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Dabuliene A, Shi ZE, Leitonas K, Lung CY, Volyniuk D, Kaur K, Matulis V, Lyakhov D, Michels D, Chen CP, Grazulevicius JV. Enhancement of Efficiency of Perovskite Solar Cells with Hole-Selective Layers of Rationally Designed Thiazolo[5,4- d]thiazole Derivatives. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:30239-30254. [PMID: 38808540 PMCID: PMC11181279 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
We introduce thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole (TT)-based derivatives featuring carbazole, phenothiazine, or triphenylamine donor units as hole-selective materials to enhance the performance of wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The optoelectronic properties of the materials underwent thorough evaluation and were substantially fine-tuned through deliberate molecular design. Time-of-flight hole mobility TTs ranged from 4.33 × 10-5 to 1.63 × 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 (at an electric field of 1.6 × 105 V cm-1). Their ionization potentials ranged from -4.93 to -5.59 eV. Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, it has been demonstrated that S0 → S1 transitions in TTs with carbazolyl or ditert-butyl-phenothiazinyl substituents are characterized by local excitation (LE). Mixed intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) and LE occurred for compounds containing ditert-butyl carbazolyl-, dimethoxy carbazolyl-, or alkoxy-substituted triphenylamino donor moieties. The selected derivatives of TT were used for the preparation of hole-selective layers (HSL) in PSC with the structure of glass/ITO/HSLs/Cs0.18FA0.82Pb(I0.8Br0.2)3/PEAI/PC61BM/BCP/Ag. The alkoxy-substituted triphenylamino containing TT (TTP-DPA) has been demonstrated to be an effective material for HSL. Its layer also functioned well as an interlayer, improving the surface of control HSL_2PACz (i.e., reducing the surface energy of 2PACz from 66.9 to 52.4 mN m-1), thus enabling precise control over perovskite growth energy level alignment and carrier extraction/transportation at the hole-selecting contact of PSCs. 2PACz/TTP-DPA-based devices showed an optimized performance of 19.1 and 37.0% under 1-sun and 3000 K LED (1000 lx) illuminations, respectively. These values represent improvements over those achieved by bare 2PACz-based devices, which attained efficiencies of 17.4 and 32.2%, respectively. These findings highlight the promising potential of TTs for the enhancement of the efficiencies of PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asta Dabuliene
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, Baršausko Str. 59, Kaunas LT-51423, Lithuania
| | - Zhong-En Shi
- Department
of Materials Engineering and
Organic Electronics Research Center, Ming
Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan
| | - Karolis Leitonas
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, Baršausko Str. 59, Kaunas LT-51423, Lithuania
| | - Chien-Yu Lung
- Department
of Materials Engineering and
Organic Electronics Research Center, Ming
Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan
| | - Dmytro Volyniuk
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, Baršausko Str. 59, Kaunas LT-51423, Lithuania
| | - Khushdeep Kaur
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, Baršausko Str. 59, Kaunas LT-51423, Lithuania
| | - Vitaly Matulis
- Belarusian
State University, Minsk 220030, Republic
of Belarus
| | - Dmitry Lyakhov
- Computer,
Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dominik Michels
- Computer,
Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, 4700 King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chih-Ping Chen
- Department
of Materials Engineering and
Organic Electronics Research Center, Ming
Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan
- College
of Engineering and Center for Sustainability and Energy Technologies, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Juozas Vidas Grazulevicius
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas
University of Technology, Baršausko Str. 59, Kaunas LT-51423, Lithuania
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2
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Zhang Z, Yue S, Jin B, Yang R, Wang S, Zhang T, Sun L, Lei A, Cai H. Para-selective nitrobenzene amination lead by C(sp 2)-H/N-H oxidative cross-coupling through aminyl radical. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4186. [PMID: 38760336 PMCID: PMC11101647 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48540-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Arylamines, serving as crucial building blocks in natural products and finding applications in multifunctional materials, are synthesized on a large scale via an electrophilic nitration/reduction sequence. However, the current methods for aromatic C-H amination have not yet attained the same level of versatility as electrophilic nitration. Here we show an extensively investigated transition metal-free and regioselective strategy for the amination of nitrobenzenes, enabling the synthesis of 4-nitro-N-arylamines through C(sp2)-H/N-H cross-coupling between electron-deficient nitroarenes and amines. Mechanistic studies have elucidated that the crucial aspects of these reactions encompass the generation of nitrogen radicals and recombination of nitrobenzene complex radicals. The C(sp2)-N bond formation is demonstrated to be highly effective for primary and secondary arylamines as well as aliphatic amines under mild conditions, exhibiting exceptional tolerance towards diverse functional groups in both nitroarenes and amines (>100 examples with yields up to 96%). Notably, this C(sp2)-H/N-H cross-coupling exhibits exclusive para-selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shusheng Yue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Jin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruchun Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengchun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hu Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Wang X, Xie Z, Wang R, Xiao Y, Yan K, Zhao Y, Lin R, Redshaw C, Min Y, Ouyang X, Feng X. In Situ Photogenerated Radicals of Hydroxyl Substituted Pyrene-Based Triphenylamines with Enhanced Transport and Free Doping/Post-Oxidation for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2311914. [PMID: 38566542 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The high-performance hole transporting material (HTM) is one of the most important components for the perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in promoting power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, the low conductivity of HTMs and their additional requirements for doping and post-oxidation greatly limits the device performance. In this work, three novel pyrene-based derivatives containing methoxy-substituted triphenylamines units (PyTPA, PyTPA-OH and PyTPA-2OH) are designed and synthesized, where different numbers of hydroxyl groups are connected at the 2- or 2,7-positions of the pyrene core. These hydroxyl groups at the 2- or 2,7-positions of pyrene play a significantly role to enhance the intermolecular interactions that are able to generate in situ radicals with the assistance of visible light irradiation, resulting in enhanced hole transferring ability, as well as an enhanced conductivity and suppressed recombination. These pyrene-core based HTMs exhibit excellent performance in PSCs, which possess a higher PCE than those control devices using the traditional spiro-OMeTAD as the HTM. The best performance can be found in the devices with PyTPA-2OH. It has an average PCE of 23.44% (PCEmax = 23.50%), which is the highest PCE among the reported PSCs with the pyrene-core based HTMs up to date. This research offers a novel avenue to design a dopant-free HTM by the combination of the pyrene core, methoxy triphenylamines, and hydroxy groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Material and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhixin Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Material and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Rongxin Wang
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Ye Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Material and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Kai Yan
- Analysis and Test Center, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Material and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Rui Lin
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Carl Redshaw
- Chemistry School of Natural Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, Yorkshire, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Yonggang Min
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Material and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xinhua Ouyang
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, P. R. China
| | - Xing Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Soft Condensed Matter, School of Material and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
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Pérez-Escribano M, Fernández-Alarcón A, Ortí E, Aragó J, Cerdá J, Calbo J. Morphology, dynamic disorder, and charge transport in an indoloindole-based hole-transporting material from a multi-level theoretical approach. Faraday Discuss 2024; 250:202-219. [PMID: 37961853 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00144j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The exponential effort in the design of hole-transporting materials (HTMs) during the last decade has been motivated by their key role as p-type semiconductors for (opto)electronics. Although structure-property relationships have been successfully rationalized to decipher optimal site substitutions, aliphatic chain lengths or efficient aromatic cores for enhanced charge conduction, the impact of molecular shape, material morphology and dynamic disorder has been generally overlooked. In this work, we characterize by means of a multi-level theoretical approach the charge transport properties of a novel planar small-molecule HTM based on the indoloindole aromatic core (IDIDF), and compare it with spherical spiro-OMeTAD. Hybrid DFT calculations predict moderate band dispersions in IDIDF associated to the main transport direction characterized by π-π stacked molecules, both between the indoloindole cores and the thiophene groups. Strongly coupled dimers show relevant non-covalent interactions (NCI), indicating that NCI surfaces are a necessary but not exclusive requirement for large electronic couplings. We evidence remarkable differences in the site energy standard deviation and electronic coupling distributions between the conduction paths of IDIDF and spiro-OMeTAD. Despite the spherical vs. planar shape, theoretical calculations predict in the static crystal strong direction-dependent charge transport in the two HTMs, with ca. one-order-of-magnitude higher mobility (μ) for IDIDF. The dynamical disorder promoted by finite temperature effects in the crystal leads to a reduction in the hole transport properties in both HTMs, with maximum μ values of 2.42 and 4.2 × 10-2 cm2 V-1 s-1 for IDIDF and spiro-OMeTAD, respectively, as well as a significant increase in the transport anisotropy in the latter. Finally, the impact of the material amorphousness in the hole mobility is analysed by modelling a fully random distribution of HTM molecules. An average (lower-bound) mobility of 1.1 × 10-3 and 4.9 × 10-5 cm2 V-1 s-1 is predicted for planar IDIDF and spherical spiro-OMeTAD, respectively, in good accord with the experimental data registered in thin-film devices. Our results demonstrate the strong influence of molecular shape, dynamic structural fluctuations and crystal morphology on the charge transport, and pose indoloindole-based HTMs as promising materials for organic electronics and photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Enrique Ortí
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, 46890 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Juan Aragó
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, 46890 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Jesús Cerdá
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons-UMONS, Mons 7000, Belgium.
| | - Joaquín Calbo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, 46890 Paterna, Spain.
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5
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Peng D, Xia Z, Wang H, Chen C, Zhai M, Tian Y, Cheng M. An efficient asymmetric structured hole transport material for perovskite solar cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2665-2668. [PMID: 38351848 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00004h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Hole transport materials (HTMs) play a crucial role in achieving efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this work, an HTM MF-ACD with an asymmetric structure is designed by introducing two different peripheral end groups. The asymmetric feature increases the molecular dipole of MF-ACD, and endows MF-ACD with good stability and film formation properties, higher hole mobility and conductivity. Consequently, the MF-ACD-based PSC shows a high efficiency of 23.1%, which is much higher than that of the symmetric counterpart. The results show that the asymmetric configuration might be a potential choice to develop more efficient HTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Peng
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Ziyang Xia
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Haoxin Wang
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Cheng Chen
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Mengde Zhai
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Yi Tian
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Ming Cheng
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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6
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Sun ZZ, Li Y, Xu XL. Donor engineering of a benzothiadiazole-based D-A-D-type molecular semiconductor for perovskite solar cells: a theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:6817-6825. [PMID: 38324386 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05766f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Due to the easy formation of compact molecular packing arrangements and the favorable photophysical and electrochemical properties, donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D)-type small molecule hole-transporting materials (HTMs) have been widely synthesized and researched to improve the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The main approach in recent experiments has been to seek good acceptors, whereas the influence of the electron-donating units has been less reported. In this work, six new benzothiadiazole-based D-A-D-type HTMs are tailored by employing the ethyl-substituted phenoxazine (POZ), phenothiazine (PTZ) and carbazole (CZ) as the donors. To obtain an elementary understanding of new HTMs, the electronic, optical, hole-transporting and interfacial properties are simulated with quantum chemistry methods. The results indicate that all tailored HTMs exhibit suitable energy alignment compared with the band structures of the perovskite, and the continuous highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) levels will be helpful for interfacial energy regulation. In comparison with the YN1, the maximum absorption wavelengths of the newly designed HTMs are red-shifted due to the decreased excitation energies from the ground-state to the first singlet excited-state. Importantly, the hole mobilities of all designed HTMs are distinctly higher than the referenced YN1, which is contributed by the better planarity of the molecular skeleton and the easier orbital overlapping between adjacent molecules. The interfacial simulations manifest that the FAPbI3/SM37 system displays a more stable adsorption configuration and greater charge redistributions at the interface compared to YN1, which further promotes the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Moreover, larger Stokes shifts and better solubility are also acquired for the new HTMs. In summary, our calculations not only propose several potential highly efficient HTMs, but also provide useful insights at the atomic level for the experimental synthesis of new D-A-D-type HTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Zhu Sun
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Heze University, Heze, 274015, China.
| | - Yushan Li
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Heze University, Heze, 274015, China.
| | - Xing-Lei Xu
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Heze University, Heze, 274015, China.
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7
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Puerto Galvis CE, González Ruiz DA, Martínez-Ferrero E, Palomares E. Challenges in the design and synthesis of self-assembling molecules as selective contacts in perovskite solar cells. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1534-1556. [PMID: 38303950 PMCID: PMC10829004 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04668k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Self-assembling molecules (SAMs), as selective contacts, play an important role in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), determining the performance and stability of these photovoltaic devices. These materials offer many advantages over other traditional materials used as hole-selective contacts, as they can be easily deposited on a large area of metal oxides, can modify the work function of these substrates, and reduce optical and electric losses with low material consumption. However, the most interesting thing about SAMs is that by modifying the chemical structure of the small molecules used, the energy levels, molecular dipoles, and surface properties of this assembled monolayer can be modulated to fine-tune the desired interactions between the substrate and the active layer. Due to the important role of organic chemistry in the field of photovoltaics, in this review, we will cover the current challenges for the design and synthesis of SAMs PSCs. Discussing, the structural features that define a SAM, (ii) disclosing how commercial molecules inspired the synthesis of new SAMs; and (iii) detailing the pros- and cons- of the reported synthetic protocols that have been employed for the synthesis of molecules for SAMs, helping synthetic chemists to develop novel structures and promoting the fast industrialization of PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Puerto Galvis
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) Avda. Països Catalans, 16 Tarragona Spain
| | - Dora A González Ruiz
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) Avda. Països Catalans, 16 Tarragona Spain
- Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Elèctrica i Automàtica., Universitat Rovira i Virgili Avda. Països Catalans, 26 Tarragona Spain
| | | | - Emilio Palomares
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) Avda. Països Catalans, 16 Tarragona Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) Passeig Lluïs Companys, 23 Barcelona Spain
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8
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Zhang H, Yu X, Li M, Zhang Z, Song Z, Zong X, Duan G, Zhang W, Chen C, Zhang WH, Liu Y, Liang M. Benzothieno[3,2-b]thiophene-Based Noncovalent Conformational Lock Achieves Perovskite Solar Cells with Efficiency over 24. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314270. [PMID: 37969041 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductors with noncovalently conformational locks (OSNCs) are promising building blocks for hole-transporting materials (HTMs). However, lack of satisfied neighboring building blocks negatively impacts the optoelectronic properties of OSNCs-based HTMs and imperils the stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). To address this limitation, we introduce the benzothieno[3,2-b]thiophene (BTT) to construct a new OSNC, and the resulting HTM ZS13 shows improved intermolecular charge extraction/transport properties, proper energy level, efficient surface passivation effect. Consequently, the champion devices based on doped ZS13 yield an efficiency of 24.39 % and 20.95 % for aperture areas of 0.1 and 1.01 cm2 , respectively. Furthermore, ZS13 shows good thermal stability and the capability of inhibiting I- ion migration, thus, leading to enhanced device stability. The success in neighboring-group engineering can triggered a strong interest in developing thienoacene-based OSNCs toward efficient and stable PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion Institution, Department of Applied Chemistry, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Xin Yu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Mengjia Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Dingzigu Road 1, Tianjin, 300130, P. R. China
| | - Zuolin Zhang
- School of Material Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Dingzigu Road 1, Tianjin, 300130, P. R. China
| | - Zonglong Song
- The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xueping Zong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion Institution, Department of Applied Chemistry, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Gongtao Duan
- Institute of Photovoltaic, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Wenfeng Zhang
- Institute of Photovoltaic, School of New Energy and Materials, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, 610500, China
| | - Cong Chen
- School of Material Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Dingzigu Road 1, Tianjin, 300130, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Hua Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Carbon Neutrality and Green Low-carbon Technologies, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- The Centre of Nanoscale Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Mao Liang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organic Solar Cells and Photochemical Conversion Institution, Department of Applied Chemistry, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin, 300384, China
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Zhong Y, Yang J, Wang X, Liu Y, Cai Q, Tan L, Chen Y. Inhibition of Ion Migration for Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302552. [PMID: 37067957 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, organic-inorganic halide perovskites are now emerging as the most attractive alternatives for next-generation photovoltaic devices, due to their excellent optoelectronic characteristics and low manufacturing cost. However, the resultant perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) are intrinsically unstable owing to ion migration, which severely impedes performance enhancement, even with device encapsulation. There is no doubt that the investigation of ion migration and the summarization of recent advances in inhibition strategies are necessary to develop "state-of-the-art" PVSCs with high intrinsic stability for accelerated commercialization. This review systematically elaborates on the generation and fundamental mechanisms of ion migration in PVSCs, the impact of ion migration on hysteresis, phase segregation, and operational stability, and the characterizations for ion migration in PVSCs. Then, many related works on the strategies for inhibiting ion migration toward highly efficient and stable PVSCs are summarized. Finally, the perspectives on the current obstacles and prospective strategies for inhibition of ion migration in PVSCs to boost operational stability and meet all of the requirements for commercialization success are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC), Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Jia Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC), Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC), Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yikun Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC), Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Qianqian Cai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC), Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Licheng Tan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC), Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, 226010, China
| | - Yiwang Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry (IPEC), Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis/Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang, 330022, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, 226010, China
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10
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Hatakeyama-Sato K, Oyaizu K. Redox: Organic Robust Radicals and Their Polymers for Energy Conversion/Storage Devices. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11336-11391. [PMID: 37695670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Persistent radicals can hold their unpaired electrons even under conditions where they accumulate, leading to the unique characteristics of radical ensembles with open-shell structures and their molecular properties, such as magneticity, radical trapping, catalysis, charge storage, and electrical conductivity. The molecules also display fast, reversible redox reactions, which have attracted particular attention for energy conversion and storage devices. This paper reviews the electrochemical aspects of persistent radicals and the corresponding macromolecules, radical polymers. Radical structures and their redox reactions are introduced, focusing on redox potentials, bistability, and kinetic constants for electrode reactions and electron self-exchange reactions. Unique charge transport and storage properties are also observed with the accumulated form of redox sites in radical polymers. The radical molecules have potential electrochemical applications, including in rechargeable batteries, redox flow cells, photovoltaics, diodes, and transistors, and in catalysts, which are reviewed in the last part of this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Hatakeyama-Sato
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oyaizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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11
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Zhang Z, Tang Z, Wang K, Wang P, Yang J. Effect of steric hindrance and number of substituents on the transfer and interface properties of Y-shaped hole-transporting materials for perovskite solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:25850-25861. [PMID: 37724976 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03322h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Alkyl sulfoxide groups were introduced into the branch chain terminals of a hole-transporting material (HTM) Z34 with different numbers and positions to design four new Y-shaped HTMs: ZT1, ZT2, ZT3 and ZT4. The effects of steric hindrance and number of substituents on the transfer and interface properties of the Y-shaped HTMs were investigated theoretically. Calculations reveal that the introduction of alkyl sulfoxide increases the distribution of intramolecular holes and orbital overlap between the HOMOs of the dimers. The electronic coupling was greatly improved owing to the increased distribution of holes and orbital overlap. ZT1 shows small steric hindrance when one alkyl sulfoxide is introduced into the top branch chain, which leads to translation π-π stacking. ZT2 and ZT4 show slightly greater steric hindrance when two or four alkyl sulfoxide groups are introduced into the side branch chains, which leads to face-to-face stacking. While ZT3 shows large steric hindrance when three alkyl sulfoxide groups are introduced into the top and side branch chains, which causes head-to-head stacking. With the increase in number of alkyl sulfoxide groups, the steric hindrance of the molecule increases and the hole mobility decreases. ZT1 achieves the highest hole mobility (2.63 × 10-2 m2 V-1 s-1) that is two orders of magnitude higher than that of Z34 (1.36 × 10-4 m2 V-1 s-1) owing to the optimal balance between the number of alkyl sulfoxide groups and steric hindrance. The HTM/CH3NH3PbI3 adsorbed system was also simulated to characterize the interface properties. Enhanced interface interaction was achieved in the HTM/perovskite systems of ZT2 and ZT3. The orbital distribution of the HTM/perovskite cluster indicates that the new HTMs can promote hole migration and prevent internal electron-hole recombination. The present work not only evaluates the reliable relationship between the structure and properties of new HTMs, but also provides a valuable design strategy for efficient Y-shaped HTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui, 553004, China.
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zetian Tang
- School of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui 553004, China
| | - Keliang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui, 553004, China.
| | - Ping Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui, 553004, China.
| | - Jianfa Yang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Liupanshui Normal University, Liupanshui, 553004, China.
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12
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Yu HJ, Xiao J, Chen J, Ren X, Qi YE, Min X, Shao G. Synthesis, Properties, and Application of Small-Molecule Hole-Transporting Materials Based on Acetylene-Linked Thiophene Core. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093739. [PMID: 37175149 PMCID: PMC10179914 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Three small molecule organic compounds based on conjugated acetylene-linked methoxy triphenylamine terminal groups with different substituted thiophene cores were synthesized and firstly applied as hole-transporting materials (HTMs). The electron-deficient acetylene linkers can tune the energy levels of frontier molecular orbitals. The physical property measurements show that the HTMs (CJ-05, CJ-06, and CJ-07) possess good stability, hydrophobicity, and film-forming ability. Further, the HTMs were applied in the MAPbI3-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs), and the best power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.04%, 6.77%, and 6.48% was achieved, respectively, which implies that they exhibit great potential in photovoltaic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Juan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Hexi Corridor Resources Utilization of Gansu Universities, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Jian Chen
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Xuefeng Ren
- Key Laboratory of Hexi Corridor Resources Utilization of Gansu Universities, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, China
| | - Ya-E Qi
- Key Laboratory of Hexi Corridor Resources Utilization of Gansu Universities, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, China
| | - Xuemei Min
- Key Laboratory of Hexi Corridor Resources Utilization of Gansu Universities, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye 734000, China
| | - Guang Shao
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518057, China
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Li W, Wu C, Han X. Controlling Molecular Orientation of Small Molecular Dopant-Free Hole-Transport Materials: Toward Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073076. [PMID: 37049838 PMCID: PMC10095671 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have great potential for future application. However, the commercialization of PSCs is limited by the prohibitively expensive and doped hole-transport materials (HTMs). In this regard, small molecular dopant-free HTMs are promising alternatives because of their low cost and high efficiency. However, these HTMs still have a lot of space for making further progress in both efficiency and stability. This review firstly provides outlining analyses about the important roles of molecular orientation when further enhancements in device efficiency and stability are concerned. Then, currently studied strategies to control molecular orientation in small molecular HTMs are presented. Finally, we propose an outlook aiming to obtain optimized molecular orientation in a cost-effective way.
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14
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Li Z, Tan Q, Chen G, Gao H, Wang J, Zhang X, Xiu J, Chen W, He Z. Simple and robust phenoxazine phosphonic acid molecules as self-assembled hole selective contacts for high-performance inverted perovskite solar cells. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:1676-1686. [PMID: 36602232 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05677a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
For inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the interfacial defects and mismatched energy levels between the perovskite absorber and charge-selective layer restrain the further improvement of photovoltaic performance. Interfacial modification is a powerful tool for defect passivation and energy level turning by developing new charge-selective materials. Herein, we report three new molecules, 2BrCzPA, 2BrPTZPA, and 2BrPXZPA as self-assembled hole selective contacts (SA-HSCs) by an economical and efficient synthetic procedure. Benefiting from the stronger electron-donating ability of phenothiazine and phenoxazine compared to that of carbazole, 2BrPTZPA and 2BrPXZPA showed more matched energy levels and decreased energy loss. In addition, the ITO substrate coated with 2BrPTZPA and 2BrPXZPA could induce higher-quality perovskite crystal growth without obvious grain boundaries in the vertical direction. Consequently, the corresponding inverted PSCs with decreased trap state density achieved high power convention efficiencies (PCEs) of 22.06% and 22.93% (certified 22.38%) for 2BrPTZPA and 2BrPXZPA, respectively. Furthermore, the 2BrPXZPA-based device with encapsulation retained 97% of the initial efficiency after 600 h of maximum power point tracking under one sun continuous illumination. Finally, 2BrPXZPA was also used for the surface modification of NiOx, and the inverted PSC based on the NiOx/2BrPXZPA bilayer achieved a higher PCE of 23.66% with an open circuit voltage of 1.21 V. This work extends the design strategy of SA-HSCs for efficient and stable inverted PSCs and promotes the commercialization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoning Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Innovative Materials (I2M), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Full Spectral Solar Electricity Generation (FSSEG), Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Qin Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Innovative Materials (I2M), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Full Spectral Solar Electricity Generation (FSSEG), Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Guocong Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Innovative Materials (I2M), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Full Spectral Solar Electricity Generation (FSSEG), Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Han Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Innovative Materials (I2M), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Full Spectral Solar Electricity Generation (FSSEG), Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jiafeng Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Innovative Materials (I2M), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Full Spectral Solar Electricity Generation (FSSEG), Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xusheng Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Innovative Materials (I2M), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Full Spectral Solar Electricity Generation (FSSEG), Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jingwei Xiu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Innovative Materials (I2M), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Full Spectral Solar Electricity Generation (FSSEG), Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Innovative Materials (I2M), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Full Spectral Solar Electricity Generation (FSSEG), Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhubing He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Innovative Materials (I2M), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Full Spectral Solar Electricity Generation (FSSEG), Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Shenzhen, 518055, Guangdong, China.
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