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Cobb CR, Ngo RK, Dick EJ, Lynch VM, Rose MJ. Multi-phosphine-chelated iron-carbide clusters via redox-promoted ligand exchange on an inert hexa-iron-carbide carbonyl cluster, [Fe 6(μ 6-C)(μ 2-CO) 4(CO) 12] 2. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11455-11471. [PMID: 39055015 PMCID: PMC11268514 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01370k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
We report the reactivity, structures and spectroscopic characterization of reactions of phosphine-based ligands (mono-, di- and tri-dentate) with iron-carbide carbonyl clusters. Historically, the archetype of this cluster class, namely [Fe6(μ6-C)(μ2-CO)4(CO)12]2-, can be prepared on a gram-scale but is resistant to simple ligand substitution reactions. This limitation has precluded the relevance of iron-carbide clusters relating to organometallics, catalysis and the nitrogenase active site cluster. Herein, we aimed to derive a simple and reliable method to accomplish CO → L (where L = phosphine or other general ligands) substitution reactions without harsh reagents or multi-step synthetic strategies. Ultimately, our goal was ligand-based chelation of an Fe n (μ n -C) core to achieve more synthetic control over multi-iron-carbide motifs relevant to the nitrogenase active site. We report that the key intermediate is the PSEPT-non-conforming cluster [Fe6(μ6-C)(CO)16] (2: 84 electrons), which can be generated in situ by the outer-sphere oxidation of [Fe6(μ6-C)(CO)16]2- (1: closo, 86 electrons) with 2 equiv. of [Fc]PF6. The reaction of 2 with excess PPh3 generates a singly substituted neutral cluster [Fe5(μ5-C)(CO)14PPh3] (4), similar to the reported reactivity of the substitutionally active cluster [Fe5(μ5-C)(CO)15] with monodentate phosphines (Cooke & Mays, 1990). In contrast, the reaction of 2 with flexible, bidentate phosphines (DPPE and DPPP) generates a wide range of unisolable products. However, the rigid bidentate phosphine bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene (bdpb) disproportionates the cluster into non-ligated Fe3-carbide anions paired with a bdpb-supported Fe(ii) cation, which co-crystallize in [Fe3(μ3-CH)(μ3-CO)(CO)9]2[Fe(MeCN)2(bdpb)2] (6). A successful reaction of 2 with the tripodal ligand Triphos generates the first multi-iron-chelated, authentic carbide cluster of the formula [Fe4(μ4-C)(κ3-Triphos)(CO)10] (9). DFT analysis of the key (oxidized) intermediate 2 suggests that its (μ6-C)Fe6 framework remains fully intact but is distorted into an axially compressed, 'ruffled' octahedron distinct from the parent closo cluster 1. Oxidation of the cluster in non-coordinating solvent allows for the isolation and crystallization of the CO-saturated, intact closo-analogue [Fe6(μ6-C)(CO)17] (3), indicating that the intact (μ6-C)Fe6 motif is retained during initial oxidation with [Fc]PF6. Overall, we demonstrate that redox modulation beneficially 'bends' Wade-Mingo's rules via the generation of electron-starved (non-PSEPT) intermediates, which are the key intermediates in promoting facile CO → L substitution reactions in iron-carbide-carbonyl clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn R Cobb
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Ren K Ngo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Emily J Dick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Vincent M Lynch
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Michael J Rose
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA
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2
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Alhimidi SRH, Al-Ibadi MAM, Jabbar ML. QTAIM analysis of the bonding in anionic group 6 carbonyl selenide clusters: [Se 2M 3(CO) 10] 2- (M=Cr, Mo, W). J Mol Model 2024; 30:230. [PMID: 38922351 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-06031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT This research aims to offer a deeper understanding of the bonding interactions between M-Se and M-CO and how these interactions change across the group 6 transition metal series: [Se2M3(CO)10]2- (M = Cr, Mo, W). It also seeks to explore the impact of carbonyl groups on M-M interactions within the clusters. Seven criteria, which are based on QTAIM properties, have been considered and compared with the corresponding criteria in other transition metal clusters. The results confirm that no such bond critical points or bond baths occur between transition metals, which instead have 5c-7e bonding interactions delocalized over their five-membered M3(μ-Se)2 ring, as evidenced by the non-negligible nonbonding delocalization indices. The topological properties of three bond clusters, Cr-Se, Mo-Se, and W-Se, resemble those of "intermediate closed shell characters," which combine covalent and electrostatic properties. Source function calculations indicated that the bonded Se atom contributed the most to each Cr-Se and Mo-Se bcp. The OCO atoms and nonbonded Se atoms also contributed to some extent. However, metal atoms act as sinks rather than as sources of electron density. In contrast, the majority of the metal atoms, both bonded and nonbonded, contribute to Cr-W bcps. Analysis of the delocalization indices δ(M…O) in the three clusters indicates that CO significantly contributes to Cr π-back donation in cluster 1. In contrast, no π-back donation occurs from CO to Mo or W in clusters 2 or 3, respectively. METHODS The B3P86 hybrid functional was used for computations in the Gaussian 09 software. The LanL2DZ basis set was employed for Cr, Mo, and W, while the 6-31G (d, p) basis set was used for C, O, and Se atoms. We performed QTAIM analysis using the AIM2000 and Multiwfn packages, incorporating B3P86/WTBS for Cr, Mo, and W atoms. The 6-311++G(3df,3pd) basis set was used for C, O, and Se atoms. Additionally, we utilized the ELF and SF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhsen Abood Muhsen Al-Ibadi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq.
- Department of Medical Techniques Analysis, College of Medical Techniques, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq.
| | - Mohammed L Jabbar
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Thi-Qar University, Nasiriyah, Iraq
- Medical physics Department, Hilla University College, Babylon, Iraq
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3
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Kephart J, Zhou DY, Sandwisch J, Cajiao N, Krajewski SM, Malinowski P, Chu JH, Neidig ML, Kaminsky W, Velian A. Caught in the Act of Substitution: Interadsorbate Effects on an Atomically Precise Fe/Co/Se Nanocluster. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2024; 10:1276-1282. [PMID: 38947197 PMCID: PMC11212139 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.4c00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Directing groups guide substitution patterns in organic synthetic schemes, but little is known about pathways to control reactivity patterns, such as regioselectivity, in complex inorganic systems such as bioinorganic cofactors or extended surfaces. Interadsorbate effects are known to encode surface reactivity patterns in inorganic materials, modulating the location and binding strength of ligands. However, owing to limited experimental resolution into complex inorganic structures, there is little opportunity to resolve these effects on the atomic scale. Here, we utilize an atomically precise Fe/Co/Se nanocluster platform, [Fe3(L)2Co6Se8L'6]+ ([1(L)2]+; L = CN t Bu, THF; L' = Ph2PN(-)Tol), in which allosteric interadsorbate effects give rise to pronounced site-differentiation. Using a combination of spectroscopic techniques and single-crystal X-ray diffractometry, we discover that coordination of THF at the ligand-free Fe site in [1(CN t Bu)2]+ sets off a domino effect wherein allosteric through-cluster interactions promote the regioselective dissociation of CN t Bu at a neighboring Fe site. Computational analysis reveals that this active site correlation is a result of delocalized Fe···Se···Co···Se covalent interactions that intertwine edge sites on the same cluster face. This study provides an unprecedented atom-scale glimpse into how interfacial metal-support interactions mediate a collective and regiospecific path for substrate exchange across multiple active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan
A. Kephart
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Daniel Y. Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jason Sandwisch
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Nathalia Cajiao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Sebastian M. Krajewski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Paul Malinowski
- Department
of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jiun-Haw Chu
- Department
of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Michael L. Neidig
- Inorganic
Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Werner Kaminsky
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Alexandra Velian
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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4
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Wang R, Chen D, Fang L, Fan W, You Q, Bian G, Zhou Y, Gu W, Wang C, Bai L, Li J, Deng H, Liao L, Yang J, Wu Z. Atomically Precise Nanometer-Sized Pt Catalysts with an Additional Photothermy Functionality. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402565. [PMID: 38588114 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Atomically precise ~1-nm Pt nanoparticles (nanoclusters, NCs) with ambient stability are important in fundamental research and exhibit diverse practical applications (catalysis, biomedicine, etc.). However, synthesizing such materials is challenging. Herein, by employing the mixture ligand protecting strategy, we successfully synthesized the largest organic-ligand-protected (~1-nm) Pt23 NCs precisely characterized with mass spectrometry and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses. Interestingly, natural population analysis and Bader charge calculation indicate an alternate, varying charge -layer distribution in the sandwich-like Pt23 NC kernel. Pt23 NCs can catalyze the oxygen reduction reaction under acidic conditions without requiring calcination and other treatments, and the resulting specific and mass activities without further treatment are sevenfold and eightfold higher than those observed for commercial Pt/C catalysts, respectively. Density functional theory and d-band center calculations interpret the high activity. Furthermore, Pt23 NCs exhibit a photothermal conversion efficiency of 68.4 % under 532-nm laser irradiation and can be used at least for six cycles, thus demonstrating great potential for practical applications.
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Grants
- 21925303, 21829501, 21771186, 22075290, 22075291, 22272179, 21222301, 21171170, and 21528303 Natural Science Foundation of China
- BJPY2019A02 CASHIPS Director's Fund
- MESO-23-A06 State Key Laboratory of Mesoscience and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- 2020HSC-CIP005 and 2022HSC-CIP018 Innovative Program of Development Foundation of Hefei Center for Physical Science and Technology
- 2021M703251 China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
- YZJJ-GGZX-2022-01 and YZJJ202306-TS HFIPS Director's Fund
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Affiliation(s)
- Runguo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P.R. China
| | - Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Liang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P.R. China
| | - Wentao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P.R. China
| | - Qing You
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P.R. China
| | - Guoqing Bian
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P.R. China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P.R. China
| | - Wanmiao Gu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P.R. China
| | - Chengming Wang
- Instruments' Center for Physical Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Licheng Bai
- Shenzhen Engineering Center for the Fabrication of Two-Dimensional Atomic Crystals, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jin Li
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R.China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P.R.China
| | - Lingwen Liao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P.R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhikun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Laboratory of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
- Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P.R. China
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5
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Yang SY, Chen Y, Kwok RTK, Lam JWY, Tang BZ. Platinum complexes with aggregation-induced emission. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5366-5393. [PMID: 38712843 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00218k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal-containing materials with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) have brought new opportunities for the development of biological probes, optoelectronic materials, stimuli-responsive materials, sensors, and detectors. Coordination compounds containing the platinum metal have emerged as a promising option for constructing effective AIE platinum complexes. In this review, we classified AIE platinum complexes based on the number of ligands. We focused on the development and performance of AIE platinum complexes with different numbers of ligands and discussed the impact of platinum ion coordination and ligand structure variation on the optoelectronic properties. Furthermore, this review analyzes and summarizes the influence of molecular geometries, stacking models, and aggregation environments on the optoelectronic performance of these complexes. We provided a comprehensive overview of the AIE mechanisms exhibited by various AIE platinum complexes. Based on the unique properties of AIE platinum complexes with different numbers of ligands, we systematically summarized their applications in electronics, biological fields, etc. Finally, we illustrated the challenges and opportunities for future research on AIE platinum complexes, aiming at giving a comprehensive summary and outlook on the latest developments of functional AIE platinum complexes and also encouraging more researchers to contribute to this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yi Yang
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Yingying Chen
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Ryan T K Kwok
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Jacky W Y Lam
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China.
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen (CUHK-Shenzhen), Guangdong 518172, China.
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6
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Hsu MC, Lin RY, Sun TY, Huang YX, Li MS, Li YH, Chen HL, Shieh M. Inorganic-organic hybrid Cu-dipyridyl semiconducting polymers based on the redox-active cluster [SFe 3(CO) 9] 2-: filling the gap in iron carbonyl chalcogenide polymers. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:7303-7314. [PMID: 38587832 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00254g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
The construction of sulfur-incorporated cluster-based coordination polymers was limited and underexplored due to the lack of efficient synthetic routes. Herein, we report facile mechanochemical ways toward a new series of SFe3(CO)9-based dipyridyl-Cu polymers by three-component reactions of [Et4N]2[SFe3(CO)9] ([Et4N]2[1]) and [Cu(MeCN)4][BF4] with conjugated or conjugation-interrupted dipyridyl ligands, 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene (bpee), 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane (bpea), 4,4'-dipyridyl (dpy), or 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane (bpp), respectively. X-ray analysis showed that bpee-containing 2D polymers demonstrated unique SFe3(CO)9 cluster-armed and cluster-one-armed coordination modes via the hypervalent μ5-S atom. These S-Fe-Cu polymers could undergo flexible structural transformations with the change of cluster bonding modes by grinding with stoichiometric amounts of dipyridyls or 1/[Cu(MeCN)4]+. They exhibited semiconducting behaviors with low energy gaps of 1.55-1.79 eV and good electrical conductivities of 3.26 × 10-8-1.48 × 10-6 S cm-1, tuned by the SFe3(CO)9 cluster bonding modes accompanied by secondary interactions in the solid state. The electron transport efficiency of these polymers was further elucidated by solid-state packing, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES), density of states (DOS), and crystal orbital Hamilton population (COHP) analysis. Finally, the solid-state electrochemistry of these polymers demonstrated redox-active behaviors with cathodically-shifted patterns compared to that of [Et4N]2[1], showing that their efficient electron communication was effectively enhanced by introducing 1 and dipyridyls as hybrid ligands into Cu+-containing networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chi Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116325, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Ru Yan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116325, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Tzu-Yen Sun
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116325, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Xin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116325, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Min-Sian Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116325, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Huei Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116325, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Hui-Lung Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 111396, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Minghuey Shieh
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116325, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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7
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Elsayed Moussa M, Bauer S, Graßl C, Riesinger C, Balázs G, Scheer M. Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Cobalt Carbonyl Phosphorus and Arsenic Clusters. Molecules 2024; 29:2025. [PMID: 38731516 PMCID: PMC11085420 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus- and arsenic-containing cobalt clusters are an interesting class of compounds that continue to provide new structures with captivating bonding patterns. Although the first members of this family were reported 45 years ago, the number of such species is still limited within the broad family of transition metal complexes bearing pnictogen atoms. Herein, we present the reaction of Co2(CO)8 as a cobalt source with a number of phosphorus- and arsenic-containing compounds under variable reaction conditions. These reactions result in various known and novel cobalt phosphorus and cobalt arsenic clusters in which different nuclearity ratios between P/As and Co exist. All those clusters were characterized by X-ray structural analysis and partly by IR, 31P{1H} NMR, EI-MS and elemental analysis. This comprehensive study is the first detailed study in this field that reveals the richness of compounds that could be obtained only by modifying the ratio of used reactants and the involved reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Manfred Scheer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany; (M.E.M.); (S.B.); (C.G.); (C.R.); (G.B.)
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8
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Cesari C, Bortoluzzi M, Femoni C, Forti F, Iapalucci MC, Zacchini S. Peraurated ruthenium hydride carbonyl clusters: aurophilicity, isolobal analogy, structural isomerism, and fluxionality. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:3865-3879. [PMID: 38311969 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04282k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
The stepwise addition of increasing amounts of Au(PPh3)Cl to [HRu4(CO)12]3- (1) results in the sequential formation of [HRu4(CO)12(AuPPh3)]2- (2), [HRu4(CO)12(AuPPh3)2]- (3), and HRu4(CO)12(AuPPh3)3 (4). Alternatively, 4 can be obtained upon addition of HBF4·Et2O (two mole equivalents) to 3. Further addition of acid to 3 (three mole equivalents) results in the formation of the tetra-aurated cluster Ru4(CO)12(AuPPh3)4 (5). Compounds 2-5 have been characterized by IR, 1H and 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopies. Moreover, the molecular structures of 3-5 have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction as [NEt4][3]·2CH2Cl2, 4-b·2CH2Cl2, 4-a, 5·0.5CH2Cl2·solv, and 5·solv crystalline solids. Two different isomers of 4, that is 4-a and 4-b, have been crystallographically characterized and their rapid interconversion in solution was studied by variable temperature 1H and 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopies. Weak aurophilic Au⋯Au contacts have been detected in the solid state structures of 3-5. Computational studies have been performed in order to elucidate bonding and isomerism, as well as to predict the possible structure of the elusive species 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Cesari
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Bortoluzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30175 Mestre, Ve, Italy
| | - Cristina Femoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Forti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Iapalucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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9
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Liu X, McPherson JN, Andersen CE, Jørgensen MSB, Larsen RW, Yutronkie NJ, Wilhelm F, Rogalev A, Giménez-Marqués M, Mínguez Espallargas G, Göb CR, Pedersen KS. A zero-valent palladium cluster-organic framework. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1177. [PMID: 38331922 PMCID: PMC10853280 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45363-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Acquiring spatial control of nanoscopic metal clusters is central to their function as efficient multi-electron catalysts. However, dispersing metal clusters on surfaces or in porous hosts is accompanied by an intrinsic heterogeneity that hampers detailed understanding of the chemical structure and its relation to reactivities. Tethering pre-assembled molecular metal clusters into polymeric, crystalline 2D or 3D networks constitutes an unproven approach to realizing ordered arrays of chemically well-defined metal clusters. Herein, we report the facile synthesis of a {Pd3} cluster-based organometallic framework from a molecular triangulo-Pd3(CNXyl)6 (Xyl = xylyl; Pd3) cluster under chemically mild conditions. The formally zero-valent Pd3 cluster readily engages in a complete ligand exchange when exposed to a similar, ditopic isocyanide ligand, resulting in polymerization into a 2D coordination network (Pd3-MOF). The structure of Pd3-MOF could be unambiguously determined by continuous rotation 3D electron diffraction (3D-ED) experiments to a resolution of ~1.0 Å (>99% completeness), showcasing the applicability of 3D-ED to nanocrystalline, organometallic polymers. Pd3-MOF displays Pd03 cluster nodes, which possess significant thermal and aerobic stability, and activity towards hydrogenation catalysis. Importantly, the realization of Pd3-MOF paves the way for the exploitation of metal clusters as building blocks for rigidly interlocked metal nanoparticles at the molecular limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyue Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - James N McPherson
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Carl Emil Andersen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mike S B Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - René Wugt Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nathan J Yutronkie
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), CS 40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Fabrice Wilhelm
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), CS 40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Andrei Rogalev
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), CS 40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Mónica Giménez-Marqués
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Paterna, 46980, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Christian R Göb
- Rigaku Europe SE, Hugenottenallee 167, 63263, Neu-Isenburg, Germany
| | - Kasper S Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, DK-2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
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10
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Elsayed Moussa M, Rummel EM, Eckhardt M, Riesinger C, Scheer M. Unusual cleavage of phosphaalkynes triple bond in the coordination sphere of transition metals. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15656-15659. [PMID: 37846749 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02472e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of RCP (R = Me, tBu, iPr) with Co2(CO)8 and Fe2(CO)9 under mild conditions led to unpredictable fragmentations of the CP triple bond and subsequent formation of clusters with a dimeric Co3E (E = P and RC) and an Fe3P(CR) core, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Elsayed Moussa
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Eva-Maria Rummel
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Maria Eckhardt
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Christoph Riesinger
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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11
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Kawawaki T, Negishi Y. Elucidation of the electronic structures of thiolate-protected gold nanoclusters by electrochemical measurements. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15152-15167. [PMID: 37712891 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02005c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters (NCs) with sizes of approximately 2 nm or less have different physical/chemical properties from those of the bulk metals owing to quantum size effects. Metal NCs, which can be size-controlled and heterometal doped at atomic accuracy, are expected to be the next generation of important materials, and new metal NCs are reported regularly. However, compared with conventional materials such as metal complexes and relatively large metal nanoparticles (>2 nm), these metal NCs are still underdeveloped in terms of evaluation and establishment of application methods. Electrochemical measurements are one of the most widely used methods for synthesis, application, and characterisation of metal NCs. This review summarizes the basic knowledge of the electrochemistry and experimental techniques, and provides examples of the reported electronic states of thiolate-protected gold NCs elucidated by electrochemical approaches. It is expected that this review will provide useful information for researchers starting to study metal NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokuhisa Kawawaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
- Research Institute for Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
- Research Institute for Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
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12
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Ariyarathna IR, Cho Y, Duan C, Kulik HJ. Gas-phase and solid-state electronic structure analysis and DFT benchmarking of HfCO. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:26632-26639. [PMID: 37767841 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03550f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Ab initio multi-reference configuration interaction (MRCI) and coupled cluster singles doubles and perturbative triples [CCSD(T)] levels of theory were used to study ground and excited electronic states of HfCO. We report potential energy curves, dissociation energies (De), excitation energies, harmonic vibrational frequencies, and chemical bonding patterns of HfCO. The 3Σ- ground state of HfCO has an 1σ22σ21π2 electron configuration and a ∼30 kcal mol-1 dissociation energy with respect to its lowest-energy fragments Hf(3F) + CO(X1Σ+). We further evaluated the De of its isovalent HfCX (X = S, Se, Te, Po) series and observed that they increase linearly from the lighter HfCO to the heavier HfCPo with the dipole moment of the CX ligand. The same linear relationship was observed for TiCX and ZrCX. We utilized the CCSD(T) benchmark values of De, excitation energy, and ionization energy (IE) values to evaluate density functional theory (DFT) errors with 23 exchange-correlation functionals spanning GGA, meta-GGA, global GGA hybrid, meta-GGA hybrid, range-separated hybrid, and double-hybrid functional families. The global GGA hybrid B3LYP and range-separated hybrid ωB97X performed well at representing the ground state properties of HfCO (i.e., De and IE). Finally, we extended our DFT analysis to the interaction of a CO molecule with a Hf surface and observed that the surface chemisorption energy and the gas-phase molecular dissociation energy are very similar for some DFAs but not others, suggesting moderate transferability of the benchmarks on these molecules to the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isuru R Ariyarathna
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Yeongsu Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Chenru Duan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Heather J Kulik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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13
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Cesari C, Bortoluzzi M, Funaioli T, Femoni C, Iapalucci MC, Zacchini S. Highly Reduced Ruthenium Carbide Carbonyl Clusters: Synthesis, Molecular Structure, Reactivity, Electrochemistry, and Computational Investigation of [Ru 6C(CO) 15] 4. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:14590-14603. [PMID: 37646082 PMCID: PMC10498495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of [Ru6C(CO)16]2- (1) with NaOH in DMSO resulted in the formation of a highly reduced [Ru6C(CO)15]4- (2), which was readily protonated by acids, such as HBF4·Et2O, to [HRu6C(CO)15]3- (3). Oxidation of 2 with [Cp2Fe][PF6] or [C7H7][BF4] in CH3CN resulted in [Ru6C(CO)15(CH3CN)]2- (5), which was quantitatively converted into 1 after exposure to CO atmosphere. The reaction of 2 with a mild methylating agent such as CH3,I afforded the purported [Ru6C(CO)14(COCH3)]3- (6). By employing a stronger reagent, that is, CF3SO3CH3, a mixture of [HRu6C(CO)16]- (4), [H3Ru6C(CO)15]- (7), and [Ru6C(CO)15(CH3CNCH3)]- (8) was obtained. The molecular structures of 2-5, 7, and 8 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction as their [NEt4]4[2]·CH3CN, [NEt4]3[3], [NEt4][4], [NEt4]2[5], [NEt4][7], and [NEt4][8]·solv salts. The carbyne-carbide cluster 6 was partially characterized by IR spectroscopy and ESI-MS, and its structure was computationally predicted using DFT methods. The redox behavior of 2 and 3 was investigated by electrochemical and IR spectroelectrochemical methods. Computational studies were performed in order to unravel structural and thermodynamic aspects of these octahedral Ru-carbide carbonyl clusters displaying miscellaneous ligands and charges in comparison with related iron derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Cesari
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna. Italy
| | - Marco Bortoluzzi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Ca’
Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30175 Mestre (Ve), Italy
| | - Tiziana Funaioli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi
13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Femoni
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna. Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Iapalucci
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna. Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna. Italy
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14
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Bostelaar TM, Brown AC, Sridharan A, Suess DLM. A general method for metallocluster site-differentiation. NATURE SYNTHESIS 2023; 2:740-748. [PMID: 39055685 PMCID: PMC11271975 DOI: 10.1038/s44160-023-00286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The deployment of metalloclusters in applications such as catalysis and materials synthesis requires robust methods for site-differentiation: the conversion of clusters with symmetric ligand spheres to those with unsymmetrical ligand spheres. However, imparting precise patterns of site-differentiation is challenging because, compared with mononuclear complexes, the ligands bound to clusters exert limited spatial and electronic influence on one another. Here, we report a method that employs sterically encumbering ligands to bind to only a subset of a cluster's coordination sites. Specifically, we show that homoleptic, phosphine-ligated Fe-S clusters undergo ligand substitution with N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) to give heteroleptic clusters in which the resultant clusters' site-differentiation patterns are encoded by the steric profile of the incoming NHC. This method affords access to every site-differentiation pattern for cuboidal [Fe4S4] clusters and can be extended to other cluster types, particularly in the stereoselective synthesis of site-differentiated Chevrel-type [Fe6S8] clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trever M Bostelaar
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra C Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Arun Sridharan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel L M Suess
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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15
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Beamer AW, Buss JA. Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and CO 2 Reactivity of a Constitutionally Analogous Series of Tricopper Mono-, Di-, and Trihydrides. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37276588 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The formation of hydrides at heterogeneous copper surfaces results in dramatic structural and reactivity changes, yet the morphologies of these materials and their respective roles in catalysis are not well understood. Of particular interest is the reactivity of heterogeneous copper hydrides with carbon dioxide (CO2), an early mechanistic branching point in the CO2 reduction reaction. Herein, we report the synthesis, characterization, and reactivity of tricopper compounds supported by a facially biased, chelating tris(carbene) ligand scaffold. This sterically bulky environment affords access to an isolable series of tricopper hydrides: [LCu3H]2+ (4), [LCu3H2]+ (3), and LCu3H3 (6). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction and solution NMR spectroscopy studies reveal both geometric flexibility within the Cu3 core and fluxionality of hydride ligands across the Cu3 cluster, providing both atomically precise experimental analogues of static surface species and emulating dynamic ligand behavior proposed for surfaces. Electronic structure calculations serve as a predictor of hydricity, which was likewise benchmarked experimentally via both protonolysis and hydride abstraction reactions. Increased hydride number (and commensurately lower cluster charge) results in more hydridic complexes, with a thermodynamic hydricity range spanning >30 kcal/mol. These thermochemical studies serve as an accurate predictor of CO2 reactivity. Together, this Cu3Hx series exhibits the structure/reactivity relationships proposed for catalytically active copper surfaces, validating the application of carefully designed molecular clusters toward elucidating mechanisms in surface science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Beamer
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Joshua A Buss
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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16
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Meng Y, Liu Q. New Insights into Adsorption Properties of the Tubular Au 26 from AIMD Simulations and Electronic Interactions. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28072916. [PMID: 37049681 PMCID: PMC10096096 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we revealed the electronic nature of the tubular Au26 based on spherical aromaticity. The peculiar structure of the Au26 could be an ideal catalyst model for studying the adsorptions of the Au nanotubes. However, through Google Scholar, we found that no one has reported connections between the structure and reactivity properties of Au26. Here, three kinds of molecules are selected to study the fundamental adsorption behaviors that occur on the surface of Au26. When one CO molecule is adsorbed on the Au26, the σ-hole adsorption structure is quickly identified as belonging to a ground state energy, and it still maintains integrity at a temperature of 500 K, where σ donations and π-back donations take place; however, two CO molecules make the structure of Au26 appear with distortions or collapse. When one H2 is adsorbed on the Au26, the H-H bond length is slightly elongated due to charge transfers to the anti-bonding σ* orbital of H2. The Au26-H2 can maintain integrity within 100 fs at 300 K and the H2 molecule starts moving away from the Au26 after 200 fs. Moreover, the Au26 can act as a Lewis base to stabilize the electron-deficient BH3 molecule, and frontier molecular orbitals overlap between the Au26 and BH3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Meng
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232000, China
| | - Qiman Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232000, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Low Temperature Co-Fired Materials, Huainan 232000, China
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17
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Cesari C, Berti B, Bortoluzzi M, Femoni C, Funaioli T, Vivaldi FM, Iapalucci MC, Zacchini S. From M 6 to M 12, M 19 and M 38 molecular alloy Pt-Ni carbonyl nanoclusters: selective growth of atomically precise heterometallic nanoclusters. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:3623-3642. [PMID: 36866767 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03607j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Heterometallic Chini-type clusters [Pt6-xNix(CO)12]2- (x = 0-6) were obtained by reactions of [Pt6(CO)12]2- with Ni-clusters such as [Ni6(CO)12]2-, [Ni9(CO)18]2- and [H2Ni12(CO)21]2-, or from [Pt9(CO)18]2- and [Ni6(CO)12]2-. The Pt/Ni composition of [Pt6-xNix(CO)12]2- (x = 0-6) depended on the nature of the reagents employed and their stoichiometry. Reactions of [Pt9(CO)18]2- with [Ni9(CO)18]2- and [H2Ni12(CO)21]2-, as well as reactions of [Pt12(CO)24]2- with [Ni6(CO)12]2-, [Ni9(CO)18]2- and [H2Ni12(CO)21]2-, afforded [Pt9-xNix(CO)18]2- (x = 0-9) species. [Pt6-xNix(CO)12]2- (x = 1-5) were converted into [Pt12-xNix(CO)21]4- (x = 2-10) upon heating in CH3CN at 80 °C, with almost complete retention of the Pt/Ni composition. Reaction of [Pt12-xNix(CO)21]4- (x ≈ 8) with HBF4·Et2O afforded the [HPt14+xNi24-x(CO)44]5- (x ≈ 0.7) nanocluster. Finally, [Pt19-xNix(CO)22]4- (x = 2-6) could be obtained by heating [Pt9-xNix(CO)18]2- (x = 1-3) in CH3CN at 80 °C, or [Pt6-xNix(CO)12]2- (2-4) in DMSO at 130 °C. The molecular structures of these new alloy nanoclusters have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The site preference of Pt and Ni within their metal cages has been computationally investigated. The electrochemical and IR spectroelectrochemical behavior of [Pt19-xNix(CO)22]4- (x = 3.11) has been studied and compared to the isostructural homometallic nanocluster [Pt19(CO)22]4-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Cesari
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Berti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marco Bortoluzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30175 Mestre (Ve), Italy
| | - Cristina Femoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Funaioli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Maria Vivaldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Iapalucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
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18
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Jeyakumar TC, Thomas JM, Sivan AK, Sivasankar C. Molecular and electronic structure analysis of [Fe(CO)4(SiX)] (X = O, S, Se and Te): a DFT study. J CHEM SCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-022-02126-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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19
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Pattanayak S, Berben LA. Pre-Equilibrium Reaction Mechanism as a Strategy to Enhance Rate and Lower Overpotential in Electrocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3419-3426. [PMID: 36734988 PMCID: PMC9936576 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Pre-equilibrium reaction kinetics enable the overall rate of a catalytic reaction to be orders of magnitude faster than the rate-determining step. Herein, we demonstrate how pre-equilibrium kinetics can be applied to breaking the linear free-energy relationship (LFER) for electrocatalysis, leading to rate enhancement 5 orders of magnitude and lowering of overpotential to approximately thermoneutral. This approach is applied to pre-equilibrium formation of a metal-hydride intermediate to achieve fast formate formation rates from CO2 reduction without loss of selectivity (i.e., H2 evolution). Fast pre-equilibrium metal-hydride formation, at 108 M-1 s-1, boosts the CO2 electroreduction to formate rate up to 296 s-1. Compared with molecular catalysts that have similar overpotential, this rate is enhanced by 5 orders of magnitude. As an alternative comparison, overpotential is lowered by ∼50 mV compared to catalysts with a similar rate. The principles elucidated here to obtain pre-equilibrium reaction kinetics via catalyst design are general. Design and development that builds on these principles should be possible in both molecular homogeneous and heterogeneous electrocatalysis.
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20
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Luo XM, Li YK, Dong XY, Zang SQ. Platonic and Archimedean solids in discrete metal-containing clusters. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:383-444. [PMID: 36533405 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00582d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Metal-containing clusters have attracted increasing attention over the past 2-3 decades. This intense interest can be attributed to the fact that these discrete metal aggregates, whose atomically precise structures are resolved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD), often possess intriguing geometrical features (high symmetry, aesthetically pleasing shapes and architectures) and fascinating physical properties, providing invaluable opportunities for the intersection of different disciplines including chemistry, physics, mathematical geometry and materials science. In this review, we attempt to reinterpret and connect these fascinating clusters from the perspective of Platonic and Archimedean solid characteristics, focusing on highly symmetrical and complex metal-containing (metal = Al, Ti, V, Mo, W, U, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, lanthanoids (Ln), and actinoids) high-nuclearity clusters, including metal-oxo/hydroxide/chalcogenide clusters and metal clusters (with metal-metal binding) protected by surface organic ligands, such as thiolate, phosphine, alkynyl, carbonyl and nitrogen/oxygen donor ligands. Furthermore, we present the symmetrical beauty of metal cluster structures and the geometrical similarity of different types of clusters and provide a large number of examples to show how to accurately describe the metal clusters from the perspective of highly symmetrical polyhedra. Finally, knowledge and further insights into the design and synthesis of unknown metal clusters are put forward by summarizing these "star" molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ming Luo
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Ya-Ke Li
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Xi-Yan Dong
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China. .,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
| | - Shuang-Quan Zang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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21
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Molecular Fe, CO and Ni carbide carbonyl clusters and Nanoclusters†. Inorganica Chim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.121235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Atom hybridization of metallic elements: Emergence of subnano metallurgy for the post-nanotechnology. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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23
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Tiefenthaler SM, Korber N. [K([2.2.2]‐crypt)]K[Pt
3
(μ
2
‐CO)
3
(PPh
3
)
3
] ⋅ 3NH
3
– A New
Chini
‐Type Platinum Carbonyl Complex. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202200286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikolaus Korber
- University of Regensburg Department of Inorganic Chemistry 93040 Regensburg
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24
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Mercurophilic Interactions in Heterometallic Ru-Hg carbonyl clusters. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.121281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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25
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Cesari C, Bortoluzzi M, Forti F, Gubbels L, Femoni C, Iapalucci MC, Zacchini S. 2-D Molecular Alloy Ru-M (M = Cu, Ag, and Au) Carbonyl Clusters: Synthesis, Molecular Structure, Catalysis, and Computational Studies. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:14726-14741. [PMID: 36069711 PMCID: PMC9490753 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of [HRu3(CO)11]- (1) with M(I) (M = Cu, Ag, and Au) compounds such as [Cu(CH3CN)4][BF4], AgNO3, and Au(Et2S)Cl afford the 2-D molecular alloy clusters [CuRu6(CO)22]- (2), [AgRu6(CO)22]- (3), and [AuRu5(CO)19]- (4), respectively. The reactions of 2-4 with PPh3 result in mixtures of products, among which [Cu2Ru8(CO)26]2- (5), Ru4(CO)12(CuPPh3)4 (6), Ru4(CO)12(AgPPh3)4 (7), Ru(CO)3(PPh3)2 (8), and HRu3(OH)(CO)7(PPh3)3 (9) have been isolated and characterized. The molecular structures of 2-6 and 9 have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The metal-metal bonding within 2-5 has been computationally investigated by density functional theory methods. In addition, the [NEt4]+ salts of 2-4 have been tested as catalyst precursors for transfer hydrogenation on the model substrate 4-fluoroacetophenone using iPrOH as a solvent and a hydrogen source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Cesari
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Center
for Chemical Catalysis—C3, University
of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento
4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Bortoluzzi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Ca’
Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30175 Mestre (Ve), Italy
| | - Francesca Forti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Center
for Chemical Catalysis—C3, University
of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento
4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Lisa Gubbels
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Femoni
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Iapalucci
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Center
for Chemical Catalysis—C3, University
of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento
4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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26
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Cesari C, Berti B, Funaioli T, Femoni C, Iapalucci MC, Pontiroli D, Magnani G, Riccò M, Bortoluzzi M, Vivaldi FM, Zacchini S. Atomically Precise Platinum Carbonyl Nanoclusters: Synthesis, Total Structure, and Electrochemical Investigation of [Pt 27(CO) 31] 4- Displaying a Defective Structure. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:12534-12544. [PMID: 35920640 PMCID: PMC9387524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The molecular Pt nanocluster [Pt27(CO)31]4- (14-) was obtained by thermal decomposition of [Pt15(CO)30]2- in tetrahydrofuran under a H2 atmosphere. The reaction of 14- with increasing amounts of HBF4·Et2O afforded the previously reported [Pt26(CO)32]2- (32-) and [Pt26(CO)32]- (3-). The new nanocluster 14- was characterized by IR and UV-visible spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, direct-current superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry, cyclic voltammetry, IR spectroelectrochemistry (IR SEC), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The cluster displays a cubic-close-packed Pt27 framework generated by the overlapping of four ABCA layers, composed of 3, 7, 11, and 6 atoms, respectively, that encapsulates a fully interstitial Pt4 tetrahedron. One Pt atom is missing within layer 3, and this defect (vacancy) generates local deformations within layers 2 and 3. These local deformations tend to repair the defect (missing atom) and increase the number of Pt-Pt bonding contacts, minimizing the total energy. The cluster 14- is perfectly diamagnetic and displays a rich electrochemical behavior. Indeed, six different oxidation states have been characterized by IR SEC, unraveling the series of 1n- (n = 3-8) isostructural nanoclusters. Computational studies have been carried out to further support the interpretation of the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Cesari
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Beatrice Berti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Tiziana Funaioli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Cristina Femoni
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Iapalucci
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Daniele Pontiroli
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, and INSTM, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle Scienze 7/a, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Giacomo Magnani
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, and INSTM, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle Scienze 7/a, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Mauro Riccò
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, and INSTM, Università degli Studi di Parma, Viale delle Scienze 7/a, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Marco Bortoluzzi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Ca’Foscari
University of Venice, Via Torino 155, Mestre (Ve) 30175, Italy
| | - Federico Maria Vivaldi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
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Liu Q, Zhang M, Zhang D, Hu Y, Zhu Q, Cheng L. Adsorption properties of pyramidal superatomic molecules based on the structural framework of the Au 20 cluster. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:12410-12418. [PMID: 35574969 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01552h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The pyramidal Au20 cluster is a highly inert and stable superatomic molecule, but it is not suitable as a potential catalyst for covalent bond activations, e.g., CO oxidation reaction. Herein, the adsorption and electronic properties of CO molecules on various pyramidal clusters based on the structural framework of Au20 are investigated using density functional theory. According to the SVB model, we constructed isoelectronic superatomic molecules with different pyramid configurations by replacing the vertex atoms of the Au20 using metal M atoms (M = Li, Be, Ni, Cu, and Zn group atoms). After the CO molecules are adsorbed on the vertex atoms of these metal clusters, we analyzed the CO adsorption energies, C-O bond stretching frequencies, and electronic properties of the adsorption structures. It was found that the adsorption of CO molecules results in minimal changes in the parent geometries of the pyramidal clusters, and most adsorption structures are consistent with the geometry of CO adsorption at the vertex site of the Au20 cluster. There are significant red shifts when CO molecules are adsorbed on the Ni/Pd/Pt atoms of the clusters, and their CO adsorption energies were also greater. The molecular orbitals and density of states reveal that there are overlaps between the frontier orbitals of the clusters and CO, and the electronic structure of NiAu19- is not sensitive to CO. The ETS-NOCV analysis shows that the increase in the density of the bonding area caused by the orbital interactions between the fragments is higher than the decrease in the density of the bonding area caused by Pauli repulsion, presenting that the direction of charge flow in the deformation density is from CO → clusters. From energy decomposition analysis (EDA) and NPA charge, we find a predominant covalent nature of the contributions in CO⋯M interactions (σ-donation). Our study indicates that the SVB model provides a new direction to expand the superatomic catalysts from the superatom clusters, which also provides inference for the extension of the single atom catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiman Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, 232038, P. R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Anhui University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China.
| | - Manli Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, 232038, P. R. China.
| | - Dawen Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, 232038, P. R. China.
| | - Yunhu Hu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, 232038, P. R. China.
| | - Qiyong Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, 232038, P. R. China.
| | - Longjiu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Anhui University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China.
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Wei J, Marchal R, Astruc D, Kahlal S, Halet JF, Saillard JY. Looking at platinum carbonyl nanoclusters as superatoms. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:3946-3957. [PMID: 35229849 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr08216g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although the chemistry of carbonyl-protected platinum nanoclusters is well established, their bonding mode remains poorly understood. In most of them, the average Pt oxidation state is zero or slightly negative, leading to the apparent average configuration 5d10 6sε (ε = 0 or very small) and the apparent conclusion that metal-metal bonding cannot arise from the completely filled 5d shell nor from the empty (or almost empty) 6s orbitals. However, DFT calculations show in fact that in these species the actual average configuration is 5d10-x 6sx, which provides to the whole cluster a significant total number of 6s electrons that ensures metal-metal bonding. This ("excited") average configuration is to be related to that of coinage metals in ligated group 11 nanoclusters (nd10 (n + 1)sx). Calculations show that metal-metal bonding in most of these platinum nanoclusters can be rationalized within the concepts of superatoms and supermolecules, in a similar way as for group 11 nanoclusters. The "excited" 5d10-x 6sx configuration results from a level crossing between 5d combinations and 6s combinations, the former transferring their electrons to the latter. This level crossing, which does not exist in the bare Ptn clusters, is induced by the ligand shell, the role of which being thus not innocent with respect to metal-metal bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Wei
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR) - UMR 6226, F 35000 Rennes, France.
- ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, University of Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Libération, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Rémi Marchal
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR) - UMR 6226, F 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Didier Astruc
- ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, University of Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Libération, F-33405 Talence Cedex, France
| | - Samia Kahlal
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR) - UMR 6226, F 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Jean-François Halet
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR) - UMR 6226, F 35000 Rennes, France.
- CNRS - Saint-Gobain - NIMS, IRL 3629, Laboratory for Innovative Key Materials and Structures (LINK), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan.
| | - Jean-Yves Saillard
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR) - UMR 6226, F 35000 Rennes, France.
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Pt-Mo/C, Pt-Fe/C and Pt-Mo-Sn/C Nanocatalysts Derived from Cluster Compounds for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12030255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanosized bimetallic PtMo, PtFe and trimetallic PtMoSn catalysts deposited on highly dispersed carbon black Vulcan XC-72 were synthesized from the cluster complex compounds PtCl(P(C6H5)3)(C3H2N2(CH3)2)Mo(C5H4CH3)(CO)3, Pt(P(C6H5)3)(C3N2H2(CH3)2)Fe(CO)3(COC6H5C2C6H5), and PtCl(P(C6H5)3)(C3N2H2(CH3)2)C5H4CH3Mo(CO)3SnCl2, respectively. Structural characteristics of these catalysts were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), microprobe energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The synthesized catalysts were tested in aqueous 0.5 M H2SO4 in a three-electrode electrochemical cells and in single fuel cells. Electrocatalytic activity of PtMo/C and PtFe/C in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the activity of PtMoSn/C in electrochemical oxidation of ethanol were evaluated. It was shown that specific characteristics of the synthesized catalysts are 1.5–2 times higher than those of a commercial Pt(20%)/C catalyst. The results of experiments indicate that PtFe/C, PtMo/C, and PtMoSn/C catalysts prepared from the corresponding complex precursors can be regarded as promising candidates for application in fuel cells due to their high specific activity.
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Manca G, Fabrizi de Biani F, Corsini M, Cesari C, Femoni C, Iapalucci MC, Zacchini S, Ienco A. Inverted Ligand Field in a Pentanuclear Bow Tie Au/Fe Carbonyl Cluster. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:3484-3492. [PMID: 35175757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Gold chemistry has experienced in the last decades exponential attention for a wide spectrum of chemical applications, but the +3 oxidation state, traditionally assigned to gold, remains somewhat questionable. Herein, we present a detailed analysis of the electronic structure of the pentanuclear bow tie Au/Fe carbonyl cluster [Au{η2-Fe2(CO)8}2]- together with its two one-electron reversible reductions. A new interpretation of the bonding pattern is provided with the help of inverted ligand field theory. The classical view of a central gold(III) interacting with two [Fe2(CO)8]2- units is replaced by Au(I), with a d10 gold configuration, with two interacting [Fe2(CO)8]- fragments. A d10 configuration for the gold center in the compound [Au{η2-Fe2(CO)8}2]- is confirmed by the LUMO orbital composition, which is mainly localized on the iron carbonyl fragments rather than on a d gold orbital, as expected for a d8 configuration. Upon one-electron stepwise reduction, the spectroelectrochemical measurements show a progressive red shift in the carbonyl stretching, in agreement with the increased population of the LUMO centered on the iron units. Such a trend is also confirmed by the X-ray structure of the direduced compound [Au{η1-Fe2(CO)8}{η2-Fe2(CO)6(μ-CO)2}]3-, featuring the cleavage of one Au-Fe bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Manca
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (CNR-ICCOM), via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Fabrizi de Biani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Chimica e Farmacia and C.I.R.C.M.S.B., Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Maddalena Corsini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Chimica e Farmacia and C.I.R.C.M.S.B., Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Cristiana Cesari
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Femoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Iapalucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Ienco
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organometallici (CNR-ICCOM), via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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31
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Cesari C, Bortoluzzi M, Femoni C, Carmela Iapalucci M, Zacchini S. Synthesis, molecular structure and fluxional behavior of the elusive [HRu 4(CO) 12] 3- carbonyl anion. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:2250-2261. [PMID: 35060580 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03622j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The elusive mono-hydride tri-anion [HRu4(CO)12]3- (4) has been isolated and fully characterized for the first time. Cluster 4 can be obtained by the deprotonation of [H3Ru4(CO)12]- (2) with NaOH in DMSO. A more convenient synthesis is represented by the reaction of [HRu3(CO)11]- (6) with an excess of NaOH in DMSO. The molecular structure of 4 has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD) as the [NEt4]3[4] salt. It displays a tetrahedral structure of pseudo C3v symmetry with the unique hydride ligand capping a triangular Ru3 face. Variable temperature (VT) 1H and 13C{1H} NMR experiments indicate that 4 is fluxional in solution and reveal an equilibrium between the C3v isomer found in the solid state and a second isomer with Cs symmetry. Protonation-deprotonation reactions inter-converting H4Ru4(CO)12 (1), [H3Ru4(CO)12]- (2), [H2Ru4(CO)12]2- (3), [HRu4(CO)12]3- (4) and the purported [Ru4(CO)12]4- (5) have been monitored by IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Whilst attempting the optimization of the synthesis of 4, crystals of [NEt4]2[Ru3(CO)9(CO3)] ([NEt4]2[7]) were obtained. Anion 7 contains an unprecedented CO32- ion bonded to a zero-valent Ru3(CO)9 fragment. Finally, the reaction of 6 as the [N(PPh3)2]+ ([PPN]+) salt with NaOH in DMSO affords [Ru3(CO)9(NPPh3)]- (9) instead of 4. Computational DFT studies have been carried out in order to support experimental evidence and the location of the hydride ligands as well as to shed light on possible isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Cesari
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marco Bortoluzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30175 Mestre (Ve), Italy
| | - Cristina Femoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maria Carmela Iapalucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
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32
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Korber N, Tiefenthaler S, Kleemiss F. [A([18]crown‐6)]2[Pt(CO)3] ∙ 10 NH3 (A = K, Rb) – A crystal structure containing the long postulated [Pt(CO)3]2−. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202100378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Korber
- Universitaet Regensburg Institut fuer Anorganische Chemie Universitaetsstrasse 31 93053 Regensburg GERMANY
| | | | - Florian Kleemiss
- University of Regensburg: Universitat Regensburg Central Analytics GERMANY
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33
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Escomel L, Soulé N, Robin E, Del Rosal I, Maron L, Jeanneau E, Thieuleux C, Camp C. Rational Preparation of Well-Defined Multinuclear Iridium–Aluminum Polyhydride Clusters and Comparative Reactivity. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:5715-5730. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Léon Escomel
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2M UMR 5128, CNRS, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ESCPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Naïme Soulé
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2M UMR 5128, CNRS, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ESCPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emmanuel Robin
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2M UMR 5128, CNRS, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ESCPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Iker Del Rosal
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Maron
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Erwann Jeanneau
- Université de Lyon, Centre de Diffractométrie Henri Longchambon, 5 Rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Chloé Thieuleux
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2M UMR 5128, CNRS, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ESCPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Clément Camp
- Laboratory of Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials, CP2M UMR 5128, CNRS, Université de Lyon, Institut de Chimie de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ESCPE Lyon, 43 Bd du 11 Novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
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34
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Bussoli G, Cesari C, Femoni C, Carmela Iapalucci M, Ruggieri S, Tiozzo C, Zacchini S. Atomically precise rhodium nanoclusters: synthesis and characterization of the heterometallic [Rh18Sn3Cl2(CO)33]4− and [Rh7Sn4Cl10(CO)14]5− carbonyl compounds. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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35
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Liu YH, Huang KT, Chen WC, Li YW, Ke WM, Ho BR, Hsu MC, Li YH, Shieh M. Structure-Property Relationships of Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Semiconducting Se-Fe-Cu-CO Polymers. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:18270-18282. [PMID: 34767721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel family of inorganic-organic-hybrid SeFe3(CO)9-dipyridyl two- and one-dimensional Cu polymers was synthesized via the three-component liquid-assisted grinding (LAG) of [Cu(MeCN)4]+, inorganic cluster [SeFe3(CO)9]2- (1), and rigid conjugated dipyridyls 4,4'-dipyridyl (dpy) and 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene (bpee) or flexible conjugation-interrupted dipyridyls 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane (bpea) and 1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)propane (bpp). They included a cluster-linked 2D polymer, [(μ4-Se)Fe3(CO)9Cu2(MeCN)(dpy)1.5]n (1-dpy-2D), a cluster-pendant 1D chain, [(μ3-Se)Fe3(CO)9Cu2(dpy)3]n (1-dpy-1D), cluster-blocked 1D polymers, [(μ3-Se)Fe3(CO)9Cu2(L)]n (1-L-1D, L = bpee, bpea), and a cluster-linked 2D polymer, [(μ4-Se)Fe3(CO)9Cu2(bpp)2]n (1-bpp-2D). The reversible dimensionality transformations of these three types of polymers accompanied by the change in coordination modes of 1 were achieved by the LAG addition of 1/[Cu(MeCN)4]+ or dipyridyl ligands. These polymers were found to possess tunable low-energy gaps (1.49-1.72 eV) that increased in the order regarding their structural features: cluster-linked 1-dpy-2D and 1-bpp-2D, cluster-blocked 1-bpea-1D and 1-bpee-1D, and cluster-pendant 1-dpy-1D and [(μ3-Se)Fe3(CO)9Cu2(L)2.5]n (L = bpee, 1-bpee-2D; bpea, 1-bpea-2D), indicative of the importance of the participation of cluster 1. The measured electrical conductivities of 1-bpp-2D, 1-bpea-1D, and 1-dpy-1D were 3.13 × 10-7, 2.92 × 10-7, and 2.30 × 10-7 S·cm-1, respectively, which were parallel for the trend in their energy gaps, revealing semiconducting behaviors, supported by XPS, XANES, and DFT calculations. The surprising semiconductivity of the conjugation-interrupted bpp-linked 1-bpp-2D was mainly ascribed to electron transport via C-H···O(carbonyl) hydrogen bonds and aromatic C-H···π contacts within its closely packed 2D layers. Water-/light-stable polymers 1-bpp-2D, 1-bpea-2D, and 1-dpy-1D were also demonstrated to exhibit excellent pseudo-first-order photodegradation toward nitroaromatics and organic dyes, where cluster-linked polymer 1-bpp-2D performed the best, as predicted by its structural features and narrow energy gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116325, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kai-Ting Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116325, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Cheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116325, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Wei Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116325, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Ming Ke
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116325, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Biing-Ruey Ho
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116325, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Chi Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116325, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Huei Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116325, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Minghuey Shieh
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116325, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Cesari C, Funaioli T, Berti B, Femoni C, Iapalucci MC, Vivaldi FM, Zacchini S. Atomically Precise Ni-Pd Alloy Carbonyl Nanoclusters: Synthesis, Total Structure, Electrochemistry, Spectroelectrochemistry, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:16713-16725. [PMID: 34672566 PMCID: PMC8564757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The molecular nanocluster [Ni36-xPd5+x(CO)46]6- (x = 0.41) (16-) was obtained from the reaction of [NMe3(CH2Ph)]2[Ni6(CO)12] with 0.8 molar equivalent of [Pd(CH3CN)4][BF4]2 in tetrahydrofuran (thf). In contrast, [Ni37-xPd7+x(CO)48]6- (x = 0.69) (26-) and [HNi37-xPd7+x(CO)48]5- (x = 0.53) (35-) were obtained from the reactions of [NBu4]2[Ni6(CO)12] with 0.9-1.0 molar equivalent of [Pd(CH3CN)4][BF4]2 in thf. After workup, 35- was extracted in acetone, whereas 26- was soluble in CH3CN. The total structures of 16-, 26-, and 35- were determined with atomic precision by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Their metal cores adopted cubic close packed structures and displayed both substitutional and compositional disorder, in light of the fact that some positions could be occupied by either Ni or Pd. The redox behavior of these new Ni-Pd molecular alloy nanoclusters was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and in situ infrared spectroelectrochemistry. All three compounds 16-, 26-, and 35- displayed several reversible redox processes and behaved as electron sinks and molecular nanocapacitors. Moreover, to gain insight into the factors that affect the current-potential profiles, cyclic voltammograms were recorded at both Pt and glassy carbon working electrodes and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy experiments performed for the first time on molecular carbonyl nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Cesari
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Tiziana Funaioli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Beatrice Berti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Femoni
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Iapalucci
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federico Maria Vivaldi
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- Dipartimento
di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari”, Università di Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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Kondinski A, Ghorbani-Asl M. Polyoxoplatinates as covalently dynamic electron sponges and molecular electronics materials. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:5663-5675. [PMID: 36133270 PMCID: PMC9417413 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00387a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In organic systems, dynamic covalent chemistry provides an adaptive approach (i.e., "covalent dynamics") where thermodynamic equilibria are used to tailor structural and electronic changes in molecular assemblies. The covalent dynamics finds utility in the design of novel self-healing materials, sensors, and actuators. Herein, using density functional theory (DFT) we explore the structural, electronic and transport properties of the Pt-based polyoxometalate (POM) [PtIII 12O8(SO4)12]4- and its derivatives. The latter POM has six redox responsive {O-Pt-Pt-O} moieties and prospects for storage of up to twelve electrons, thus exemplifying how dynamic covalent chemistry may manifest itself in fully inorganic systems. Simulations of the Au/POM/Au junction show that the electron conduction strongly depends on the redox of the POM but more weakly on its rotations with respect to the Au surface. Moreover, the POM shows promising spin-polarized current behaviour, which can be modulated using bias and gate voltages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Kondinski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Dr Cambridge CB3 0AS UK
| | - Mahdi Ghorbani-Asl
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf 01328 Dresden Germany
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