meeting the requirements of high energy/high power and long durability for increasing markets such as the automotive industry, aerospace, and grid-storage utilizing renewable energies. Therefore, improving energy storage materials performance metrics is imperative. In the past two decades, radiation has emerged as a new means to modify functionalities in energy storage materials. There exists a common misconception that radiation with energetic ions and electrons will always cause radiation damage to target materials, which might potentially prevent its applications in electrochemical energy storage systems. But in this review, we summarize recent progress in radiation effects on materials for electrochemical energy storage systems to show that radiation can have both beneficial and detrimental effects on various types of energy materials. Prior work suggests that fundamental understanding toward the energy loss mechanisms that govern the resulting microstructure, defect generation, interfacial properties, mechanical properties, and eventual electrochemical properties is critical. We discuss radiation effects in the following categories: (1) defect engineering, (2) interface engineering, (3) radiation-induced degradation, and (4) radiation-assisted synthesis. We analyze the significant trends and provide our perspectives and outlook on current research and future directions in research seeking to harness radiation as a method for enhancing the synthesis and performance of battery materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Olsen
- Micron School of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA.
| | - Cyrus Koroni
- Micron School of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA.
| | - Yuzi Liu
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Joshua A Russell
- Micron School of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA.
| | - Janelle P Wharry
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
| | - Hui Xiong
- Micron School of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho, USA.
- Center for Advanced Energy Studies, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83401, USA
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9
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Li Y, Huang H, Zhang K, Hou M, Yang F. Chemical stress in a largely deformed electrode: Effects of trapping lithium. iScience 2023; 26:108174. [PMID: 37942011 PMCID: PMC10628738 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lithium trapping, which is associated with the immobilization of lithium and is one of key factors contributing to structural degradation of lithium-ion batteries during electrochemical cycling, can exacerbate mechanical stress and ultimately cause the capacity loss and battery failure. Currently, there are few studies focusing on how lithium trapping contributes to mechanical stress during electrochemical cycling. This study incorporates the contribution of lithium trapping in the analysis of mechanical stress and mass transport in the framework of finite deformation. Two de-lithiation scenarios are analyzed: one with a constant concentration of trapped lithium and the other with inhomogeneous distribution of trapped lithium. The results show that the constant concentration of trapped lithium increases chemical stress and the inhomogeneous distribution of trapped lithium causes the decrease of chemical stress. The findings can serve as a basis for developing effective strategies to mitigate the lithium trapping and improve the battery performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- School of Intelligent Manufacturing and Control Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai 201209, China
| | - He Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, No.1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Mi Hou
- Shanghai Pudong Software Technologies Services Co., Ltd., No. 498 Guoshoujin Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fuqian Yang
- Materials Program, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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10
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Jung S, Seo JK, Jang IC, Kim J, Shim JH, Woo JJ. Development and Verification of a Diagnostic Technology for Waste Battery Deterioration Factors. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202300438. [PMID: 37665230 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
We defined four major deterioration factors (electrolyte loss (EL), lithium loss (LL), lithium precipitation (LP), and compound deterioration (CD)). Then, we derived eleven key performance indicators (KPIs) for comparative analysis. After that, we fabricated three deteriorated cells for each of three deterioration factors (EL, LL, and LP) and one cell with CD (for verification) with four individual (dis)charging experiment manuals. The two major contributions of this study are the performance of 1) trend analysis to determine a suitable diagnostic metric by inspecting the eleven KPIs and 2) comparison analysis ofV o c v , t ' ' ${{V}_{ocv,t}^{{ {^\prime} {^\prime}}}}$ andV o c v , t , s i m ' ' ${{V}_{ocv,t,sim}^{{ {^\prime} {^\prime}}}}$ to verify the effectiveness of utilizingV o c v , t ' ' ${{V}_{ocv,t}^{{ {^\prime} {^\prime}}}}$ as a real-time deterioration diagnostic factor using a concept of model-in-the-loop simulation. The results show that 1)V o c v , t ' ' ${{V}_{ocv,t}^{{ {^\prime} {^\prime}}}}$ has the most conspicuous trendline tendency among the eleven comparison targets for all four major deterioration factors, and 2) the angle difference between the two trends ofV o c v , t ' ' ${{V}_{ocv,t}^{{ {^\prime} {^\prime}}}}$ andV o c v , t , s i m ' ' ${{V}_{ocv,t,sim}^{{ {^\prime} {^\prime}}}}$ lies within a minimum of 9° and a maximum of 43° (with a10 4 ${{10}^{4}}$ sscale on the x-axis and a10 - 7 ${{10}^{-7}}$ scale on the y-axis for a clear trend line analysis). From this, we can conclude that the trendline-based real-time deterioration analysis employingV o c v , t ' ' ${{V}_{ocv,t}^{{ {^\prime} {^\prime}}}}$ may be practically applicable to a limited extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghun Jung
- Faculty of Smart Vehicle System Engineering, Chosun University, 101, Chosundae 2-gil, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Kyo Seo
- Gwangju Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 25, Samso-ro 270 beon-gil, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61003, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Chan Jang
- Gwangju Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 25, Samso-ro 270 beon-gil, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61003, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihun Kim
- Gwangju Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 25, Samso-ro 270 beon-gil, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61003, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Shim
- Faculty of Battery Science and Engineering, Dongshin University, 67, Dongsindae-gil, Naju-si, Jeollanam-do, 58245, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Je Woo
- Gwangju Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 25, Samso-ro 270 beon-gil, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61003, Republic of Korea
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11
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Mulpuri SK, Sah B, Kumar P. Unraveling capacity fading in lithium-ion batteries using advanced cyclic tests: A real-world approach. iScience 2023; 26:107770. [PMID: 37720091 PMCID: PMC10504543 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Battery lifespan estimation is essential for effective battery management systems, aiding users and manufacturers in strategic planning. However, accurately estimating battery capacity is complex, owing to diverse capacity fading phenomena tied to factors such as temperature, charge-discharge rate, and rest period duration. In this work, we present an innovative approach that integrates real-world driving behaviors into cyclic testing. Unlike conventional methods that lack rest periods and involve fixed charge-discharge rates, our approach involves 1000 unique test cycles tailored to specific objectives and applications, capturing the nuanced effects of temperature, charge-discharge rate, and rest duration on capacity fading. This yields comprehensive insights into cell-level battery degradation, unveiling growth patterns of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer and lithium plating, influenced by cyclic test parameters. The results yield critical empirical relations for evaluating capacity fading under specific testing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Krishna Mulpuri
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Bikash Sah
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Technical Journalism, Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Seig, 53757 Sankt Augustin, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
- Departent of Power Converters and Electrical Drive Systems, Fraunhofer Institute for Energy Economics and Energy System Technology IEE 34117 Kassel, Hesse, Germany
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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12
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Kimura Y, Huang S, Nakamura T, Ishiguro N, Sekizawa O, Nitta K, Uruga T, Takeuchi T, Okumura T, Tada M, Uchimoto Y, Amezawa K. 5D Analysis of Capacity Degradation in Battery Electrodes Enabled by Operando CT-XANES. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300310. [PMID: 37452269 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
For devices encountering long-term stability challenges, a precise evaluation of degradation is of paramount importance. However, methods for comprehensively elucidating the degradation mechanisms in devices, particularly those undergoing dynamic chemical and mechanical changes during operation, such as batteries, are limited. Here, a method is presented using operando computed tomography combined with X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy (CT-XANES) that can directly track the evolution of the 3D distribution of the local capacity loss in battery electrodes during (dis)charge cycles, thereby enabling a five-dimensional (the 3D spatial coordinates, time, and chemical state) analysis of the degradation. This paper demonstrates that the method can quantify the spatiotemporal dynamics of the local capacity degradation within an electrode during cycling, which has been truncated by existing bulk techniques, and correlate it with the overall electrode performance degradation. Furthermore, the method demonstrates its capability to uncover the correlation among observed local capacity degradation within electrodes, reaction history during past (dis)charge cycles, and electrode microstructure. The method thus provides critical insights into the identification of degradation factors that are not available through existing methods, and therefore, will contribute to the development of batteries with long-term stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kimura
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Su Huang
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Nozomu Ishiguro
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
| | - Oki Sekizawa
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, SPring-8, Koto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Nitta
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, SPring-8, Koto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Tomoya Uruga
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, SPring-8, Koto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Tomonari Takeuchi
- Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan
| | - Toyoki Okumura
- Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan
| | - Mizuki Tada
- Research Center for Materials Science/Graduate School of Science/Institute for Advanced Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, RIKEN, Koto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo, 679-5148, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Uchimoto
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Nihonmatsu-cho Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Koji Amezawa
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Katahira, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan
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13
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Allen J, Grey CP. Solution NMR of Battery Electrolytes: Assessing and Mitigating Spectral Broadening Caused by Transition Metal Dissolution. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:4425-4438. [PMID: 36925561 PMCID: PMC10009815 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c08274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectroscopy is a powerful tool that is commonly used to assess the degradation of lithium-ion battery electrolyte solutions. However, dissolution of paramagnetic Ni2+ and Mn2+ ions from cathode materials may affect the NMR spectra of the electrolyte solution, with the unpaired electron spins in these paramagnetic solutes inducing rapid nuclear relaxation and spectral broadening (and often peak shifts). This work establishes how dissolved Ni2+ and Mn2+ in LiPF6 electrolyte solutions affect 1H, 19F, and 31P NMR spectra of pristine and degraded electrolyte solutions, including whether the peaks from degradation species are at risk of being lost and whether the spectral broadening can be mitigated. Mn2+ is shown to cause far greater peak broadening than Ni2+, with the effect of Mn2+ observable at just 10 μM. Generally, 19F peaks from PF6 - degradation species are most affected by the presence of the paramagnetic metals, followed by 31P and 1H peaks. Surprisingly, when NMR solvents are added to acquire the spectra, the degree of broadening is heavily solvent-dependent, following the trend of solvent donor number (increased broadening with lower solvent donicity). Severe spectral broadening is shown to occur whether Mn is introduced via the salt Mn(TFSI)2 or is dissolved from LiMn2O4. We show that the weak 19F and 31P peaks in spectra of electrolyte samples containing micromolar levels of dissolved Mn2+ are broadened to an extent that they are no longer visible, but this broadening can be minimized by diluting electrolyte samples with a suitably coordinating NMR solvent. Li3PO4 addition to the sample is also shown to return 19F and 31P spectral resolution by precipitating Mn2+ out of electrolyte samples, although this method consumes any HF in the electrolyte solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer
P. Allen
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
| | - Clare P. Grey
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- The
Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, United Kingdom
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14
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Chen W, Salvatierra RV, Li JT, Kittrell C, Beckham JL, Wyss KM, La N, Savas PE, Ge C, Advincula PA, Scotland P, Eddy L, Deng B, Yuan Z, Tour JM. Flash Recycling of Graphite Anodes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207303. [PMID: 36462512 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The ever-increasing production of commercial lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) will result in a staggering accumulation of waste when they reach their end of life. A closed-loop solution, with effective recycling of spent LIBs, will lessen both the environmental impacts and economic cost of their use. Presently, <5% of spent LIBs are recycled and the regeneration of graphite anodes has, unfortunately, been mostly overlooked despite the considerable cost of battery-grade graphite. Here, an ultrafast flash recycling method to regenerate the graphite anode is developed and valuable battery metal resources are recovered. Selective Joule heating is applied for only seconds to efficiently decompose the resistive impurities. The generated inorganic salts, including lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese, can be easily recollected from the flashed anode waste using diluted acid, specifically 0.1 m HCl. The flash-recycled anode preserves the graphite structure and is coated with a solid-electrolyte-interphase-derived carbon shell, contributing to high initial specific capacity, superior rate performance, and cycling stability, when compared to anode materials recycled using a high-temperature-calcination method. Life-cycle-analysis relative to current graphite production and recycling methods indicate that flash recycling can significantly reduce the total energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission while turning anode recycling into an economically advantageous process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | | | - John Tianci Li
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Carter Kittrell
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Jacob L Beckham
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Kevin M Wyss
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Nghi La
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Paul E Savas
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Chang Ge
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute and Applied Physics Program, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Paul A Advincula
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Phelecia Scotland
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Lucas Eddy
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute and Applied Physics Program, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Bing Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Zhe Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - James M Tour
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Smalley-Curl Institute, NanoCarbon Center and the Welch Institute for Advanced Materials, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
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15
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Ihrig M, Kuo LY, Lobe S, Laptev AM, Lin CA, Tu CH, Ye R, Kaghazchi P, Cressa L, Eswara S, Lin SK, Guillon O, Fattakhova-Rohlfing D, Finsterbusch M. Thermal Recovery of the Electrochemically Degraded LiCoO 2/Li 7La 3Zr 2O 12:Al,Ta Interface in an All-Solid-State Lithium Battery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:4101-4112. [PMID: 36647588 PMCID: PMC9881002 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
All-solid-state lithium batteries are promising candidates for next-generation energy storage systems. Their performance critically depends on the capacity and cycling stability of the cathodic layer. Cells with a garnet Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) electrolyte can show high areal storage capacity. However, they commonly suffer from performance degradation during cycling. For fully inorganic cells based on LiCoO2 (LCO) as cathode active material and LLZO, the electrochemically induced interface amorphization has been identified as an origin of the performance degradation. This study shows that the amorphized interface can be recrystallized by thermal recovery (annealing) with nearly full restoration of the cell performance. The structural and chemical changes at the LCO/LLZO heterointerface associated with degradation and recovery were analyzed in detail and justified by thermodynamic modeling. Based on this comprehensive understanding, this work demonstrates a facile way to recover more than 80% of the initial storage capacity through a thermal recovery (annealing) step. The thermal recovery can be potentially used for cost-efficient recycling of ceramic all-solid-state batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ihrig
- Institute
of Energy and Climate Research − Materials Synthesis and Processing, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425Jülich, Germany
| | - Liang-Yin Kuo
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University
of Technology, No. 84,
Gungjuan Road, New Taipei City24301, Taiwan
| | - Sandra Lobe
- Institute
of Energy and Climate Research − Materials Synthesis and Processing, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexander M. Laptev
- Łukasiewicz
Research Network − Poznan Institute of Technology, 6 Ewarysta Estkowskiego St., 61-755Poznań, Poland
| | - Che-an Lin
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National
Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan City701, Taiwan
| | - Chia-hao Tu
- Hierarchical
Green-Energy Materials Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan City701, Taiwan
| | - Ruijie Ye
- Institute
of Energy and Climate Research − Materials Synthesis and Processing, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425Jülich, Germany
| | - Payam Kaghazchi
- Institute
of Energy and Climate Research − Materials Synthesis and Processing, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425Jülich, Germany
- MESA+ Institute
for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede7500AE, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Cressa
- Luxembourg
Institute of Science and Technology, Advanced
Instrumentation for Nano-Analytics (AINA), rue du Brill 41, 4422Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Santhana Eswara
- Luxembourg
Institute of Science and Technology, Advanced
Instrumentation for Nano-Analytics (AINA), rue du Brill 41, 4422Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Shih-kang Lin
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National
Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan City701, Taiwan
- Hierarchical
Green-Energy Materials Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, University Road, Tainan City701, Taiwan
- Program
on Smart and Sustainable Manufacturing, Academy of Innovative Semiconductor
and Sustainable Manufacturing, National
Cheng Kung University, Tainan City701, Taiwan
| | - Olivier Guillon
- Institute
of Energy and Climate Research − Materials Synthesis and Processing, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425Jülich, Germany
- Jülich-Aachen
Research Alliance: JARA-ENERGY, 52425Jülich, Germany
| | - Dina Fattakhova-Rohlfing
- Institute
of Energy and Climate Research − Materials Synthesis and Processing, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425Jülich, Germany
- Faculty
of Engineering and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Lotharstr. 1, 47057Duisburg, Germany
| | - Martin Finsterbusch
- Institute
of Energy and Climate Research − Materials Synthesis and Processing, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425Jülich, Germany
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16
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Santos DA, Rezaei S, Zhang D, Luo Y, Lin B, Balakrishna AR, Xu BX, Banerjee S. Chemistry-mechanics-geometry coupling in positive electrode materials: a scale-bridging perspective for mitigating degradation in lithium-ion batteries through materials design. Chem Sci 2023; 14:458-484. [PMID: 36741524 PMCID: PMC9848157 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04157j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their rapid emergence as the dominant paradigm for electrochemical energy storage, the full promise of lithium-ion batteries is yet to be fully realized, partly because of challenges in adequately resolving common degradation mechanisms. Positive electrodes of Li-ion batteries store ions in interstitial sites based on redox reactions throughout their interior volume. However, variations in the local concentration of inserted Li-ions and inhomogeneous intercalation-induced structural transformations beget substantial stress. Such stress can accumulate and ultimately engender substantial delamination and transgranular/intergranular fracture in typically brittle oxide materials upon continuous electrochemical cycling. This perspective highlights the coupling between electrochemistry, mechanics, and geometry spanning key electrochemical processes: surface reaction, solid-state diffusion, and phase nucleation/transformation in intercalating positive electrodes. In particular, we highlight recent findings on tunable material design parameters that can be used to modulate the kinetics and thermodynamics of intercalation phenomena, spanning the range from atomistic and crystallographic materials design principles (based on alloying, polymorphism, and pre-intercalation) to emergent mesoscale structuring of electrode architectures (through control of crystallite dimensions and geometry, curvature, and external strain). This framework enables intercalation chemistry design principles to be mapped to degradation phenomena based on consideration of mechanics coupling across decades of length scales. Scale-bridging characterization and modeling, along with materials design, holds promise for deciphering mechanistic understanding, modulating multiphysics couplings, and devising actionable strategies to substantially modify intercalation phase diagrams in a manner that unlocks greater useable capacity and enables alleviation of chemo-mechanical degradation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA https://twitter.com/sarbajitbanerj1
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Shahed Rezaei
- Institute of Materials Science, Mechanics of Functional Materials, Technische Universität Darmstadt Otto-Berndt-Str. 3 Darmstadt 64287 Germany
| | - Delin Zhang
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| | - Yuting Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA https://twitter.com/sarbajitbanerj1
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Binbin Lin
- Institute of Materials Science, Mechanics of Functional Materials, Technische Universität Darmstadt Otto-Berndt-Str. 3 Darmstadt 64287 Germany
| | - Ananya R Balakrishna
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California Los Angeles CA 90089 USA
| | - Bai-Xiang Xu
- Institute of Materials Science, Mechanics of Functional Materials, Technische Universität Darmstadt Otto-Berndt-Str. 3 Darmstadt 64287 Germany
| | - Sarbajit Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA https://twitter.com/sarbajitbanerj1
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
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17
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Xu C, Behrens P, Gasper P, Smith K, Hu M, Tukker A, Steubing B. Electric vehicle batteries alone could satisfy short-term grid storage demand by as early as 2030. Nat Commun 2023; 14:119. [PMID: 36650136 PMCID: PMC9845221 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35393-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The energy transition will require a rapid deployment of renewable energy (RE) and electric vehicles (EVs) where other transit modes are unavailable. EV batteries could complement RE generation by providing short-term grid services. However, estimating the market opportunity requires an understanding of many socio-technical parameters and constraints. We quantify the global EV battery capacity available for grid storage using an integrated model incorporating future EV battery deployment, battery degradation, and market participation. We include both in-use and end-of-vehicle-life use phases and find a technical capacity of 32-62 terawatt-hours by 2050. Low participation rates of 12%-43% are needed to provide short-term grid storage demand globally. Participation rates fall below 10% if half of EV batteries at end-of-vehicle-life are used as stationary storage. Short-term grid storage demand could be met as early as 2030 across most regions. Our estimates are generally conservative and offer a lower bound of future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjian Xu
- grid.5132.50000 0001 2312 1970Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Behrens
- grid.5132.50000 0001 2312 1970Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Gasper
- grid.419357.d0000 0001 2199 3636National Renewable Energy Lab, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO USA
| | - Kandler Smith
- grid.419357.d0000 0001 2199 3636National Renewable Energy Lab, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO USA
| | - Mingming Hu
- grid.5132.50000 0001 2312 1970Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arnold Tukker
- grid.5132.50000 0001 2312 1970Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands ,grid.4858.10000 0001 0208 7216Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, 2595 DA Den Haag, Netherlands
| | - Bernhard Steubing
- grid.5132.50000 0001 2312 1970Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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18
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Marchesini S, Reed BP, Jones H, Matjacic L, Rosser TE, Zhou Y, Brennan B, Tiddia M, Jervis R, Loveridge MJ, Raccichini R, Park J, Wain AJ, Hinds G, Gilmore IS, Shard AG, Pollard AJ. Surface Analysis of Pristine and Cycled NMC/Graphite Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes: Addressing the Measurement Challenges. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:52779-52793. [PMID: 36382786 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries are the most ubiquitous energy storage devices in our everyday lives. However, their energy storage capacity fades over time due to chemical and structural changes in their components, via different degradation mechanisms. Understanding and mitigating these degradation mechanisms is key to reducing capacity fade, thereby enabling improvement in the performance and lifetime of Li-ion batteries, supporting the energy transition to renewables and electrification. In this endeavor, surface analysis techniques are commonly employed to characterize the chemistry and structure at reactive interfaces, where most changes are observed as batteries age. However, battery electrodes are complex systems containing unstable compounds, with large heterogeneities in material properties. Moreover, different degradation mechanisms can affect multiple material properties and occur simultaneously, meaning that a range of complementary techniques must be utilized to obtain a complete picture of electrode degradation. The combination of these issues and the lack of standard measurement protocols and guidelines for data interpretation can lead to a lack of trust in data. Herein, we discuss measurement challenges that affect several key surface analysis techniques being used for Li-ion battery degradation studies: focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. We provide recommendations for each technique to improve reproducibility and reduce uncertainty in the analysis of NMC/graphite Li-ion battery electrodes. We also highlight some key measurement issues that should be addressed in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Marchesini
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Benjamen P Reed
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Helen Jones
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Lidija Matjacic
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Timothy E Rosser
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Yundong Zhou
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Barry Brennan
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | | | - Rhodri Jervis
- Electrochemical Innovation Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College of London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K
| | - Melanie J Loveridge
- The Faraday Institution, Quad One, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RA, U.K
- Electrochemical Materials Group, Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | | | - Juyeon Park
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Andrew J Wain
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Gareth Hinds
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Ian S Gilmore
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Alexander G Shard
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, U.K
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19
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Kirkaldy N, Samieian MA, Offer GJ, Marinescu M, Patel Y. Lithium-Ion Battery Degradation: Measuring Rapid Loss of Active Silicon in Silicon-Graphite Composite Electrodes. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2022; 5:13367-13376. [PMID: 36465261 PMCID: PMC9709825 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.2c02047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To increase the specific energy of commercial lithium-ion batteries, silicon is often blended into the graphite negative electrode. However, due to large volumetric expansion of silicon upon lithiation, these silicon-graphite (Si-Gr) composites are prone to faster rates of degradation than conventional graphite electrodes. Understanding the effect of this difference is key to controlling degradation and improving cell lifetimes. Here, the effects of state-of-charge and temperature on the aging of a commercial cylindrical cell with a Si-Gr electrode (LG M50T) are investigated. The use of degradation mode analysis enables quantification of separate rates of degradation for silicon and graphite and requires only simple in situ electrochemical data, removing the need for destructive cell teardown analyses. Loss of active silicon is shown to be worse than graphite under all operating conditions, especially at low state-of-charge and high temperature. Cycling the cell over 0-30% state-of-charge at 40 °C resulted in an 80% loss in silicon capacity after 4 kA h of charge throughput (∼400 equiv full cycles) compared to just a 10% loss in graphite capacity. The results indicate that the additional capacity conferred by silicon comes at the expense of reduced lifetime. Conversely, reducing the utilization of silicon by limiting the depth-of-discharge of cells containing Si-Gr will extend their lifetime. The degradation mode analysis methods described here provide valuable insight into the causes of cell aging by separately quantifying capacity loss for the two active materials in the composite electrode. These methods provide a suitable framework for any experimental investigations involving composite electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall Kirkaldy
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College
London, LondonSW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | | | - Gregory J. Offer
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College
London, LondonSW7 2AZ, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Harwell Science and
Innovation Campus, DidcotOX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Monica Marinescu
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College
London, LondonSW7 2AZ, U.K.
- The
Faraday Institution, Harwell Science and
Innovation Campus, DidcotOX11 0RA, U.K.
| | - Yatish Patel
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College
London, LondonSW7 2AZ, U.K.
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20
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Santos DA, Andrews JL, Lin B, De Jesus LR, Luo Y, Pas S, Gross MA, Carillo L, Stein P, Ding Y, Xu BX, Banerjee S. Multivariate hyperspectral data analytics across length scales to probe compositional, phase, and strain heterogeneities in electrode materials. PATTERNS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 3:100634. [PMID: 36569543 PMCID: PMC9768684 DOI: 10.1016/j.patter.2022.100634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The origins of performance degradation in batteries can be traced to atomistic phenomena, accumulated at mesoscale dimensions, and compounded up to the level of electrode architectures. Hyperspectral X-ray spectromicroscopy techniques allow for the mapping of compositional variations, and phase separation across length scales with high spatial and energy resolution. We demonstrate the design of workflows combining singular value decomposition, principal-component analysis, k-means clustering, and linear combination fitting, in conjunction with a curated spectral database, to develop high-accuracy quantitative compositional maps of the effective depth of discharge across individual positive electrode particles and ensembles of particles. Using curated reference spectra, accurate and quantitative mapping of inter- and intraparticle compositional heterogeneities, phase separation, and stress gradients is achieved for a canonical phase-transforming positive electrode material, α-V2O5. Phase maps from single-particle measurements are used to reconstruct directional stress profiles showcasing the distinctive insights accessible from a standards-informed application of high-dimensional chemical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255, USA,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255, USA
| | - Justin L. Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255, USA,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Binbin Lin
- Institute of Materials Science, Mechanics of Functional Materials, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Str. 3, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Luis R. De Jesus
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255, USA,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255, USA
| | - Yuting Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255, USA,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255, USA
| | - Savannah Pas
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255, USA,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255, USA
| | - Michelle A. Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255, USA,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255, USA
| | - Luis Carillo
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255, USA,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255, USA
| | - Peter Stein
- Institute of Materials Science, Mechanics of Functional Materials, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Str. 3, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Yu Ding
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255, USA
| | - Bai-Xiang Xu
- Institute of Materials Science, Mechanics of Functional Materials, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Str. 3, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany,Corresponding author
| | - Sarbajit Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255, USA,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3255, USA,Corresponding author
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21
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Additive manufacturing of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 battery electrode material via vat photopolymerization precursor approach. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19010. [DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22444-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAdditive manufacturing, also called 3D printing, has the potential to enable the development of flexible, wearable and customizable batteries of any shape, maximizing energy storage while also reducing dead-weight and volume. In this work, for the first time, three-dimensional complex electrode structures of high-energy density LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC 111) material are developed by means of a vat photopolymerization (VPP) process combined with an innovative precursor approach. This innovative approach involves the solubilization of metal precursor salts into a UV-photopolymerizable resin, so that detrimental light scattering and increased viscosity are minimized, followed by the in-situ synthesis of NMC 111 during thermal post-processing of the printed item. The absence of solid particles within the initial resin allows the production of smaller printed features that are crucial for 3D battery design. The formulation of the UV-photopolymerizable composite resin and 3D printing of complex structures, followed by an optimization of the thermal post-processing yielding NMC 111 is thoroughly described in this study. Based on these results, this work addresses one of the key aspects for 3D printed batteries via a precursor approach: the need for a compromise between electrochemical and mechanical performance in order to obtain fully functional 3D printed electrodes. In addition, it discusses the gaps that limit the multi-material 3D printing of batteries via the VPP process.
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22
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Xu X, Mu W, Xiao T, Li L, Xin H, Lei X, Luo S. A clean and efficient process for simultaneous extraction of Li, Co, Ni and Mn from spent Lithium-ion batteries by low-temperature NH 4Cl roasting and water leaching. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 153:61-71. [PMID: 36055176 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The recycling of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has great significance for environmental protection and resource conservation. In this paper, a low-temperature clean chlorination roasting-water leaching process was proposed to simultaneously extract Li, Ni, Co and Mn from cathode material (NCM) of spent LIBs. The temperature range of chlorination roasting was determined by thermodynamic analysis to be 250-600 °C. The effect of some factors on the conversion of valuable metals in the process of chlorination roasting and water leaching was systematically studied. The results showed that more than 98 % of Li, Co, Ni and Mn could be extracted under optimized chlorination roasting and water leaching conditions. The chlorination roasting mechanism and phase transformation evolution was determined by means of thermodynamic analysis, TG-DTA, XRD, SEM and EDS. The extraction of valuable metals was realized by the reaction of the metal oxides produced by the decomposition of NCM with NH4Cl or its evolved HCl to form water-soluble metal chlorides or chlorinated metal-ammonium complexes. The chlorination technique using NH4Cl provided an effective and clean approach for the simultaneous extraction of Li, Co, Ni and Mn from spent LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, China; School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, China; Key Laboratory of Resources Cleaner Conversion and Efficient Utilization Qinhuangdao City, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, China
| | - Wenning Mu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, China; School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, China; Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, China; Key Laboratory of Resources Cleaner Conversion and Efficient Utilization Qinhuangdao City, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, China.
| | - Tengfei Xiao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, China; School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, China; Key Laboratory of Resources Cleaner Conversion and Efficient Utilization Qinhuangdao City, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, China
| | - Liying Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, China; School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, China; Key Laboratory of Resources Cleaner Conversion and Efficient Utilization Qinhuangdao City, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, China
| | - Haixia Xin
- School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, China; Key Laboratory of Resources Cleaner Conversion and Efficient Utilization Qinhuangdao City, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, China
| | - Xuefei Lei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, China; School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, China; Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, China; Key Laboratory of Resources Cleaner Conversion and Efficient Utilization Qinhuangdao City, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, China
| | - Shaohua Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, China; School of Resources and Materials, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, China; Key Laboratory of Dielectric and Electrolyte Functional Material Hebei Province, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, China; Key Laboratory of Resources Cleaner Conversion and Efficient Utilization Qinhuangdao City, Qinhuangdao 066004, Hebei, China
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23
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Tang L, Leung P, Mohamed M, Xu Q, Dai S, Zhu X, Flox C, Shah A, Liao Q. Capital cost evaluation of conventional and emerging redox flow batteries for grid storage applications. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Improving the Ionic Conductivity of PEGDMA-Based Polymer Electrolytes by Reducing the Interfacial Resistance for LIBs. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173443. [PMID: 36080518 PMCID: PMC9460516 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer electrolytes (PEs) based on poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) have gained increasing interest in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and are expected to solve the safety issue of commercial liquid electrolytes due to their excellent thermal and mechanical stability, suppression of lithium dendrites and shortened battery assembly process. However, challenges, such as high interfacial resistance between electrolyte and electrodes and poor ionic conductivity (σ) at room temperature (RT), still limit the use of PEO-based PEs. In this work, an in situ PEO-based polymer electrolyte consisting of polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate (PEGDMA) 1000, lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) and DMF is cured on a LiFePO4 (LFP) cathode to address the above-mentioned issues. As a result, optimized PE shows a promising σ and lithium-ion transference number (tLi+) of 6.13 × 10−4 S cm−1 and 0.63 at RT and excellent thermal stability up to 136 °C. Moreover, the LiFePO4//Li cell assembled by in situ PE exhibits superior discharge capacity (141 mAh g−1) at 0.1 C, favorable Coulombic efficiency (97.6%) after 100 cycles and promising rate performance. This work contributes to modifying PEO-based PE to force the interfacial contact between the electrolyte and the electrode and to improve LIBs’ performance.
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25
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Enhancing cycle life and usable energy density of fast charging LiFePO4-graphite cell by regulating electrodes’ lithium level. iScience 2022; 25:104831. [PMID: 36039304 PMCID: PMC9418807 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Range anxiety is a primary concern among present-day electric vehicle (EV) owners, which could be curtailed by maximizing the driving range per charge or reducing the charging time of the lithium-ion battery (LIB) pack. Maximizing the driving range is a multifaceted task as charging-discharging the LIB up to 100% of its nominal capacity is limited by the cell chemistry (voltage window) and cell operating conditions. Our studies on commercial LiFePO4/graphite cells show that a cycle life of 4320 is achieved at 4C rate with 80% SOC-100% DOD combination (12 min charging time), which is the highest among the works reported with this cell chemistry. Complete utilization of electrodes’ lithium during cycling resulted in the lowest cycle life of 956. This study demonstrates LIB charging-discharging protocol enabling longer driving range with quicker charging times. Besides, it might endow promising possibilities of future EV LIB packs with reduced size/weight and high safety. Cycle life of 4320 at 4C rate with LFP/graphite cell for 80% SOC-100% DOD test Lithium levels on the anode and cathode are pivotal factor in the cell cycle life Cell failure caused by nonuniform charge gradient, gas formation, and electrode deformation End-of-life cell impedance is not related to cell temperature but SOC-DOD window
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26
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A Comparative Review of Lead-Acid, Lithium-Ion and Ultra-Capacitor Technologies and Their Degradation Mechanisms. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15134930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
As renewable energy sources, such as solar systems, are becoming more popular, the focus is moving into more effective utilization of these energy sources and harvesting more energy for intermittency reduction in this renewable source. This is opening up a market for methods of energy storage and increasing interest in batteries, as they are, as it stands, the foremost energy storage device available to suit a wide range of requirements. This interest has brought to light the downfalls of batteries and resultantly made room for the investigation of ultra-capacitors as a solution to these downfalls. One of these downfalls is related to the decrease in capacity, and temperamentality thereof, of a battery when not used precisely as stated by the supplier. The usable capacity is reliant on the complete discharge/charge cycles the battery can undergo before a 20% degradation in its specified capacity is observed. This article aims to investigate what causes this degradation, what aggravates it and how the degradation affects the usage of the battery. This investigation will lead to the identification of a gap in which this degradation can be decreased, prolonging the usage and increasing the feasibility of the energy storage devices.
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27
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Marin-Montin J, Zurita-Gotor M, Montero-Chacón F. Numerical Analysis of Degradation and Capacity Loss in Graphite Active Particles of Li-Ion Battery Anodes. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15113979. [PMID: 35683275 PMCID: PMC9182454 DOI: 10.3390/ma15113979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that the performance and durability of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) can be severely impaired by fracture events that originate in stresses due to Li ion diffusion in fast charge–discharge cycles. Existing models of battery damage overlook either the role of particle shape in stress concentration, the effect of material disorder and preexisting defects in crack initiation and propagation, or both. In this work we present a novel, three-dimensional, and coupled diffusive-mechanical numerical model that simultaneously accounts for all these phenomena by means of (i) a random particle generator and (ii) a stochastic description of material properties implemented within the lattice method framework. Our model displays the same complex fracture patterns that are found experimentally, including crack nucleation, growth, and branching. Interestingly, we show that irregularly shaped active particles can suffer mechanical damage up to 60% higher than that of otherwise equivalent spherical particles, while material defects can lead to damage increments of up to 110%. An evaluation of fracture effects in local Li-ion diffusivity shows that effective diffusion can be reduced up to 25% at the particle core due to lithiation, while it remains at ca. 5% below the undamaged value at the particle surface during delithiation. Using a simple estimate of capacity loss, we also show that the C-rate has a nonlinear effect on battery degradation, and the estimated capacity loss can surpass 10% at a 2C charging rate.
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28
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A Review of EV Battery Utilization in Demand Response Considering Battery Degradation in Non-Residential Vehicle-to-Grid Scenarios. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15093227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Integrating fleets of electric vehicles (EVs) into industrial applications with smart grids is an emerging field of important research. It is necessary to get a comprehensive overview of current approaches and proposed solutions regarding EVs with vehicle-to-grid and smart charging. In this paper, various approaches to battery modeling and demand response (DR) of EV charging in different decentralized optimization scenarios are reviewed. Modeling parameters of EVs and battery degradation models are summarized and discussed. Finally, optimization approaches to simulate and optimize demand response, taking into account battery degradation, are investigated to examine the feasibility of adapting the charging process, which may bring economic and environmental benefits and help to alleviate the increasing demand for flexibility. There is a lack of studies that comprehensively consider battery degradation for EV fleets in DR charging scenarios where corresponding financial compensation for the EV owners is considered. Therefore, models are required for estimating the level of battery degradation endured when EVs are utilized for DR. The level of degradation should be offset by providing the EV owner with subsidized or free electricity provided by the company which is partaking in the DR. This trade-off should be optimized in such a manner that the company makes cost savings while the EV owners are compensated to a level that is at least commensurate with the level of battery degradation. Additionally, there is a lack of studies that have examined DR in smart grids considering larger EV fleets and battery degradation in multi-criteria approaches to provide economic and environmental benefits.
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29
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Beladi-Mousavi SM, Walder L. Materials and systems for polymer-based Metallocene batteries: Status and challenges. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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30
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O'Kane SEJ, Ai W, Madabattula G, Alonso-Alvarez D, Timms R, Sulzer V, Edge JS, Wu B, Offer GJ, Marinescu M. Lithium-ion battery degradation: how to model it. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:7909-7922. [PMID: 35311847 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00417h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Predicting lithium-ion battery degradation is worth billions to the global automotive, aviation and energy storage industries, to improve performance and safety and reduce warranty liabilities. However, very few published models of battery degradation explicitly consider the interactions between more than two degradation mechanisms, and none do so within a single electrode. In this paper, the first published attempt to directly couple more than two degradation mechanisms in the negative electrode is reported. The results are used to map different pathways through the complicated path dependent and non-linear degradation space. Four degradation mechanisms are coupled in PyBaMM, an open source modelling environment uniquely developed to allow new physics to be implemented and explored quickly and easily. Crucially it is possible to see 'inside the model and observe the consequences of the different patterns of degradation, such as loss of lithium inventory and loss of active material. For the same cell, five different pathways that can result in end-of-life have already been found, depending on how the cell is used. Such information would enable a product designer to either extend life or predict life based upon the usage pattern. However, parameterization of the degradation models remains as a major challenge, and requires the attention of the international battery community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon E J O'Kane
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, UK. .,The Faraday Institution, UK
| | - Weilong Ai
- The Faraday Institution, UK.,Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Ganesh Madabattula
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, UK. .,The Faraday Institution, UK
| | - Diego Alonso-Alvarez
- The Faraday Institution, UK.,Research Computing Service, ICT, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Robert Timms
- The Faraday Institution, UK.,Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Valentin Sulzer
- The Faraday Institution, UK.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, USA
| | - Jacqueline Sophie Edge
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, UK. .,The Faraday Institution, UK
| | - Billy Wu
- The Faraday Institution, UK.,Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Gregory J Offer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, UK. .,The Faraday Institution, UK
| | - Monica Marinescu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, UK. .,The Faraday Institution, UK
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31
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Durable Fast Charging of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Simulations with an Electrode Equivalent Circuit Model. BATTERIES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/batteries8040030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fast charging of lithium-ion batteries is often related to accelerated cell degradation due to lithium-plating on the negative electrode. In this contribution, an advanced electrode equivalent circuit model is used in order to simulate fast-charging strategies without lithium-plating. A novel parameterization approach based on 3-electrode cell measurements is developed, which enables precise simulation fidelity. An optimized fast-charging strategy without evoking lithium-plating was simulated that lasted about 29 min for a 0–80% state of charge. This variable current strategy was compared in experiments to a conventional constant-current–constant-voltage fast-charging strategy that lasted 20 min. The experiments showed that the optimized strategy prevented lithium-plating and led to a 2% capacity fade every 100 fast-charging cycles. In contrast, the conventional strategy led to lithium-plating, about 20% capacity fade after 100 fast-charging cycles and the fast-charging duration extended from 20 min to over 30 min due to increased cell resistances. The duration of the optimized fast charging was constant at 29 min, even after 300 cycles. The developed methods are suitable to be applied for any given lithium-ion battery configuration in order to determine the maximum fast-charging capability while ensuring safe and durable cycling conditions.
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32
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Geldasa FT, Kebede MA, Shura MW, Hone FG. Identifying surface degradation, mechanical failure, and thermal instability phenomena of high energy density Ni-rich NCM cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries: a review. RSC Adv 2022; 12:5891-5909. [PMID: 35424548 PMCID: PMC8982025 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08401a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the existing commercial cathodes, Ni-rich NCM are the most promising candidates for next-generation LIBs because of their high energy density, relatively good rate capability, and reasonable cycling performance. However, the surface degradation, mechanical failure and thermal instability of these materials are the major causes of cell performance decay and rapid capacity fading. This is a huge challenge to commercializing these materials widely for use in LIBs. In particular, the thermal instability of Ni-rich NCM cathode active materials is the main issue of LIBs safety hazards. Hence, this review will recapitulate the current progress in this research direction by including widely recognized research outputs and recent findings. Moreover, with an extensive collection of detailed mechanisms on atomic, molecular and micrometer scales, this review work can complement the previous failure, degradation and thermal instability studies of Ni-rich NMC. Finally, this review will summarize recent research focus and recommend future research directions for nickel-rich NCM cathodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikadu Takele Geldasa
- Adama Science and Technology University, Department of Applied Physics P. O. Box 1888 Adama Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Abayneh Kebede
- Energy Centre, Smart Places, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Pretoria 0001 South Africa
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg 2050 South Africa
| | - Megersa Wodajo Shura
- Adama Science and Technology University, Department of Applied Physics P. O. Box 1888 Adama Ethiopia
| | - Fekadu Gashaw Hone
- Addis Ababa University, Department of Physics P. O. Box: 1176 Addis Ababa Ethiopia
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33
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Lamprecht X, Speck F, Marzak P, Cherevko S, Bandarenka AS. Electrolyte Effects on the Stabilization of Prussian Blue Analogue Electrodes in Aqueous Sodium-Ion Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:3515-3525. [PMID: 34990115 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous sodium-ion batteries based on Prussian Blue Analogues (PBA) are considered as promising and scalable candidates for stationary energy storage systems, where longevity and cycling stability are assigned utmost importance to maintain economic viability. Although degradation due to active material dissolution is a common issue of battery electrodes, it is hardly observable directly due to a lack of in operando techniques, making it challenging to optimize the performance of electrodes. By operating Na2Ni[Fe(CN)6] and Na2Co[Fe(CN)6] model electrodes in a flow-cell setup connected to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer, in this work, the dynamics of constituent transition-metal dissolution during the charge-discharge cycles was monitored in real time. At neutral pHs, the extraction of nickel and cobalt was found to drive the degradation process during charge-discharge cycles. It was also found that the nature of anions present in the electrolytes has a significant impact on the degradation rate, determining the order ClO4- > NO3- > Cl- > SO42- with decreasing stability from the perchlorate to sulfate electrolytes. It is proposed that the dissolution process is initiated by detrimental specific adsorption of anions during the electrode oxidation, therefore scaling with their respective chemisorption affinity. This study involves an entire comparison of the effectiveness of common stabilization strategies for PBAs under very fast (dis)charging conditions at 300C, emphasizing the superiority of highly concentrated NaClO4 with almost no capacity loss after 10 000 cycles for Na2Ni[Fe(CN)6].
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Affiliation(s)
- Xaver Lamprecht
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Florian Speck
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Marzak
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Aliaksandr S Bandarenka
- Physics of Energy Conversion and Storage, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
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34
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Abbott JW, Hanke F. Kinetically Corrected Monte Carlo-Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Solid Electrolyte Interphase Growth. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:925-934. [PMID: 35007421 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.1c00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We present a kinetic approach to the Monte Carlo-molecular dynamics (MC-MD) method for simulating reactive liquids using nonreactive force fields. A graphical reaction representation allows definition of reactions of arbitrary complexity, including their local solvation environment. Reaction probabilities and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation times are derived from ab initio calculations. Detailed validation is followed by studying the development of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) in lithium-ion batteries. We reproduce the experimentally observed two-layered structure on graphite, with an inorganic layer close to the anode and an outer organic layer. This structure develops via a near-shore aggregation mechanism.
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35
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Nanthagopal M, Santhoshkumar P, Ho CW, Shaji N, Sim GS, Lee CW. Morphological Perspective on Energy Storage Behavior of Cobalt Vanadium Oxide. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chang Won Ho
- Kyung Hee University Chemical Engineering KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Nitheesha Shaji
- Kyung Hee University Chemical Engineering KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Gyu Sang Sim
- Kyung Hee University Chemical Engineering KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
| | - Chang Woo Lee
- Kyung Hee University 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Gihung 446-701 Yongin KOREA, REPUBLIC OF
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36
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Rim CH, Jang CH, Kim KH, Ryu C, Yu CJ. Point defects and their impact on electrochemical performance in Na0.44MnO2 for sodium-ion battery cathode application. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:22736-22745. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03199j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sodium manganese oxide \ce{Na,{0.44}MnO2} (NMO) in open structure with large tunnels is of great interest for sodium-ion battery cathode materials due to its high electrode voltage and capacity. However, its...
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