1
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Chen MW, Fan D, Liu X, Han D, Jin Y, Ao Y, Chen Y, Liu Z, Feng Y, Ling S, Liang K, Kong W, Xu J, Du Y. Water Transport-Induced Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation Facilitates Gelation for Controllable and Facile Fabrication of Physically Crosslinked Microgels. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2405109. [PMID: 38845131 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202405109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Physically crosslinked microgels (PCMs) offer a biocompatible platform for various biomedical applications. However, current PCM fabrication methods suffer from their complexity and poor controllability, due to their reliance on altering physical conditions to initiate gelation and their dependence on specific materials. To address this issue, a novel PCM fabrication method is devised, which employs water transport-induced liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) to trigger the intermolecular interaction-supported sol-gel transition within aqueous emulsion droplets. This method enables the controllable and facile generation of PCMs through a single emulsification step, allowing for the facile production of PCMs with various materials and sizes, as well as controllable structures and mechanical properties. Moreover, this PCM fabrication method holds great promise for diverse biomedical applications. The interior of the PCM not only supports the encapsulation and proliferation of bacteria but also facilitates the encapsulation of eukaryotic cells after transforming the system into an all-aqueous emulsion. Furthermore, through appropriate surface functionalization, the PCMs effectively activate T cells in vitro upon coculturing. This work represents an advancement in PCM fabrication and offers new insights and perspectives for microgel engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Fan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiangjian Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Dongbo Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yuhong Jin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yanxiao Ao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yuyang Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yiting Feng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Sida Ling
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Kaini Liang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Wenyu Kong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jianhong Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Du
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- National Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Beijing, 100039, P. R. China
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2
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Hess F, Kipping T, Weitschies W, Krause J. Understanding the Interaction of Thermal, Rheological, and Mechanical Parameters Critical for the Processability of Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based Systems during Hot Melt Extrusion. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:472. [PMID: 38675133 PMCID: PMC11055164 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16040472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hot melt extrusion (HME) is a common manufacturing process used in the pharmaceutical industry to improve the solubility of poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). The goal is to create an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) where the amorphous form of the API is stabilized within a polymer matrix. Traditionally, the development of pharmaceutically approved polymers has focused on requirements such as thermal properties, solubility, drug-polymer interactions, and biocompatibility. The mechanical properties of the material have often been neglected in the design of new polymers. However, new downstream methods require more flexible polymers or suitable plasticizer polymer combinations. In this study, two grades of the polymer polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), which is already established for HME, are investigated in terms of their mechanical, rheological, and thermal properties. The mechanical properties of the extruded filaments were tested by the three-point bending test. The rheological behavior was analyzed by oscillating plate measurements. Thermal analysis was performed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In addition, the solid and liquid plasticizers mannitol, sorbitol, triacetin, triethyl citrate, polyethylene glycol, and glycerol were evaluated for use with PVA and their impact on the polymer properties was elaborated. Finally, the effects of the plasticizers are compared to each other, and the correlations are analyzed statistically using principal component analysis (PCA). Thereby, a clear ranking of the plasticizer effects was established, and a deeper understanding of the polymer-plasticizer interactions was created.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hess
- Merck Life Science KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
- Department of Biopharmaceutic and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Kipping
- Merck Life Science KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Department of Biopharmaceutic and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Julius Krause
- Department of Biopharmaceutic and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 3, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
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3
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Yang Q, Yang Z, Lu F, Ge H, Du Y, Cao D, Yuan Z, Lu C. Probing the Alcoholysis Degree of Polyvinyl Alcohol by Synergistic Coordination-Regulated Fluorescence. Anal Chem 2024; 96:4657-4664. [PMID: 38456390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with abundant hydroxyl groups (-OH) has been widely used for membranes, hydrogels, and films, and its function is largely affected by the alcoholysis degree. Therefore, the development of rapid and accurate methods for alcoholysis degree determination in PVAs is important. In this contribution, we have proposed a novel fluorescence-based platform for probing the alcoholysis degree of PVA by using the (E)-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(quinolin-2-yl)methanimine (QPM)-Zn2+ complex as the reporter. The mechanism study disclosed that the strong coordination between -OH and Zn2+ induced the capture of the QPM-Zn2+ complex and promoted its subsequent immobilization into the noncrystalline area. The immobilization of the QPM-Zn2+ complex restricted its molecular rotation and reduced the nonirradiative transition, thus yielding bright emissions. In addition, the practical applications of this proposed method were further validated by the accurate alcoholysis degree determination of blind PVA samples with the confirmation of the National Standard protocol. It is expected that the developed fluorescence approach in this work might become an admissive strategy for screening the alcoholysis degree of PVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhiming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fengniu Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hanbing Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yi Du
- Analysis Center, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ding Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhiqin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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4
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Kan Y, Bondareva JV, Statnik ES, Koudan EV, Ippolitov EV, Podporin MS, Kovaleva PA, Kapaev RR, Gordeeva AM, Cvjetinovic J, Gorin DA, Evlashin SA, Salimon AI, Senatov FS, Korsunsky AM. Hydrogel-Inducing Graphene-Oxide-Derived Core–Shell Fiber Composite for Antibacterial Wound Dressing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076255. [PMID: 37047227 PMCID: PMC10094162 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The study reveals the polymer–crosslinker interactions and functionality of hydrophilic nanofibers for antibacterial wound coatings. Coaxial electrospinning leverages a drug encapsulation protocol for a core–shell fiber composite with a core derived from polyvinyl alcohol and polyethylene glycol with amorphous silica (PVA-PEG-SiO2), and a shell originating from polyvinyl alcohol and graphene oxide (PVA-GO). Crosslinking with GO and SiO2 initiates the hydrogel transition for the fiber composite upon contact with moisture, which aims to optimize the drug release. The effect of hydrogel-inducing additives on the drug kinetics is evaluated in the case of chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) encapsulation in the core of core–shell fiber composite PVA-PEG-SiO2-1x-CHX@PVA-GO. The release rate is assessed with the zero, first-order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer–Peppas kinetic models, where the inclusion of crosslinking silica provides a longer degradation and release rate. CHX medicated core–shell composite provides sustainable antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Kan
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Julia V. Bondareva
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene S. Statnik
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elizaveta V. Koudan
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology ‘MISIS’, Leninskiy pr. 4, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeniy V. Ippolitov
- Department of Microbiology, Virology, Immunology, A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Delegatskaya St. 20, 127473 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail S. Podporin
- Department of Microbiology, Virology, Immunology, A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Delegatskaya St. 20, 127473 Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina A. Kovaleva
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology ‘MISIS’, Leninskiy pr. 4, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman R. Kapaev
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry and BINA—BIU Center for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Alexandra M. Gordeeva
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Julijana Cvjetinovic
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry A. Gorin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Stanislav A. Evlashin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey I. Salimon
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology ‘MISIS’, Leninskiy pr. 4, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Fedor S. Senatov
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, National University of Science and Technology ‘MISIS’, Leninskiy pr. 4, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander M. Korsunsky
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, bld. 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
- Multi-Beam Laboratory for Engineering Microscopy, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
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5
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Ji S, Sun R, Wang W, Xia Q. Preparation, characterization, and evaluation of tamarind seed polysaccharide-carboxymethylcellulose buccal films loaded with soybean peptides-chitosan nanoparticles. Food Hydrocoll 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.108684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
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6
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Fu ZZ, Yao YH, Guo SJ, Wang K, Zhang Q, Fu Q. Effect of Plasticization on Stretching Stability of Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Films: A Case Study Using Glycerol and Water. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200296. [PMID: 35700343 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Adding small molecular plasticizers is the most common route to tailor the stretchability of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). However, how the plasticization along with the nature of the plasticizer governs the structural homogeneity during stretching remains an open question to answer. Herein, two representative plasticizers, glycerol (GLY) and water, are chosen to endow the PVA films with ductility. It is found that large strain cavitations cause obvious stress whitening in the PVA/H2 O films; on the contrary, most of the PVA/GLY films maintain transparent undergoing tensile deformation. Through a combination of experimental inspections and molecular dynamic simulation, it is revealed that partial water molecules that behave as free water will aggregate into microdomains, which serve as mechanical defects responsible for yielding voids. Whereas, the GLY plasticizer homogeneously disperses at a molecular level and interacts with PVA chains through strong hydrogen bonds. More interestingly, it is illustrated that the dispersion and bound states of plasticizers are closely related to the mechanical character of the plasticized PVA films. These findings offer new insight into the working mechanism of plasticization on the structural stability during stretching, and guide the design of PVA/plasticizer system to obtain excellent comprehensive mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhen Fu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Hang Yao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Jie Guo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Ke Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Qin Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Fu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, P. R. China
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7
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Liu J, Zhang Y, Li H, Liu C, Quan P, Fang L. The role of hydrophilic/hydrophobic group ratio of polyvinyl alcohol on the miscibility of amlodipine in orodispersible films: From molecular mechanism study to product attributes. Int J Pharm 2022; 630:122383. [PMID: 36370996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The miscibility of the therapeutic drug in the polymer matrix is the key to the successful design and development of orodispersible films (ODFs). In the present study, four hydrolyzed polyvinyl alcohols (PVAs) with identical polymerization degree were investigated as carriers for Amlodipine (AML) ODFs systematically. The drug-polymer miscibility and the intermolecular interaction were investigated by Flory-Huggins theory, Gordon-Taylor theory, molecular simulation, FTIR, Raman and 1H NMR. The product attributes of ODFs were also studied. A pharmacokinetic study in rats was then conducted using the film product of PVA5-72, the best performer tested. The results revealed that the drug-polymer miscibility decreased linearly with the increase of hydrolyzed degree of PVA. Hydrogen bonds formed between the drug and the hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups of PVAs were the main intermolecular interaction that caused the differences in drug-polymer miscibility. Furthermore, drug-polymer interaction influenced the product attributes of ODFs, including dissolution profile, mechanical properties and physical stability. The pharmacokinetic study showed the ODFs disintegrated rapidly, and the amorphous AML dissolved and absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, which was comparable to the commercial product. The research offered a foundation for development scientists in designing and formulating PVA films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Yongguo Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, Liaoning 110840, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Peng Quan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Liang Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China.
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8
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Fu ZZ, He W, Yao Y, Qiu Z, Chen H, Li CX, Wang K, Zhang Q, Kwok RTK, Tang BZ, Fu Q. Pursuing Phase Transitions of a Concentrated Polymer Solution by In Situ Fluorescence Measurements Based On Aggregation-Induced Emission. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:9855-9861. [PMID: 36251000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Concentration-dependent phase transitions in concentrated solutions have remained speculation due to the serious impediment of macromolecule dynamics by intensive topological entanglement or intermolecular interaction as well as the absence of powerful tool for detecting changes in chain or segment movement. Herein, taking a general polymer, namely, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), as an example, a water-soluble fluorescent molecule with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) is introduced into the PVA solutions as a chain dynamics indicator to investigate phase transitions at high concentrations through in situ monitoring of the solvent evaporation process. Two turning points of fluorescent intensity are observed for the first time at mean concentrations of ∼25% and ∼45%, corresponding to the gelation and amorphous-to-crystalline transitions, respectively. Our work offers a fundamental insight into the physical nature of concentrate-dependent nonequilibrium transitions and develops a reliable and sensitive approach based on the AIE phenomenon for following high-concentration-triggered property changes of a polymer solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhen Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610065, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong999777, China
| | - Yihang Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610065, China
| | - Zijie Qiu
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong518172, China
| | - Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610065, China
| | - Chen-Xi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610065, China
| | - Ke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610065, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610065, China
| | - Ryan Tsz Kin Kwok
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong999777, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong999777, China
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong518172, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610065, China
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9
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Awad S, Abdel‐Hady EE, Mohamed HFM, Elsharkawy YS, Gomaa MM. Evaluation of transport mechanism and nanostructure of nonperfluorinated
PVA
/
sPTA
proton exchange membrane for fuel cell application. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Somia Awad
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science Minia University Minia Egypt
- Physics Department, Al‐Qunfudah University College Umm Al‐Qura University Mecca Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Mahmoud M. Gomaa
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science Minia University Minia Egypt
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