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Zupanc A, Petkovšek M, Zdovc B, Žagar E, Zupanc M. Degradation of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) by acoustic and hydrodynamic cavitation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2024; 109:107020. [PMID: 39126990 PMCID: PMC11365383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.107020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the degradation of HPMC on a laboratory scale by acoustic and hydrodynamic cavitation. The effects of temperature and the addition of an external oxidizing agent on the effectiveness of HPMC degradation were systematically investigated by SEC/MALS-RI, FTIR and 1H NMR. The results of the experiments without cavitation show that an external oxidizing agent alone reduces the weight-average molar mass at 60 °C in 30 min for 45.1 % (from 335 to 184 kg mol-1). However, the weight-average molar mass of HPMC decreased significantly more in the cavitation treatment, for 98.8 % (from 335 to 4 kg mol-1) in 30 min at optimal operating conditions of hydrodynamic cavitation (i.e. addition of external oxidant and 60 °C) with a concomitant narrowing of the molar mass distribution, as shown by the dispersity value, which decreased from 2.24 to 1.31. Compared to acoustic cavitation, hydrodynamic cavitation also proved to be more energy efficient. The FTIR spectra of the cavitated HPMC samples without the addition of H2O2 show negligible oxidation of the hydroxyl groups and the glycosidic bonds, confirming that mechanical effects predominate in HPMC degradation in these cases. In contrast, when H2O2 was added, FTIR and 1H NMR show typical signals for cellulose oxidation products, especially when the experiments were performed at 60 °C, confirming that chemical as well as mechanical effects are responsible for the extensive HPMC degradation in these cases. Since treatment methods that lead to lower molar masses and narrower molar mass distributions of the polymers are lacking or require longer treatment times (e.g. 24 h), mechanochemical treatment methods such as cavitation have great potential, as they enable faster polymer degradation (in our case 30 min) through a combination of mechanical and/or chemical degradation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andraž Zupanc
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana SI-1000 Slovenia
| | - Martin Petkovšek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana SI-1000 Slovenia
| | - Blaž Zdovc
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana SI-1000 Slovenia
| | - Ema Žagar
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Ljubljana SI-1000 Slovenia.
| | - Mojca Zupanc
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana SI-1000 Slovenia.
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Hsu CC, Hsu ACH, Lin CY, Wong KT, Bonn D, Brouwer AM. Molecular Probing of the Microscopic Pressure at Contact Interfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13258-13265. [PMID: 38696718 PMCID: PMC11099955 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Obtaining insights into friction at the nanoscopic level and being able to translate these into macroscopic friction behavior in real-world systems is of paramount importance in many contexts, ranging from transportation to high-precision technology and seismology. Since friction is controlled by the local pressure at the contact it is important to be able to detect both the real contact area and the nanoscopic local pressure distribution simultaneously. In this paper, we present a method that uses planarizable molecular probes in combination with fluorescence microscopy to achieve this goal. These probes, inherently twisted in their ground states, undergo planarization under the influence of pressure, leading to bathochromic and hyperchromic shifts of their UV-vis absorption band. This allows us to map the local pressure in mechanical contact from fluorescence by exciting the emission in the long-wavelength region of the absorption band. We demonstrate a linear relationship between fluorescence intensity and (simulated) pressure at the submicron scale. This relationship enables us to experimentally depict the pressure distribution in multiasperity contacts. The method presented here offers a new way of bridging friction studies of the nanoscale model systems and practical situations for which surface roughness plays a crucial role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Chun Hsu
- van
’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Allen Chu-Hsiang Hsu
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University,
and Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yen Lin
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University,
and Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ken-Tsung Wong
- Department
of Chemistry, National Taiwan University,
and Institute of Atomic and Molecular Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Daniel Bonn
- Van
der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert M. Brouwer
- van
’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Sirén H. Research of saccharides and related biocomplexes: A review with recent techniques and applications. J Sep Sci 2024; 47:e2300668. [PMID: 38699940 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Saccharides and biocompounds as saccharide (sugar) complexes have various roles and biological functions in living organisms due to modifications via nucleophilic substitution, polymerization, and complex formation reactions. Mostly, mono-, di-, oligo-, and polysaccharides are stabilized to inactive glycosides, which are formed in metabolic pathways. Natural saccharides are important in food and environmental monitoring. Glycosides with various functionalities are significant in clinical and medical research. Saccharides are often studied with the chromatographic methods of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and anion exchange chromatograpy, but also with capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry with their on-line coupling systems. Sample preparation is important in the identification of saccharide compounds. The cases discussed here focus on bioscience, clinical, and food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Sirén
- Chemicum Building, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Kobayashi H, Fukuoka A. Mechanochemical Hydrolysis of Polysaccharide Biomass: Scope and Mechanistic Insights. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300554. [PMID: 38224154 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Mechanical forces can affect chemical reactions in a way that thermal reactions cannot do, which may have a variety of applications. In biomass conversion, the selective conversion of cellulose and chitin is a grand challenge because they are the top two most abundant resources and recalcitrant materials that are insoluble in common solvents. However, recent works have clarified that mechanical forces enable the depolymerization of these polysaccharides, leading to the selective production of corresponding monomers and oligomers. This article reviews the mechanochemical hydrolysis of cellulose and chitin, particularly focusing on the scope and mechanisms to show a landscape of this research field and future subjects. We introduce the background of mechanochemistry and biomass conversion, followed by recent progress on the mechanochemical hydrolysis of the polysaccharides. Afterwards, a considerable space is devoted to the mechanistic consideration on the mechanochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Kobayashi
- Komaba Institute for Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, 153-8902, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fukuoka
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, 001-0021, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Kobayashi H, Suzuki Y, Sagawa T, Saito M, Fukuoka A. Selective Synthesis of Oligosaccharides by Mechanochemical Hydrolysis of Chitin over a Carbon-Based Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214229. [PMID: 36307374 PMCID: PMC10099807 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Oligosaccharides possess fascinating functions that are applicable in a variety of fields, such as agriculture. However, the selective synthesis of oligosaccharides, especially chitin-oligosaccharides, has remained a challenge. Chitin-oligosaccharides activate the plant immune system, enabling crops to withstand pathogens without harmful agrichemicals. Here, we demonstrate the conversion of chitin to chitin-oligosaccharides using a carbon catalyst with weak acid sites and mechanical milling. The catalyst produces chitin-oligosaccharides with up to 94 % selectivity in good yields. Monte-Carlo simulations indicate that our system preferentially hydrolyzes larger chitin molecules over oligomers, thus providing the desired high selectivity. This unique kinetics is in contrast to the fact that typical catalytic systems rapidly hydrolyze oligomers to monomers. Unlike other materials carbons more strongly adsorb large polysaccharides than small oligomers, which is suitable for the selective synthesis of small oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Kobayashi
- Komaba Institute for Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.,Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yusuke Suzuki
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan.,Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Takuya Sagawa
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, 125-8585, Japan
| | - Makoto Saito
- Showa Denko K.K., 1-13-9 Shiba Daimon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8518, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fukuoka
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan.,Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
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Pappalardo V, Remadi Y, Cipolla L, Scotti N, Ravasio N, Zaccheria F. Fishery waste valorization: Sulfated ZrO2 as a heterogeneous catalyst for chitin and chitosan depolymerization. Front Chem 2022; 10:1057461. [DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1057461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin and chitosan are abundant unique sources of biologically-fixed nitrogen mainly derived from residues of the fishery productive chain. Their high potential as nitrogen-based highly added-value platform molecules is still largely unexploited and a catalytic way for their valorization would be strongly desirable within a biorefinery concept. Here we report our results obtained with a series of heterogeneous catalysts in the depolymerization of chitosan and chitin to acetylglucosamine. Copper catalysts supported on SiO2, SiO2–Al2O3, SiO2-ZrO2, ZrO2 and the corresponding bare oxides/mixed oxides were tested, together with a sulfated zirconia system (ZrO2-SO3H) that revealed to be extremely selective towards glucosamine, both for chitosan and chitin, thus giving pretty high yields with respect to the values reported so far (44% and 21%, respectively). The use of a heterogeneous catalyst alone, without the need of any additives or the combination with a mineral acid, makes these results remarkable.
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Hernández JG. Polymer and small molecule mechanochemistry: closer than ever. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1225-1235. [PMID: 36158177 PMCID: PMC9490067 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation and scission of chemical bonds facilitated by mechanical force (mechanochemistry) can be accomplished through various experimental strategies. Among them, ultrasonication of polymeric matrices and ball milling of reaction partners have become the two leading approaches to carry out polymer and small molecule mechanochemistry, respectively. Often, the methodological differences between these practical strategies seem to have created two seemingly distinct lines of thought within the field of mechanochemistry. However, in this Perspective article, the reader will encounter a series of studies in which some aspects believed to be inherently related to either polymer or small molecule mechanochemistry sometimes overlap, evidencing the connection between both approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G Hernández
- Grupo Ciencia de los Materiales, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
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Arce C, Kratky L. Mechanical pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass toward enzymatic/fermentative valorization. iScience 2022; 25:104610. [PMID: 35789853 PMCID: PMC9250023 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) has the potential to replace fossil fuels, thanks to the concept of biorefinery. This material is formed mainly by cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose. To maximize the valorization potential of this material, LCB needs to be pretreated. Milling is always performed before any other treatments. It does not produce chemical change and improves the efficiency of the upcoming processes. Additionally, it makes LCB easier to handle and increases bulk density and transfer phenomena of the next pretreatment step. However, this treatment is energy consuming, so it needs to be optimized. Several mills can be used, and the equipment selection depends on the characteristics of the material, the final size required, and the operational regime: continuous or batch. Among them, ball, knife, and hammer mills are the most used at the laboratory scale, especially before enzymatic or fermentative treatments. The continuous operational regime (knife and hammer mill) allows us to work with high volumes of raw material and can continuously reduce particle size, unlike the batch operating regime (ball mill). This review recollects the information about the application of these machines, the effect on particle size, and subsequent treatments. On the one hand, ball milling reduced particle size the most; on the other hand, hammer and knife milling consumed less energy. Furthermore, the latter reached a small final particle size (units of millimeters) suitable for valorization.
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Sagawa T, Kobayashi H, Murata C, Shichibu Y, Konishi K, Hashizume M, Fukuoka A. Catalytic Synthesis of Oxazolidinones from a Chitin-Derived Sugar Alcohol. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20220106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Sagawa
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585
| | - Hirokazu Kobayashi
- Komaba Institute for Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021
| | - Chinatsu Murata
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810
| | - Yukatsu Shichibu
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810
| | - Katsuaki Konishi
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10 Nishi 5, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810
| | - Mineo Hashizume
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585
| | - Atsushi Fukuoka
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021
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