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Ma N, Leng Y, Sui K, Wang P, Jiang S, Wu Y. Synthesis of Sulfone Methylene-Substituted Indolines by Radical Cascade Cyclization of 2-Alkynylaniline Derivatives. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 39013075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
A radical cascade cyclization of 2-alkynylaniline derivatives with sulfonyl chlorides was developed to construct C3-sulfone methylene-substituted indolines in yields of 21 to 85% with a broad substrate scope under metal- and base-free conditions. This protocol could simultaneously build three new chemical bonds and employ a solvent-radical relay strategy, providing a rapid and concise approach toward an indoline framework. Scale-up reactions of this method and further transformations to afford useful indolines were also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ma
- College of Chemistry, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Coking Coal Resources Green Exploitation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R China
| | - Yuting Leng
- College of Chemistry, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Coking Coal Resources Green Exploitation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R China
| | - Kaixia Sui
- College of Chemistry, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Coking Coal Resources Green Exploitation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R China
| | - Panpan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Coking Coal Resources Green Exploitation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R China
| | - Shiliang Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Coking Coal Resources Green Exploitation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R China
| | - Yangjie Wu
- College of Chemistry, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Coking Coal Resources Green Exploitation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R China
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2
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Chan SC, Palone A, Bietti M, Costas M. tert-Butyl as a Functional Group: Non-Directed Catalytic Hydroxylation of Sterically Congested Primary C-H Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402858. [PMID: 38688859 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The tert-butyl group is a common aliphatic motif extensively employed to implement steric congestion and conformational rigidity in organic and organometallic molecules. Because of the combination of a high bond dissociation energy (~100 kcal mol-1) and limited accessibility, in the absence of directing groups, neither radical nor organometallic approaches are effective for the chemical modification of tert-butyl C-H bonds. Herein we overcome these limits by employing a highly electrophilic manganese catalyst, [Mn(CF3bpeb)(OTf)2], that operates in the strong hydrogen bond donor solvent nonafluoro-tert-butyl alcohol (NFTBA) and catalytically activates hydrogen peroxide to generate a powerful manganese-oxo species that effectively oxidizes tert-butyl C-H bonds. Leveraging on the interplay of steric, electronic, medium and torsional effects, site-selective and product chemoselective hydroxylation of the tert-butyl group is accomplished with broad reaction scope, delivering primary alcohols as largely dominant products in preparative yields. Late-stage hydroxylation at tert-butyl sites is demonstrated on 6 densely functionalized molecules of pharmaceutical interest. This work uncovers a novel disconnection approach, harnessing tert-butyl as a potential functional group in strategic synthetic planning for complex molecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu-Chung Chan
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Andrea Palone
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università "Tor Vergata"; Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Miquel Costas
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona, E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
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3
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Zhao X, Hou YL, Qian BC, Shen GB. Thermodynamic H-Abstraction Abilities of Nitrogen Centered Radical Cations as Potential Hydrogen Atom Transfer Catalysts in Y-H Bond Functionalization. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:26708-26718. [PMID: 38911737 PMCID: PMC11191127 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c04209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Y-H bond functionalization has always been the focus of research interest in the area of organic synthesis. Direct hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) from the Y-H bond is one of the most efficient and practical methods to activate the Y-H bond. Recently, nitrogen centered radical cations were broadly utilized as H-abstraction catalysts to activate Y-H bonds via the HAT process. As a type of HAT catalyst, the H-affinity of nitrogen centered radical cations is a significant thermodynamic parameter to quantitatively evaluate the thermodynamic H-abstraction potentials of nitrogen centered radical cations. In this work, the pK a values of 120 protonated N-containing compounds in acetonitrile (AN) are predicted, and the H-affinities of 120 nitrogen centered radical cations in AN are derived from the reduction potentials of nitrogen centered radical cations and pK a of protonated N-containing compounds using Hess' law. This work focuses on the H-abstraction abilities of 120 nitrogen centered radical cations in AN to enrich the molecule library of novel HAT catalysts or H-abstractors and provides valuable thermodynamic guidelines for the application of nitrogen centered radical cations in Y-H bond functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhao
- College of Medical Engineering, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Lin Hou
- College of Medical Engineering, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P. R. China
| | - Bao-Chen Qian
- College of Medical Engineering, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Bin Shen
- College of Medical Engineering, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P. R. China
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4
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Shan QC, Wu YW, Chen MX, Zhao X, Loh TP, Hu XH. Synergistic Copper-Aminocatalysis for Direct Tertiary α-Alkylation of Ketones with Electron-Deficient Alkanes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2402255. [PMID: 38885363 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
In this study, a novel approach for the tertiary α-alkylation of ketones using alkanes with electron-deficient C─H bonds is presented, employing a synergistic catalytic system combining inexpensive copper salts with aminocatalysis. This methodology addresses the limitations of traditional alkylation methods, such as the need for strong metallic bases, regioselectivity issues, and the risk of over alkylation, by providing a high reactivity and chemoselectivity without the necessity for pre-functionalized substrates. The dual catalytic strategy enables the direct functionalization of C(sp3)─H bonds, demonstrating remarkable selectivity in the presence of conventional C(sp3)─H bonds that are adjacent to heteroatoms or π systems, which are typically susceptible to single-electron transfer processes. The findings contribute to the advancement of alkylation techniques, offering a practical and efficient route for the construction of C(sp3)─C(sp3) bonds, and paving the way for further developments in the synthesis of complex organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Chao Shan
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - You-Wei Wu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Mu-Xiang Chen
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Xuefei Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, 100 Lianhua Street, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Xu-Hong Hu
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
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5
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Wojdyla Z, Srnec M. Radical ligand transfer: mechanism and reactivity governed by three-component thermodynamics. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8459-8471. [PMID: 38846394 PMCID: PMC11151871 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01507j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate that the relationship between reactivity and thermodynamics in radical ligand transfer chemistry can be understood if this chemistry is dissected as concerted ion-electron transfer (cIET). Namely, we investigate radical ligand transfer reactions from the perspective of thermodynamic contributions to the reaction barrier: the diagonal effect of the free energy of the reaction, and the off-diagonal effect resulting from asynchronicity and frustration, which we originally derived from the thermodynamic cycle for concerted proton-electron transfer (cPET). This study on the OH transfer reaction shows that the three-component thermodynamic model goes beyond cPET chemistry, successfully capturing the changes in radical ligand transfer reactivity in a series of model FeIII-OH⋯(diflouro)cyclohexadienyl systems. We also reveal the decisive role of the off-diagonal thermodynamics in determining the reaction mechanism. Two possible OH transfer mechanisms, in which electron transfer is coupled with either OH- and OH+ transfer, are associated with two competing thermodynamic cycles. Consequently, the operative mechanism is dictated by the cycle yielding a more favorable off-diagonal effect on the barrier. In line with this thermodynamic link to the mechanism, the transferred OH group in OH-/electron transfer retains its anionic character and slightly changes its volume in going from the reactant to the transition state. In contrast, OH+/electron transfer develops an electron deficiency on OH, which is evidenced by an increase in charge and a simultaneous decrease in volume. In addition, the observations in the study suggest that an OH+/electron transfer reaction can be classified as an adiabatic radical transfer, and the OH-/electron transfer reaction as a less adiabatic ion-coupled electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzanna Wojdyla
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences Dolejškova 3 Prague 8 18223 Czech Republic
| | - Martin Srnec
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences Dolejškova 3 Prague 8 18223 Czech Republic
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6
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Gao X, He H, Miao K, Zhang L, Ni SF, Li M, Guo W. Electrochemical Allylic C(sp 3)-H Isothiocyanation via [3,3]-Sigmatropic Rearrangement. Org Lett 2024; 26:4554-4559. [PMID: 38767297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The direct allylic C(sp3)-H functionalization provides a straightforward protocol for the synthesis of valuable molecules. We report herein the first chemo- and site-selective method for allylic C(sp3)-H isothiocyanation of various internal alkenes under mild electrochemical conditions. This method exhibits broad functional group tolerance and excellent selectivity and can be applied for late-stage isothiocyanation of bioactive molecules. Combined experimental and computational studies indicate that the reaction proceeds via an unexpected [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhuang Gao
- College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266042 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Hui He
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Kaili Miao
- College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266042 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Linbao Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266042 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Shao-Fei Ni
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063 Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266042 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Weisi Guo
- College of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266042 Qingdao, P. R. China
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7
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Deng WH, Liao RZ. Cysteine Radical and Glutamate Collaboratively Enable C-H Bond Activation and C-N Bond Cleavage in a Glycyl Radical Enzyme HplG. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:4168-4179. [PMID: 38745447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Hydroxyprolines are abundant in nature and widely utilized by many living organisms. Isomerization of trans-4-hydroxy-d-proline (t4D-HP) to generate 2-amino-4-ketopentanoate has been found to need a glycyl radical enzyme HplG, which catalyzes the cleavage of the C-N bond, while dehydration of trans-4-hydroxy-l-proline involves a homologous enzyme of HplG. Herein, molecular dynamics simulations and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations are employed to understand the reaction mechanism of HplG. Two possible reaction pathways of HplG have been explored to decipher the origin of its chemoselectivity. The QM/MM calculations reveal that the isomerization proceeds via an initial hydrogen shift from the Cγ site of t4D-HP to a catalytic cysteine radical, followed by cleavage of the Cδ-N bond in t4D-HP to form a radical intermediate that captures a hydrogen atom from the cysteine. Activation of the Cδ-H bond in t4D-HP to bring about dehydration of t4D-HP possesses an extremely high energy barrier, thus rendering the dehydration pathway implausible in HplG. On the basis of the current calculations, conserved residue Glu429 plays a pivotal role in the isomerization pathway: the hydrogen bonding between it and t4D-HP weakens the hydroxyalkyl Cγ-Hγ bond, and it acts as a proton acceptor to trigger the cleavage of the C-N bond in t4D-HP. Our current QM/MM calculations rationalize the origin of the experimentally observed chemoselectivity of HplG and propose an H-bond-assisted bond activation strategy in radical-containing enzymes. These findings have general implications on radical-mediated enzymatic catalysis and expand our understanding of how nature wisely and selectively activates the C-H bond to modulate catalytic selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Rong-Zhen Liao
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry and Materia Medica, Hubei Key Laboratory of Materials Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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8
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Koo Y, Hong S. Nickel/photoredox-catalyzed three-component silylacylation of acrylates via chlorine photoelimination. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7707-7713. [PMID: 38784747 PMCID: PMC11110154 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02164a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The extensive utility of organosilicon compounds across a wide range of disciplines has sparked significant interest in their efficient synthesis. Although catalytic 1,2-silyldifunctionalization of alkenes provides a promising method for the assembly of intricate organosilicon frameworks with atom and step economy, its advancement is hindered by the requirement of an external hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) agent in photoredox catalysis. Herein, we disclose an efficient three-component silylacylation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, leveraging a synergistic nickel/photoredox catalysis with various hydrosilanes and aroyl chlorides. This method enables the direct conversion of acrylates into valuable building blocks that contain both carbonyl and silicon functionalities through a single, redox-neutral process. Key to this reaction is the precise activation of the Si-H bond, achieved through chlorine radical-induced HAT, enabled by the photoelimination of a Ni-Cl bond. Acyl chlorides serve a dual role, functioning as both acylating agents and chloride donors. Our methodology is distinguished by its mild conditions and extensive substrate adaptability, significantly enhancing the late-stage functionalization of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejin Koo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Korea
| | - Sungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Korea
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9
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Cui J, Niu KK, Zhang RZ, Liu H, Yu S, Xing LB. Photocatalytic selective oxidation of toluene under encapsulated air conditions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4310-4313. [PMID: 38533635 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00915k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Benzaldehydes are indispensable building blocks in chemistry. However, the selective oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde remains an ongoing challenge due to the low oxidation potential of benzaldehyde compared to toluene. We report herein a mild protocol that combines hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) with encapsulated air conditions and suitable catalyst loading for selective oxidation of toluene with high selectivity as well as good functional-group tolerance and a broad substrate scope for the synthesis of various high-value aromatic aldehydes. Moreover, the compatibility of this reaction with toluene derivatives of bioactive molecules further demonstrated the practicality of this approach. Mechanism studies have demonstrated that the collaboration between the oxygen quantity and the HAT catalytic system has a major impact on the high selectivity of the reaction. This study not only showcases the effectiveness of HAT strategies toward selective oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde, but also provides an approach to controlling the selectivity of HAT reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Kai-Kai Niu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Rong-Zhen Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Shengsheng Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Ling-Bao Xing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
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10
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Niu KK, Cui J, Dong RZ, Yu S, Liu H, Xing LB. Visible-light-mediated direct C3 alkylation of quinoxalin-2(1 H)-ones using alkanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2409-2412. [PMID: 38323602 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06285f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Due to the high C-H bond dissociation energy of alkanes, the utilization of alkanes as alkyl radical precursors for C-H functionalization of heteroarenes is synthetically captivating but practically challenging, especially under metal- and photocatalyst-free conditions. We report herein a mild and practical visible-light-mediated method for C-H alkylation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones using trifluoroacetic acid as a hydrogen atom transfer reagent and air as an oxidant. This mild protocol was performed under metal- and photocatalyst-free circumstances and presented good functional-group tolerance as well as a broad substrate scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Kai Niu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Jing Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Rui-Zhi Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Shengsheng Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
| | - Ling-Bao Xing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China.
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11
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Chen Y, Zhang S, Li T, Ma Q, Yuan Y, Jia X. Oxidants Controlled C-H Bond Functionalization of N-Aryltetrahydroisoquinolines: The Construction of the Quaternary Carbon Center and Cleavage of the C-N Bond. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303151. [PMID: 37875461 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Initiated by triarylamine radical cation salt (TBPA), the direct C-H bond functionalization of α-N-aryltetrahydroisoquinoline esters was smoothly realized, giving a series of α-hydroxylated derivatives with a quaternary carbon center in good yields. Differently, in the presence of tert-butyl nitrite (TBN), the C-N single bond was cleaved to keto esters. The mechanistic study revealed that these reactions were mediated by a similar mechanism, in which the N-nitrosation might provide a driving force to the C-N bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China
| | - Tong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China
| | - Qiyuan Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China
| | - Xiaodong Jia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225002, China
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12
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Mukherjee S, Mondal S, Ghosh P. O 2 Activation by a Coordinated -NH- Function: Hydrogen Atom Transfer and Aromatic Ring Oxidation. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:21147-21155. [PMID: 38047920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose a unique method of oxidation of a 1,4-naphthoquinone ring in air. We report that (1,4-naphthoquinone)-NH-N=C(OH)Ph (H3L) coordinated to octahedral ruthenium(II) and osmium(II) ions activates an 3O2 molecule spontaneously. Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) from the -NH- function of H3L to 3O2 and subsequent (2e + 2H+) oxidation forming (1,3,4-trioxonaphthalen)=N-N=C(OH)Ph (HLOX) have been established. The H3L → HLOX transformation occurs via (3-hydroperoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone)=N-N=C(O-)Ph (HLOOH-) as an intermediate. The primary step is HAT generating H2L•- and hydroperoxide (OOH•) radicals. H2L•- is delocalized over the aromatic ring and incites coupling reactions via ortho carbon and produces coordinated HLOOH-. In solution, the homolytic cleavage of the peroxo bond leads to aromatic ring oxidation, affording LOX-. Ruthenium(II) and osmium(II) complexes of the types [MII(H2L-)(PPh3)2X], [MII(HLOOH-)(PPh3)2X], and trans-[MII(LOX-)(PPh3)2X] were successfully isolated in good yields. Notably, the cyclic voltammograms of all of the complexes exhibit reversible anodic waves due to MIII/MII redox couples. The rate constants of the [MII(H2L-)(PPh3)2X] → [MII(HLOOH-)(PPh3)2X] conversions determined by time-driven UV-vis spectroscopy in dry CH2Cl2, wet CH2Cl2, and D2O wet CH2Cl2 in air at 298 K follow the order k CH 2 Cl 2 -H 2 O > k CH 2 Cl 2 -D 2 O > k CH 2 Cl 2 . It is established that the rate constants are dependent on the 3O2 content of the solution but not on the concentration of the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Ramakrishna Mission Residential College (Autonomous), Narendrapur, Kolkata 700 103, India
| | - Sandip Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Darjeeling Government College, Darjeeling 734101, WB, India
| | - Prasanta Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Ramakrishna Mission Residential College (Autonomous), Narendrapur, Kolkata 700 103, India
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13
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Li J, Liu T, Singh N, Huang Z, Ding Y, Huang J, Sudarsanam P, Li H. Photocatalytic C-N bond construction toward high-value nitrogenous chemicals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14341-14352. [PMID: 37987689 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04771g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The construction of carbon-nitrogen bonds is vital for producing versatile nitrogenous compounds for the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Among developed synthetic approaches to nitrogenous chemicals, photocatalysis is particularly prominent and has become one of the emerging fields due to its unique advantages of eco-sustainable characteristics, efficient process integration, no need for high-pressure H2, and tunable synthesis methods for developing advanced photocatalytic materials. Here, the review focuses on potential photocatalytic protocols developed for the construction of robust carbon-nitrogen bonds in discrepant activation environments to produce high-value nitrogenous chemicals. The photocatalytic C-N bond construction strategies and involved reaction mechanisms are elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Tengyu Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Nittan Singh
- Catalysis and Inorganic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune 411 008, India
| | - Zhuochun Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Yan Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Jinshu Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Putla Sudarsanam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502284, India.
| | - Hu Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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14
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Gobbato T, Volpato GA, Sartorel A, Bonchio M. A breath of sunshine: oxygenic photosynthesis by functional molecular architectures. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12402-12429. [PMID: 38020375 PMCID: PMC10646967 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03780k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The conversion of light into chemical energy is the game-changer enabling technology for the energetic transition to renewable and clean solar fuels. The photochemistry of interest includes the overall reductive/oxidative splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen and alternatives based on the reductive conversion of carbon dioxide or nitrogen, as primary sources of energy-rich products. Devices capable of performing such transformations are based on the integration of three sequential core functions: light absorption, photo-induced charge separation, and the photo-activated breaking/making of molecular bonds via specific catalytic routes. The key to success does not rely simply on the individual components' performance, but on their optimized integration in terms of type, number, geometry, spacing, and linkers dictating the photosynthetic architecture. Natural photosynthesis has evolved along this concept, by integrating each functional component in one specialized "body" (from the Greek word "soma") to enable the conversion of light quanta with high efficiency. Therefore, the natural "quantasome" represents the key paradigm to inspire man-made constructs for artificial photosynthesis. The case study presented in this perspective article deals with the design of artificial photosynthetic systems for water oxidation and oxygen production, engineered as molecular architectures then rendered on electrodic surfaces. Water oxidation to oxygen is indeed the pervasive oxidative reaction used by photosynthetic organisms, as the source of reducing equivalents (electrons and protons) to be delivered for the processing of high-energy products. Considering the vast and abundant supply of water (including seawater) as a renewable source on our planet, this is also a very appealing option for photosynthetic energy devices. We will showcase the progress in the last 15 years (2009-2023) in the strategies for integrating functional building blocks as molecular photosensitizers, multi-redox water oxidation catalysts and semiconductor materials, highlighting how additional components such as redox mediators, hydrophilic/hydrophobic pendants, and protective layers can impact on the overall photosynthetic performance. Emerging directions consider the modular tuning of the multi-component device, in order to target a diversity of photocatalytic oxidations, expanding the scope of the primary electron and proton sources while enhancing the added-value of the oxidation product beyond oxygen: the selective photooxidation of organics combines the green chemistry vision with renewable energy schemes and is expected to explode in coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gobbato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Giulia Alice Volpato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Andrea Sartorel
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Marcella Bonchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
- ITM-CNR Section of Padova, INSTM Unit of Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
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15
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Galeotti M, Lee W, Sisti S, Casciotti M, Salamone M, Houk KN, Bietti M. Radical and Cationic Pathways in C( sp3)-H Bond Oxygenation by Dioxiranes of Bicyclic and Spirocyclic Hydrocarbons Bearing Cyclopropane Moieties. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:24021-24034. [PMID: 37874906 PMCID: PMC10636757 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
A product and DFT computational study on the reactions of 3-ethyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane (ETFDO) with bicyclic and spirocyclic hydrocarbons bearing cyclopropyl groups was carried out. With bicyclo[n.1.0]alkanes (n = 3-6), diastereoselective formation of the alcohol product derived from C2-H bond hydroxylation was observed, accompanied by smaller amounts of products derived from oxygenation at other sites. With 1-methylbicyclo[4.1.0]heptane, rearranged products were also observed in addition to the unrearranged products deriving from oxygenation at the most activated C2-H and C5-H bonds. With spiro[2.5]octane and 6-tert-butylspiro[2.5]octane, reaction with ETFDO occurred predominantly or exclusively at the axial C4-H to give unrearranged oxygenation products, accompanied by smaller amounts of rearranged bicyclo[4.2.0]octan-1-ols. The good to outstanding site-selectivities and diastereoselectivities are paralleled by the calculated activation free energies for the corresponding reaction pathways. Computations show that the σ* orbitals of the bicyclo[n.1.0]alkane cis or trans C2-H bonds and spiro[2.5]octanes axial C4-H bond hyperconjugatively interact with the Walsh orbitals of the cyclopropane ring, activating these bonds toward HAT to ETFDO. The detection of rearranged oxygenation products in the oxidation of 1-methylbicyclo[4.1.0]heptane, spiro[2.5]octane, and 6-tert-butylspiro[2.5]octane provides unambiguous evidence for the involvement of cationic intermediates in these reactions, representing the first examples on the operation of ET pathways in dioxirane-mediated C(sp3)-H bond oxygenations. Computations support these findings, showing that formation of cationic intermediates is associated with specific stabilizing hyperconjugative interactions between the incipient carbon radical and the cyclopropane C-C bonding orbitals that trigger ET to the incipient dioxirane derived 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-2-butoxyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Galeotti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy
- QBIS
Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi
(IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Woojin Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Sergio Sisti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Casciotti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, I-00133, Rome, Italy
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16
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Sisti S, Galeotti M, Scarchilli F, Salamone M, Costas M, Bietti M. Highly Selective C(sp 3)-H Bond Oxygenation at Remote Methylenic Sites Enabled by Polarity Enhancement. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22086-22096. [PMID: 37751483 PMCID: PMC10571082 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
A detailed study on the C(sp3)-H bond oxygenation reactions with H2O2 catalyzed by the [Mn(OTf)2(TIPSmcp)] complex at methylenic sites of cycloalkyl and 1-alkyl substrates bearing 19 different electron-withdrawing functional groups (EW FGs) was carried out. Oxidations in MeCN were compared to the corresponding ones in the strong hydrogen bond donating (HBD) solvents 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) and nonafluoro tert-butyl alcohol (NFTBA). Formation of the products deriving from oxygenation at the most remote methylenic sites was observed, with yields, product ratios (PR) for oxygenation at the most remote over the next methylenic sites, and associated site-selectivities that significantly increased going from MeCN to HFIP and NFTBA. Unprecedented site-selectivities were obtained in the oxidation of cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, 1-pentyl, 1-hexyl, and 1-heptyl substrates, approaching >99%, >99%, 90%, >99%, 93%, and 88% (PR >99, >99, 9.4, >99, 14, and 7.5) with cyclohexyl-2-pyridinecarboxylate, cycloheptyl-2-pyridinecarboxylate, cyclooctyl-4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide, 1-pentyl-3,5-dinitrobenzoate, 1-hexyl-3,5-dinitrobenzoate, and 1-heptyl-3,5-dinitrobenzoate, respectively. The results are rationalized on the basis of a polarity enhancement effect via synergistic electronic deactivation of proximal methylenic sites imparted by the EWG coupled to solvent HB. Compared to previous procedures, polarity enhancement provides the opportunity to tune site-selectivity among multiple methylenes in different substrate classes, extending the strong electronic deactivation determined by native EWGs by two carbon atoms. This study uncovers a simple procedure for predictable, high-yielding, and highly site-selective oxidation at remote methylenes of cycloalkyl and 1-alkyl substrates that occurs under mild conditions, with a large substrate scope, providing an extremely powerful tool to be implemented in synthetically useful procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Sisti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Galeotti
- QBIS
Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi
(IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Filippo Scarchilli
- QBIS
Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi
(IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Miquel Costas
- QBIS
Research Group, Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi
(IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Girona E-17071, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università
“Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133 Rome, Italy
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17
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Maity S, Lopez MA, Bates DM, Lin S, Krska SW, Stahl SS. Polar Heterobenzylic C(sp 3)-H Chlorination Pathway Enabling Efficient Diversification of Aromatic Nitrogen Heterocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19832-19839. [PMID: 37642292 PMCID: PMC10629438 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Site-selective radical reactions of benzylic C-H bonds are now highly effective methods for C(sp3-H) functionalization and cross-coupling. The existing methods, however, are often ineffective with heterobenzylic C-H bonds in alkyl-substituted pyridines and related aromatic heterocycles that are prominently featured in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Here, we report new synthetic methods that leverage polar, rather than radical, reaction pathways to enable the selective heterobenzylic C-H chlorination of 2- and 4-alkyl-substituted pyridines and other heterocycles. Catalytic activation of the substrate with trifluoromethanesulfonyl chloride promotes the formation of enamine tautomers that react readily with electrophilic chlorination reagents. The resulting heterobenzyl chlorides can be used without isolation or purification in nucleophilic coupling reactions. This chlorination-diversification sequence provides an efficient strategy to achieve heterobenzylic C-H cross-coupling with aliphatic amines and a diverse collection of azoles, among other coupling partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soham Maity
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Marco A. Lopez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Desiree M. Bates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Shishi Lin
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Shane W. Krska
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, United States
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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18
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Mitchell J, Hussain WA, Bansode AH, O’Connor RM, Wise DE, Choe MH, Parasram M. Photoinduced Nitroarenes as Versatile Anaerobic Oxidants for Accessing Carbonyl and Imine Derivatives. Org Lett 2023; 25:6517-6521. [PMID: 37680131 PMCID: PMC10496125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a protocol for the anaerobic oxidation of alcohols, amines, aldehydes, and imines promoted by photoexcited nitroarenes. Mechanistic studies support the idea that photoexcited nitroarenes undergo double hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) steps with alcohols and amines to provide the respective ketone and imine products. In the presence of aldehydes and imines, successive HAT and oxygen atom transfer (OAT) events occur to yield carboxylic acids and amides, respectively. This transformation is amenable to a continuous-photoflow setup, which led to reduced reaction times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua
K. Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, New
York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Waseem A. Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, New
York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Ajay H. Bansode
- Department of Chemistry, New
York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Ryan M. O’Connor
- Department of Chemistry, New
York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Dan E. Wise
- Department of Chemistry, New
York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Michael H. Choe
- Department of Chemistry, New
York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Marvin Parasram
- Department of Chemistry, New
York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
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19
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Meger FS, Murphy JA. Recent Advances in C-H Functionalisation through Indirect Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Molecules 2023; 28:6127. [PMID: 37630379 PMCID: PMC10459052 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The functionalisation of C-H bonds has been an enormous achievement in synthetic methodology, enabling new retrosynthetic disconnections and affording simple synthetic equivalents for synthons. Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) is a key method for forming alkyl radicals from C-H substrates. Classic reactions, including the Barton nitrite ester reaction and Hofmann-Löffler-Freytag reaction, among others, provided early examples of HAT. However, recent developments in photoredox catalysis and electrochemistry have made HAT a powerful synthetic tool capable of introducing a wide range of functional groups into C-H bonds. Moreover, greater mechanistic insights into HAT have stimulated the development of increasingly site-selective protocols. Site-selectivity can be achieved through the tuning of electron density at certain C-H bonds using additives, a judicious choice of HAT reagent, and a solvent system. Herein, we describe the latest methods for functionalizing C-H/Si-H/Ge-H bonds using indirect HAT between 2018-2023, as well as a critical discussion of new HAT reagents, mechanistic aspects, substrate scopes, and background contexts of the protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip S. Meger
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 16 Avinguda dels Països Catalans, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - John A. Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
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20
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Lu Z, Ju M, Wang Y, Meinhardt JM, Martinez Alvarado JI, Villemure E, Terrett JA, Lin S. Regioselective aliphatic C-H functionalization using frustrated radical pairs. Nature 2023; 619:514-520. [PMID: 37407819 PMCID: PMC10530363 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) are well documented for the activation of small molecules such as dihydrogen and carbon dioxide1-4. Although canonical FLP chemistry is heterolytic in nature, recent work has shown that certain FLPs can undergo single-electron transfer to afford radical pairs5. Owing to steric encumbrance and/or weak bonding association, these radicals do not annihilate one another, and they have thus been named frustrated radical pairs (FRPs). Notable preliminary results suggest that FRPs may be useful reagents in chemical synthesis6-8, although their applications remain limited. Here we demonstrate that the functionalization of C(sp3)-H bonds can be accomplished using a class of FRPs generated from disilazide donors and an N-oxoammonium acceptor. Together, these species undergo single-electron transfer to generate a transient and persistent radical pair capable of cleaving unactivated C-H bonds to furnish aminoxylated products. By tuning the structure of the donor, it is possible to control regioselectivity and tailor reactivity towards tertiary, secondary or primary C-H bonds. Mechanistic studies lend strong support for the formation and involvement of radical pairs in the target reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Minsoo Ju
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan M Meinhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Elisia Villemure
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jack A Terrett
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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21
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Chang L, Wang S, An Q, Liu L, Wang H, Li Y, Feng K, Zuo Z. Resurgence and advancement of photochemical hydrogen atom transfer processes in selective alkane functionalizations. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6841-6859. [PMID: 37389263 PMCID: PMC10306100 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01118f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The selective functionalization of alkanes has long been recognized as a prominent challenge and an arduous task in organic synthesis. Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) processes enable the direct generation of reactive alkyl radicals from feedstock alkanes and have been successfully employed in industrial applications such as the methane chlorination process, etc. Nevertheless, challenges in the regulation of radical generation and reaction pathways have created substantial obstacles in the development of diversified alkane functionalizations. In recent years, the application of photoredox catalysis has provided exciting opportunities for alkane C-H functionalization under extremely mild conditions to trigger HAT processes and achieve radical-mediated functionalizations in a more selective manner. Considerable efforts have been devoted to building more efficient and cost-effective photocatalytic systems for sustainable transformations. In this perspective, we highlight the recent development of photocatalytic systems and provide our views on current challenges and future opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Shun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Qing An
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Linxuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Hexiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yubo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Kaixuan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Zhiwei Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
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22
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Peng P, Zhong Y, Zhou C, Tao Y, Li D, Lu Q. Unlocking the Nucleophilicity of Strong Alkyl C-H Bonds via Cu/Cr Catalysis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:756-762. [PMID: 37122460 PMCID: PMC10141608 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Direct functionalization of inert C-H bonds is one of the most attractive yet challenging strategies for constructing molecules in organic chemistry. Herein, we disclose an unprecedented and Earth abundant Cu/Cr catalytic system in which unreactive alkyl C-H bonds are transformed into nucleophilic alkyl-Cr(III) species at room temperature, enabling carbonyl addition reactions with strong alkyl C-H bonds. Various aryl alkyl alcohols are furnished under mild reaction conditions even on a gram scale. Moreover, this new radical-to-polar crossover approach is further applied to the 1,1-difunctionalization of aldehydes with alkanes and different nucleophiles. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the aldehyde not only acts as a reactant but also serves as a photosensitizer to recycle the Cu and Cr catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Peng
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan
University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Zhong
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan
University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Cong Zhou
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan
University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yongsheng Tao
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan
University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Li
- Key
Laboratory of Micro-Nano Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion
of Henan Province, Institute of Surface Micro and Nano Materials,
College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Xuchang University, Henan 461000, P. R. China
| | - Qingquan Lu
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan
University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
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23
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Yang Y, Volpato GA, Rossin E, Peruffo N, Tumbarello F, Nicoletti C, Bonetto R, Paoloni L, Umari P, Colusso E, Dell'Amico L, Berardi S, Collini E, Caramori S, Agnoli S, Sartorel A. Photoelectrochemical C-H Activation Through a Quinacridone Dye Enabling Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201980. [PMID: 36507568 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized photoanodes for C-H activation in organic substrates are assembled by vacuum sublimation of a commercially available quinacridone (QNC) dye in the form of nanosized rods onto fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), TiO2 , and SnO2 slides. The photoanodes display extended absorption in the visible range (450-600 nm) and ultrafast photoinduced electron injection (<1 ps, as revealed by transient absorption spectroscopy) of the QNC dye into the semiconductor. The proton-coupled electron-transfer reactivity of QNC is exploited for generating a nitrogen-based radical as its oxidized form, which is competent in C-H bond activation. The key reactivity parameter is the bond-dissociation free energy (BDFE) associated with the N⋅/N-H couple in QNC of 80.5±2.3 kcal mol-1 , which enables hydrogen atom abstraction from allylic or benzylic C-H moieties. A photoelectrochemical response is indeed observed for organic substrates characterized by C-H bonds with BDFE below the 80.5 kcal mol-1 threshold, such as γ-terpinene, xanthene, or dihydroanthracene. This work provides a rational, mechanistically oriented route to the design of dye-sensitized photoelectrodes for selective organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshuo Yang
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Alice Volpato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Rossin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Peruffo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Tumbarello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Catia Nicoletti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Ruggero Bonetto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Paoloni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, via F. Marzolo 8, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Umari
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, via F. Marzolo 8, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Colusso
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM, University of Padova, F. Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Dell'Amico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Serena Berardi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centro Interuniversitario per la Conversione Chimica dell'Energia Solare (SolarChem), Sez. di Ferrara, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Collini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Caramori
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centro Interuniversitario per la Conversione Chimica dell'Energia Solare (SolarChem), Sez. di Ferrara, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Agnoli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Sartorel
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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24
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Chen J, Song W, Yao J, Wu Z, Lee YM, Wang Y, Nam W, Wang B. Hydrogen Bonding-Assisted and Nonheme Manganese-Catalyzed Remote Hydroxylation of C-H Bonds in Nitrogen-Containing Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:5456-5466. [PMID: 36811463 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of catalytic systems capable of oxygenating unactivated C-H bonds with excellent site-selectivity and functional group tolerance under mild conditions remains a challenge. Inspired by the secondary coordination sphere (SCS) hydrogen bonding in metallooxygenases, reported herein is an SCS solvent hydrogen bonding strategy that employs 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) as a strong hydrogen bond donor solvent to enable remote C-H hydroxylation in the presence of basic aza-heteroaromatic rings with a low loading of a readily available and inexpensive manganese complex as a catalyst and hydrogen peroxide as a terminal oxidant. We demonstrate that this strategy represents a promising compliment to the current state-of-the-art protection approaches that rely on precomplexation with strong Lewis and/or Brønsted acids. Mechanistic studies with experimental and theoretical approaches reveal the existence of a strong hydrogen bonding between the nitrogen-containing substrate and HFIP, which prevents the catalyst deactivation by nitrogen binding and deactivates the basic nitrogen atom toward oxygen atom transfer and the α-C-H bonds adjacent to the nitrogen center toward H-atom abstraction. Moreover, the hydrogen bonding exerted by HFIP has also been demonstrated not only to facilitate the O-O bond heterolytic cleavage of a putative MnIII-OOH precursor to generate MnV(O)(OC(O)CH2Br) as an active oxidant but also to affect the stability and the activity of MnV(O)(OC(O)CH2Br).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Wenxun Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Jinping Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Zhimin Wu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yong-Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Wonwoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
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25
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Rapisarda L, Fermi A, Ceroni P, Giovanelli R, Bertuzzi G, Bandini M. Electrochemical C(sp 3)-H functionalization of ethers via hydrogen-atom transfer by means of cathodic reduction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:2664-2667. [PMID: 36785969 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06999g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The chemo- and stereoselective electrochemical allylation/alkylation of ethers is presented via a C(sp3)-H activation event. The electrosynthetic protocol enables the realization of a large library of functionalized ethers (35 examples) in high yields (up to 84%) via cathodic activation of a new type of redox-active carbonate (RAC), capable of triggering HAT (Hydrogen-Atom-Transfer) events through the generation of electrophilic oxy radicals. The process displayed high functional group tolerance and mild reaction conditions. A mechanistic elucidation via voltammetric analysis completes the study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Rapisarda
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Andrea Fermi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy. .,Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paola Ceroni
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy. .,Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Riccardo Giovanelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy. .,Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulio Bertuzzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy. .,Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Bandini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy. .,Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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26
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Garry OL, Heilmann M, Chen J, Liang Y, Zhang X, Ma X, Yeung CS, Bennett DJ, MacMillan DWC. Rapid Access to 2-Substituted Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3092-3100. [PMID: 36696089 PMCID: PMC10680143 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The replacement of aryl rings with saturated carbocyclic structures has garnered significant interest in drug discovery due to the potential for improved pharmacokinetic properties upon substitution. In particular, 1,3-difunctionalized bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes (BCPs) have been widely adopted as bioisosteres for parasubstituted arene rings, appearing in a number of lead pharmaceutical candidates. However, despite the pharmaceutical value of 2-substituted BCPs as replacements for ortho- or meta-substituted arene rings, general and rapid syntheses of these scaffolds remain elusive. Current approaches to 2-substituted BCPs rely on installation of the bridge substituent prior to BCP core construction, leading to lengthy step counts and often nonmodular sequences. While challenging, direct functionalization of the strong bridge BCP C-H bonds would offer a more streamlined pathway to diverse 2-substituted BCPs. Here, we report a generalizable synthetic linchpin strategy for bridge functionalization via radical C-H abstraction of the BCP core. Through mild generation of a strong hydrogen atom abstractor, we rapidly synthesize novel 2-substituted BCP synthetic linchpins in one pot. These synthetic linchpins then serve as common precursors to complex 2-substituted BCPs, allowing one-step access to a number of previously inaccessible electrophile and nucleophile fragments at the 2-position via two new metallaphotoredox protocols. Altogether, this platform enables the expedient synthesis of four pharmaceutical analogues, all of which show similar or improved properties compared to their aryl-containing equivalents, demonstrating the potential of these 2-substituted BCPs in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia L Garry
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Michael Heilmann
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jingjia Chen
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Yufan Liang
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Xiaheng Zhang
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Xiaoshen Ma
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Charles S Yeung
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - David Jonathan Bennett
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - David W C MacMillan
- Merck Center for Catalysis at Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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27
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Ding H, Zhang S, Sun Z, Ma Q, Li Y, Yuan Y, Jia X. C-H Bond Activation Relay (CHAR) of Proline Ester Derivatives Promoted by In Situ Triarylamine Radical Cation: Selective Synthesis of 4-Bromopyrrole Derivatives. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203654. [PMID: 36727278 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Using the in situ generated triarylamine radical cation as an initiator, the sp3 C-H bond of proline esters was smoothly oxidized and brominated through C-H activation relay (CHAR), giving a series of 4-bromopyrroles in good yields with high regioselectivity. The mechanistic study revealed that the oxidation of the active C-H bond initiated the followed 1,5-HAT and bromination, which provides a new method to realize the functionalization of the remote C-H bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Ding
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, 225002, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, 225002, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, 225002, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Qiyuan Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, 225002, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yuemei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, 225002, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, 225002, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Jia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Siwangting Road 180, 225002, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, P. R. China
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28
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Maldonado-Domínguez M, Srnec M. Quantifiable polarity match effect on C-H bond cleavage reactivity and its limits in reaction design. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:1399-1412. [PMID: 36644790 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt04018b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
When oxidants favour cleaving a strong C-H bond at the expense of weaker ones, which are otherwise inherently preferred due to their favourable reaction energy, reactivity factors such as the polarity match effect are often invoked. Polarity match follows the intuition of electrophilic (nucleophilic) oxidants reacting faster with nucleophilic (electrophilic) C-H bonds. Nevertheless, this concept is purely qualitative and is best suited for a posteriori rationalization of experimental observations. Here, we propose and inspect two methods to quantify polar effects in C-H cleavage reactions, one by computation via the difference of atomic charges (Δq) of reacting atoms, and one amenable to experimental measurement through asynchronicity factors, η. By their application to three case studies, we observe that both Δq and η faithfully capture the notion of polarity match. The polarity match model, however, proves insufficient as a predictor of H-atom abstraction reactivity and we discourage its use as a standalone variable in reaction design. Besides this caveat, η and Δq (through its mapping on η) allow the implementation of polarity match into a Marcus-type model of reactivity, alleviating its shortcomings and making reaction planning feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Maldonado-Domínguez
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, Prague 8, 18223, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Srnec
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, Prague 8, 18223, Czech Republic.
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29
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Site- and enantioselective cross-coupling of saturated N-heterocycles with carboxylic acids by cooperative Ni/photoredox catalysis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:125. [PMID: 36624097 PMCID: PMC9829739 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35800-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Site- and enantioselective cross-coupling of saturated N-heterocycles and carboxylic acids-two of the most abundant and versatile functionalities-to form pharmaceutically relevant α-acylated amine derivatives remains a major challenge in organic synthesis. Here, we report a general strategy for the highly site- and enantioselective α-acylation of saturated N-heterocycles with in situ-activated carboxylic acids. This modular approach exploits the hydrogen-atom-transfer reactivity of photocatalytically generated chlorine radicals in combination with asymmetric nickel catalysis to selectively functionalize cyclic α-amino C-H bonds in the presence of benzylic, allylic, acyclic α-amino, and α-oxy methylene groups. The mild and scalable protocol requires no organometallic reagents, displays excellent chemo-, site- and enantioselectivity, and is amenable to late-stage diversification, including a modular synthesis of previously inaccessible Taxol derivatives. Mechanistic studies highlight the exceptional versatility of the chiral nickel catalyst in orchestrating (i) catalytic chlorine elimination, (ii) alkyl radical capture, (iii) cross-coupling, and (iv) asymmetric induction.
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30
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Lopat’eva ER, Krylov IB, Lapshin DA, Terent’ev AO. Redox-active molecules as organocatalysts for selective oxidative transformations - an unperceived organocatalysis field. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1672-1695. [PMID: 36570566 PMCID: PMC9749543 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organocatalysis is widely recognized as a key synthetic methodology in organic chemistry. It allows chemists to avoid the use of precious and (or) toxic metals by taking advantage of the catalytic activity of small and synthetically available molecules. Today, the term organocatalysis is mainly associated with redox-neutral asymmetric catalysis of C-C bond-forming processes, such as aldol reactions, Michael reactions, cycloaddition reactions, etc. Organophotoredox catalysis has emerged recently as another important catalysis type which has gained much attention and has been quite well-reviewed. At the same time, there are a significant number of other processes, especially oxidative, catalyzed by redox-active organic molecules in the ground state (without light excitation). Unfortunately, many of such processes are not associated in the literature with the organocatalysis field and thus many achievements are not fully consolidated and systematized. The present article is aimed at overviewing the current state-of-art and perspectives of oxidative organocatalysis by redox-active molecules with the emphasis on challenging chemo-, regio- and stereoselective CH-functionalization processes. The catalytic systems based on N-oxyl radicals, amines, thiols, oxaziridines, ketone/peroxide, quinones, and iodine(I/III) compounds are the most developed catalyst types which are covered here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena R Lopat’eva
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Igor B Krylov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Lapshin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander O Terent’ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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31
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Kurganskiy VI, Ottenbacher RV, Shashkov MV, Talsi EP, Samsonenko DG, Bryliakov KP. Manganese-Catalyzed Regioselective C-H Lactonization and Hydroxylation of Fatty Acids with H 2O 2. Org Lett 2022; 24:8764-8768. [PMID: 36450152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the direct selective C-H lactonization of fatty acids (C5-C16), catalyzed by manganese(II) complexes bearing bis-amino-bis-pyridine ligands. The catalyst system uses the environmentally benign hydrogen peroxide as oxidant and exhibits high efficiency (100-200 TON), providing under optimized conditions γ-lactones in 60-90% yields. Remarkably, by changing the reaction conditions, the oxidation of hexanoic acid can be diverted toward formation of δ-caprolactone in up to 67% yield. Furthermore, the possibility of obtaining (ω-1)-hydroxy derivatives from linear C7-C10 acids in up to 48% yields has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mikhail V Shashkov
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 1, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.,Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Evgenii P Talsi
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Pr. Lavrentieva 5, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Denis G Samsonenko
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 1, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.,Nikolaev Insitute of Inorganic Chemistry, Lavrentieva 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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32
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Wang L, Chen Z, Fan G, Liu X, Liu P. Organophotoredox and Hydrogen Atom Transfer Cocatalyzed C-H Alkylation of Quinoxalin-2(1 H)-ones with Aldehydes, Amides, Alcohols, Ethers, or Cycloalkanes. J Org Chem 2022; 87:14580-14587. [PMID: 36206555 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Described is a mild method that merges organophotoredox catalysis with hydrogen atom transfer to enable C-H alkylation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones with feedstock aldehydes, amides, alcohols, ethers, or cycloalkanes. This reaction occurred under environmentally benign and external oxidant-free reaction conditions, providing a general and sustainable access to various C3-alkylated quinoxalinone derivatives with broad substituent diversity and good functional group compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Zhaoxing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Guohua Fan
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Xiaozu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.,Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Peijun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Generic Drug Research Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.,Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
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33
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Merkens K, Sanosa N, Funes-Ardoiz I, Gómez-Suárez A. Accessing α-Amino Ketyl Radicals from β-Amino Alcohols via Chemoselective Hydrogen Atom Transfer Catalysis. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kay Merkens
- Organic Chemistry, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Nil Sanosa
- Department of Chemistry, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26004 Logroño, Spain
| | - Ignacio Funes-Ardoiz
- Department of Chemistry, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26004 Logroño, Spain
| | - Adrián Gómez-Suárez
- Organic Chemistry, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
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34
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Gorbachev D, Smith E, Argent SP, Newton GN, Lam HW. Synthesis of New Morphinan Opioids by TBADT‐Catalyzed Photochemical Functionalization at the Carbon Skeleton**. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201478. [PMID: 35661287 PMCID: PMC9544987 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Gorbachev
- The GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry University of Nottingham Jubilee Campus, Triumph Road Nottingham NG7 2TU UK
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Elliot Smith
- The GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry University of Nottingham Jubilee Campus, Triumph Road Nottingham NG7 2TU UK
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Stephen P. Argent
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Graham N. Newton
- The GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry University of Nottingham Jubilee Campus, Triumph Road Nottingham NG7 2TU UK
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Hon Wai Lam
- The GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry University of Nottingham Jubilee Campus, Triumph Road Nottingham NG7 2TU UK
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
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35
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Luridiana A, Mazzarella D, Capaldo L, Rincón JA, García-Losada P, Mateos C, Frederick MO, Nuño M, Jan Buma W, Noël T. The Merger of Benzophenone HAT Photocatalysis and Silyl Radical-Induced XAT Enables Both Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Coupling and 1,2-Dicarbofunctionalization of Olefins. ACS Catal 2022; 12:11216-11225. [PMID: 36158902 PMCID: PMC9486949 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A strategy for both
cross-electrophile coupling and 1,2-dicarbofunctionalization
of olefins has been developed. Carbon-centered radicals are generated
from alkyl bromides by merging benzophenone hydrogen atom transfer
(HAT) photocatalysis and silyl radical-induced halogen atom transfer
(XAT) and are subsequently intercepted by a nickel catalyst to forge
the targeted C(sp3)–C(sp2) and C(sp3)–C(sp3) bonds. The mild protocol is fast
and scalable using flow technology, displays broad functional group
tolerance, and is amenable to a wide variety of medicinally relevant
moieties. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the ketone catalyst,
upon photoexcitation, is responsible for the direct activation of
the silicon-based XAT reagent (HAT-mediated XAT) that furnishes the
targeted alkyl radical and is ultimately involved in the turnover
of the nickel catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Luridiana
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniele Mazzarella
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Capaldo
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Juan A. Rincón
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Losada
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Carlos Mateos
- Centro de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, Alcobendas-Madrid 28108, Spain
| | - Michael O. Frederick
- Small Molecule Design and Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Manuel Nuño
- Vapourtec Ltd. Park Farm Business Centre, Fornham St Genevieve, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk IP28 6TS, U.K
| | - Wybren Jan Buma
- Molecular Photonics, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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36
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Cheng S, Li Q, Cheng X, Lin Y, Gong L. Recent Advances in Asymmetric Transformations of Unactivated Alkanes and Cycloalkanes through Direct C–H Functionalization. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Qianyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Xiuliang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Yu‐Mei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Lei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen 361005 China
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37
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Jin Y, Ng EWH, Fan T, Hirao H, Gong LZ. Photochemical Allylation of Alkanes Enabled by Nickel Catalysis. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youxiang Jin
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Elvis Wang Hei Ng
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Life and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Fan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hajime Hirao
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Life and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518172, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liu-Zhu Gong
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic of China
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38
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Li L, Li JZ, Sun YB, Luo CM, Qiu H, Tang K, Liu H, Wei WT. Visible-Light-Catalyzed Tandem Radical Addition/1,5-Hydrogen Atom Transfer/Cyclization of 2-Alkynylarylethers with Sulfonyl Chlorides. Org Lett 2022; 24:4704-4709. [PMID: 35724683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel visible-light-catalyzed tandem radical addition/1,5-hydrogen atom transfer/cyclization cascade of 2-alkynylarylethers with sulfonyl chlorides in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran was developed under photocatalyst- and additive-free conditions. This reaction relies on unique energy transfer and solvent-radical relay strategies to generate sulfonyl radicals for the preparation of a series of sulfonyl-functionalized dihydrobenzofurans in moderate to high yields catalyzed by visible light or solar radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Li
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Jiao-Zhe Li
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Yong-Bin Sun
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Chun-Mei Luo
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Hui Qiu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Keqi Tang
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Hongxin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Institute of New Materials & Industrial Technology, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Wen-Ting Wei
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Institute of Mass Spectrometry, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
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39
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Shang X, Liu ZQ. Advances in free-radical alkylation and arylation with organoboronic acids. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:4074-4080. [PMID: 35535704 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00532h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organoboronic acids act as carbon-centered radical precursors that are widely utilized to construct diverse C-C bonds. This review summarizes the advances in this field. The content is divided into four parts according to the different categories of coupling partners with organoboronic acids. The reaction conditions as well as the mechanisms are demonstrated in each part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Shang
- College of Resources and Environment, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, P. R. China.
| | - Zhong-Quan Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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40
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Chen J, Yao J, Li XX, Wang Y, Song W, Cho KB, Lee YM, Nam W, Wang B. Bromoacetic Acid-Promoted Nonheme Manganese-Catalyzed Alkane Hydroxylation Inspired by α-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Oxygenases. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Jinping Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Xiao-Xi Li
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Wenxun Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Kyung-Bin Cho
- Department of Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Yong-Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Wonwoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Bin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
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41
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Galeotti M, Trasatti C, Sisti S, Salamone M, Bietti M. Factors Governing Reactivity and Selectivity in Hydrogen Atom Transfer from C(sp 3)-H Bonds of Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycles to the Cumyloxyl Radical. J Org Chem 2022; 87:7456-7463. [PMID: 35609878 PMCID: PMC9171822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
![]()
A kinetic study of
the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reactions from
nitrogen-containing heterocycles (secondary and tertiary lactams,
2-imidazolidinones, 2-oxazolidinones, and succinimides) to the cumyloxyl
radical has been carried out employing laser flash photolysis with
ns time resolution. HAT occurs from the C–H bonds that are
α to nitrogen, activated by hyperconjugative overlap with the
N–C=O π system. In the lactam series, the second-order
HAT rate constant (kH) was observed to
decrease by a factor of ∼4 going from the five- and six-membered
ring derivatives to the eight-membered ones, a behavior that was rationalized
on the basis of a reduced extent of hyperconjugative activation associated
to the greater flexibility of the larger rings compared to the smaller
ones. In the five-membered-ring substrate series, the kH values were observed to increase by >3 orders of
magnitude
on going from succinimide to 2-imidazolidinones, a behavior that was
explained in terms of the divergent contribution of hyperconjugative
activation and deactivating electronic effects determined by ring
functionalities. The results are discussed in the framework of the
development of HAT-based C–H bond functionalization procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Galeotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università"Tor Vergata", Via Della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, Rome I-00133, Italy
| | - Chiara Trasatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università"Tor Vergata", Via Della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, Rome I-00133, Italy
| | - Sergio Sisti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università"Tor Vergata", Via Della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, Rome I-00133, Italy
| | - Michela Salamone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università"Tor Vergata", Via Della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, Rome I-00133, Italy
| | - Massimo Bietti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università"Tor Vergata", Via Della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, Rome I-00133, Italy
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42
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Bonciolini S, Noël T, Capaldo L. Synthetic Applications of Photocatalyzed Halogen‐radical mediated Hydrogen Atom Transfer for C−H Bond Functionalization. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Bonciolini
- University of Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences NETHERLANDS
| | - Timothy Noël
- University of Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences NETHERLANDS
| | - Luca Capaldo
- University of Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam NETHERLANDS
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43
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Wang Z, Wang F. Radical‐Mediated
Selective Functionalization of Unactivated Primary C–H Bonds. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhan‐Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento‐Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento‐Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 China
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44
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Li JZ, Mei L, Yu XC, Wang LT, Cai XE, Li T, Wei WT. C-centered radical-initiated cyclization by directed C(sp 3)–H oxidative functionalization. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo01128j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
C(sp3)–H functionalization is attracting constant attention. This review emphasizes C-centered radicals initiated cyclization strategies by directed C(sp3)–H oxidative functionalization since 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Zhe Li
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Lan Mei
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Xuan-Chi Yu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Ling-Tao Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Xue-Er Cai
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Ting Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, Henan, 473061, China
| | - Wen-Ting Wei
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China
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